'Oihana mahi'ai: Kūlohelohe Shrovetide. 'O nā'ano kūlike'o Shrovetide o Rusia

Pancake a me na hua noho ma ka kūikawā wahi ma ka mahiai i loko o ka palena o ka Russian Hui. 'O nā momona i loa'a mai i kā lākou mau hua kanu a me nā hua o ka waiwai nui.

Nā hua kanu Shrovetide: he papa inoa o nā mea kanu

Ho'ohana'ia nā papahana ma ka'oihana mea'ai, e hana i kekahi o nā kumuhana waiwai'oihana'oihana. 'O nā hua'aila'aila nui loa o Rūsia he hapa wale,'o ka mūmū, ka soya, ka'aila kaomi, ka pua'a. Aia i loko o ka papa inoa ka perilla, ponola, sesame, pōpōpō, ke pīkī a me nā mea'ē a'e. 'O ka hana'ana i nā mea'ai o ka'aila kekahi o nā kuhikuhi nui o ka'oihana'oihana'oi.

Pakele

Ho'opuka'o ia i ka papa inoa, e hō'ike ana i nā mea kanu'o Maslenica. Ho'omaka ka ulu'ana o ka hua malo'o i ka'āina ma waena o ke kenekulia 1800. Mai kēia manawa, ua ho'olaha'ia kēia'aila ma nā wahi'o Kuban, Saratov a me Voronezh. 'O ka ho'omaka'ana o ka lua o ka Honua, kahi 3 miliona hekea. Ho'onui'ia ka ulu'ana o kēia mea kanu i hiki ke'ike'ia ma Bulgaria, Hungary a me Romania.

Nā'ikepili helu no ka Russian Federation

'O ka hopena kūpono o ka'ōle'ale'a he 4-5 quintals ia hectare. I ka makahiki 2011, ma ka'āpana hema, he 14.5 c / ha nā hō'ailona, a ma ka'āpana Privolzhsky - 10.7 c / ha. Ho'olālā nā huahana i ka 27% o ka mea kanu. 'O nā kumu nui no nā mea li'ili'i ha'aha'a'o ia ka hō'eha i ka ulu'ana o ka mea kanu a me nā'oihana'oihana'enehana o ka mahi'ai'ana. Me kēia,'o nā hopena o nā ma'i pāpā, nā ma'i a me nā mea hō'olu'olu'a'ole ka mea nui loa. Akā na'e,'o ka'ōle'a kai ka maika'i loa o ka'aila. No ka makahiki 2006-2010, he 12% ka māhele o kāna mea kanu. Ma waena o nā mea laulā o ka ho'olako'ana i nā mea'ai o ka'aila, he 80% ka hua pua'a. I ka manawa Soviet, ua mana'o'ia ka ho'okumu'ana o ka hectare piha loa me ke komo'ana o ka'ohana'ohana 0.5-1. Ma ka ho'omaka'ana o nā makahiki 1970,'o ka ho'onui'ana o ka meli i ka 16.3-3.5 kg / ha. Mai ia manawa, ua ulu nui ka papa inoa o nā hybrids a me nā'ano'ano o ka ulu mai i kahi ulu i Russia.

'O ka waiwai kūpono o ka'ōle'ele

'O ka'aila ka mea nui o ka processing o ka mo'omeheu. Eia kekahi, loa'a nā huahana like'ole mai ka lā mai. Eia kekahi la'ana,'o ka ho'ohana'ana i nā lā'au i loko o ka'oihana pulp he mea nui. Aia lākou i kahi 40-48% o ka cellulose. Ho'opili'ia, ho'ohana'ia nā pūpū o ka'oli'u i ka hana'ana i nā papa lepo. He ākea mea kanu ma ka mahiai - ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia me ka i ai iʻohi. I ke kau maloo i ka hopena o ke kauwela, me ka'ōpala o ka'ōpala, e loa'a mai kahi papatomo'ōma'oma'o. Ho'omaopopo'ia ka ho'ohana'ana i ka silage.

Pākeke Pancake

Ho'onui'ia ma nā wahi malo'o a mehana. 'O ke'ano, ua ulu ka mo'omeheu ma Western, Central a me Kona Hema, South, North, a me Central America. I kēia mau lā, ua alaka'i'ia nā'ano ho'okolohua e ho'oholo ai i ka pono o ka mahi'ana ma ka'āina o Central Europe. 'O ka pākeke Pancake he lālā li'ili'i. Ho'onui ia i 50-80 cm. Ma muli o ke'ano o ke kanu'ana, e like me ka helu o nā lālā mai ka 2 a 10 a'oi paha. Ke olona i ka aila ua hoʻohana 'ia ma ka meaʻai oihana puolo. Eia kekahi, hana ia e like me he mea lawai'a no ka pena a me ka'ili a me ka lole kāma'a. 'Ano ka nui o ke kumukū'ai o ka hulu Linseed a ho'ohana'ia i ka ho'omākaukau'ana i nā mea i hānai'ia no nā bipi pipi. Aia i loko o nā meaola, fiber a me ka'aila. Ho'oma'awa iki'ia e ka pipi ke'ano o ka palaoa. Mahalo i nā mea'ai i loko o laila, ka hua o ka waiu, ka pi'i o ka momona i ka nui o ka waiū. Ke olona i mauʻu hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka hana o ke kākau pepa. Ke ho'ohana'ia nei kēia'ano hana'aila ma ka'oihana'oihana lā'au.

