Nā Polyhydric alcohols: ka ho'ohālike'ana, ka hana a me ka ho'ohana

'O nā kinona he mau mea ho'ohālike o ka hydrocarbons, i loko o nā molepika e ho'ohui'ia ai ho'okahi mau kumu hydrogen ma kahi kokoke i ka carbon carbon i ho'ohui'ia e kahi hui hydroxy - OH. Ua ho'ā'o'ia ma ka ho'okolohua'ana e hiki'ole i ka nui o ka hydroxy i loko o ka mea'alahi waipika ke pi'i aku ma mua o ka nui o nā kumu hydrocarbon. E hilina'i ana i ke'ano o ka ha'alulu, ke'ano o ka'āpana aliphatic) a me nā'alekole cyclic; 'O ka helu o nā hui hydroxl - ho'okahi, pālua,'ekolu a me nā polyhydric alcohols; Ma ke kinona - ho'omaha a ho'omaha'ole'ia; Kahi o ka localization o ka hui hydroxl i ka chain hydrocarbon - nā kumu mua, ke kula ki'eki'e a me nā mea kauā.

'O nā polyhydric alcohols he mau mea'āpana alkane, i loko o nā molepika a'oi aku i'oi aku ka nui o nā hydrogen i nā huila hydroxy -'o OH. No nā polyhydric alcohols e like me nā mea ke'ake'a o nā monosaccharides,'o ka isomerism a me ka isomerism o ke kūlana ma ka kaula hao hydrocarbon o ka hui OH ke'ano. Ho'opili'ia ka isomerism ma muli o ka hiki'ana o kekahi o nā hui mea lā'au i nā hanana e hō'ike i ka hanana'ike. Ho'oholo'ia ka'oihana'oihana o nā mea ma o kahi polarimeter.

Qualitative naoh ma polyols

Ka loa, he pono ole naoh i qualitative polyols o kā lākou AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ke keleawe hydroxide. I ka manawa o ka pane'ana, ho'ohehe'e'ia ka waihā, pēlā e hana ai i kahi'āpana ulaula o ka'ula'ula.

Nā Polyhydric alcohols: nā mea nui

'O ka C4H6 (OH) hepetailali ka i kapa'ia he tetrites, pyatomic C5H7 (OH) 5 - pentites, hexahydrates o C6H8 (OH) 6 mau'āhā hexahydric. Ma kēlā me kēia pū'ulu, ua'ike'ia nā alcohoki'oko'a, he inoa inoa ko lākou: erythritol, arabi, sorbitol, xylitol, dulcite, manite, etc.

Ho'omākaukau'ana i nā mea'ahu'ula polyhydric

Ho'opili'ia kēia mau wai'ona ma ka ho'ēmi o nā monosaccharides, me ka ho'onani'ana i nā aldehydes me formaldehyde i kahi alakalina. 'O ka pinepine o nā polyhydric waipiho e loa'a mai nā mea'aila maoli. Ho'opuka'ia kekahi mau momona mai nā hua o ka lehu lehu.

'O nā polyholic alcohols he mea hana pono e ho'ohana pono'ia i ka wai. Ke'Ira lāuaʻo UV spectra i omo auka e paa ai typical OH pūʻulu o monohydric waiʻona mai ke kino. Nine waiwai o ka waiʻona mai ke kino aie a hiki i ke alo o OH nā pūʻulu. Ma ka naoh o kēia mau i huiʻia me ka 'ākilikai honua i eliiaʻi hana alcoholates - saccharate. I ka ho'ohemo'ana o ka hydroxy, kahi e waiho'ia kokoke kokoke i ke carbon atom (C1) mua, ua ho'okumu'ia nā monosaccharides.

Nā Polyhydric alcohols: nā mea nui

Erythritol HOCH2 (CHOH) 2CH2OH - kahi mea koko, ho'ohehe'e'ia ma 121.5 ° C. Aia kēia wai'ona i nā lapau'a a me nā miki. Hiki ke loa'a ka erythritol ma o ka ho'ēmi'ana o ka 1,3-butadiene a me ka erythrose. Hana'ia kēia wai'ona i ka hana'ana i nā pāhūhū, ka holoi wikiwiki'ana i nā pahū, nā emulsifiers.

Xylitol HOCH2 (CHOH) 3CHON - nā nalu'ele'ele, hiki ke ka'awili'ia i ka wai, ho'ohehe'e'ia i ka mahana o 61,5 nākelē. Hiki ke ho'onui'ia kēia wai'ona ma ka ho'ēmi o ka xio. Hana'ia'o Xylitol i ka'oihana mea'ai no ka hana'ana i ka mea'ai no ka ma'i ma'i, a me ka hana'ana i nā kino o nā alkyd, nā mea'ala malo'o a me nā mea'ala.

'O ka pentaerythritol C (CH2OH) 4 he pa'akikī kahi waikiki'ole i ka wai. Loa'a'ia ma ka hana'ana i ka formaldehyde me ka acetaldehyde i mua o Ca (OH) 2. Ho'ohana'ia i ka hana'ana i nā polyesters, alkyd resins, tetrapentaerythritol, surfactants, plasticizers no ka hana'ana o polyvinyl chloride, hinu'aila. Hō'ike'ia nā mea waiwai.

Manitol НОСН2 (СНОН) 4СН2ОН - mea kanu o ka waiwai, ho'ohehe'e i kahi mahana o 165 degrees. Loa'a i nā mosses, hamoha, algae, nā mea kanu ki'eki'e. Ke ho'ohana'ia he diuretic a me he mahele o nā hua'enehu (ointments).

D-sorbitol HOCH2 (CHOH) 4CH2OH - ho'ololi'ia i kahi mahana o 96 mau. He momona kēia wai'ona i nā hua o ka lehu lehu. Ho'okumu'ia ka Sorbitol e ka ho'ēmi o ke kūmole. 'O kēia wai'ona he huahana waena ia ma ka hōhā o ka lā'au'aila C, he hana'ano diuretic, ho'ohana'ia e pani ai no ka ho'opakele'ana i ka ma'i diabetics.