Nā hi'ohi'ona o ka'ohala

Ma mua o ka ho'oikaika'ana i Rusia ma Rusia,'o ka ho'oponopono'ana i kēia mo'omeheu he mea kahiko. Ma nā makahiki Soviet wale nō ma nā sovkhozes a me kolkhozes hiki ke ho'onui i ka mea kanu. Ua ho'okumu'ia kēia ma o ka ho'ohana'ana i ka mechanical. Ho'onui'ia ka ulu'ana o nā mea kanu ulu,'a'ole i ho'okomo'ia ma ke kumu, akā, he mau lālā mai ka waena o ke kai. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ho'ohana'ia ka wela flax e hana i pepa ai'ole cotonizatsii. He mea ma'amau kēia hana ma'Amelika. 'O ka'ōpala o kahi o ke keleo Maslenica i'oi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ke'ano o ke olonā e lūlū nei, a ua emi iho ka fiber.

'O ka pua ke'oke'o

Ua hele mai kēia mo'omeheu shrovetide mai nā'āina Mediterranean, India Hikina a me'Eulopa Komohana. Mai ka wā kahiko, ua ho'ohana'ia ka mūmū me nā mea kanu lā'au a me nā mea'ala. Ma ke'ano he'ano pancake, ua ho'ohana'ia i kēia manawa. 'Oiai'o ka'oia'i'o ua ho'ohui'ia'o ia e like me ka kanu'ana i ka puna, ua'ike'ia e ka palena. I loko o nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hana'ia'o ka moemoeka e like me ka mea kanu hānai.

'Ose

Kēia mea he makahiki uliuli o ka ohana legumes. Ma ke kumu o nā soya, aia kekahi huakiki kūikawā, kahi e ho'okō'ia ai ke'ano o ka hau'oli i loko o ke kaiapuni. Ua waiwai'o Soya i ka protein (40-45%), nā momona (20%), nā'ōpelu (30%). Aia i loko o ia mau'ano'ano mineral (e pili ana i 5-6%). Ma o ka ho'ohui pūmua a me ka amino acid i ho'onoho'ia, ua mana'o'ia ka soy e like me ke'ano o nā mea'ai holoholona. Ho'onui mau'ia ka ulu'ana o ka ulu. No laila, mai ka makahiki 1998 he 156.5 miliona kalani. Ua'oi aku ka nui o kēia helu i nā helu no 1991-1995 e 30%.

Nā wahi ulu o Soya

I Rusia i kēia lā, he 280 tonnes o beana i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Ho'ohana'ia ka hapanui o lākou no ka mea'ai. 'O nā wahi nui o ka mahi'ai pā'ani:

1. Kekahuna Caucasus, Rostov Region, Krasnodar Region Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Ingushetia. Maanei, e pili ana i 9.6% o nā mea kanu a'oi aku ma kahi o 13% o ka hō'ili'ili nui'ana.
2. 'O ka Hikina hikina (ka'āina Amur, Khabarovsk a me Primorsky Krai). Aia i loko o kēia panaluna he 88% o nā mea kanu. 'O ka mahele o ka hō'ili'ili nui no DV he 86% o ka huina no ka'āina.
3. Komohana Hikina a me West-Siberian, Ural a me Volga. Aia ma kahi o 1.5% o nā mea kanu i loa'a ma'ane'i a ma kahi o 1% o ka hō'ili'ili holo'oko'a e hana'ia.

Peanuts

Ua lawe'ia kēia culture shrovetide mai Turkey i ka makahiki 1792. I ka makahiki 1825, ua hana'ia nā ho'ā'o mua e ho'onui i ka lole i Odessa. I kēia lā, ma nā wahi li'ili'i, ulu ka mea ulu i nā moku'āina o Transcaucasia a me Central Central. Ho'oma'ama'a'ia ka peanuts no ka loa'a'ana mai o ka'aila mea'ai mai ka mea kanu. 'O nā huahana huahana no 53% o ka huina. No ka nui o ka pilina i loko o ka'ōiwi,'a'ole ia i emi iho i kahi pūniu. E pili ana i kahi o nā kumulā'au pa'ama i ka loa'a'ana mai ka 226 a hiki i 317 kilokona o ka'aila. 'O ka mea mua, ho'ohana'ia kēia huahana i ka ho'olako'ana a me ke kope. Ho'opili'ia nā'ano'ano pīnati i mea ho'okomo i ka hana'ana i ka chocolate. Ho'ohana'ia ka mea kanu a me ka pōpō no ka hānai holoholona. Ma ka hay, aia i kahi 11% ka protein. Ma muli o kona kumukū'ai waiwai,'a'ole i emi nā ki'eki'e i ka clover a me ka alfalfa. No ka'oihana kūikawā o ka'oihana mea'ai. 'A'ohe o lākou ke'ai. Hiki i nā hua ku'ona o nā'ano mea'ai ke'ai i nā mea'ai, ua ho'ohana'ia nā'ano'ano'eha e like me nā mea ho'okomo i nā mea ho'olaha.