'Ōlelo Ruthenia: nā hi'ohi'ona a me ka ho'ohālikelike o nā dialect

'O ka'ōlelo Rusyn he'ōpana like'ole ia o nā dialect like'ole a me nā hanana'ōlelo ma'alahi i waena o ka po'e Rusyn i noho ma Ukraine ma Transcarpathia, ma Slovakia hikina a ma ka hema hikina o Polani. 'O nā'elele o ka po'e i noho i kekahi mau wahi o Serbia, Croatia, Hungary a ma Kanada a me ka'Amelika Hui Pū'Ia.

I ko mākou manawa, e like me nā'ikepili,'o ka heluna o Rusyns e like me ho'okahi a me ka hapalua miliona kānaka. 'O ka'ōlelo Rusyn e like me ka Lūkini, Ukrainian a me Belarusian, no ka mea like me ka hui'ōlelo ho'okahi.

'O nā mana'o o nā mea loiloi

'O kēia'ōlelo kekahi o nā'ōlelo kūhelu o Vojvodina, ka moku kū'oko'a o Serbia, aia ma ka'ākau o ka Danube. Aia a hiki i kēia wā,'a'ohe mana'o kūpono inā paha e'ike'ia ka'ōlelo Ruthenia he kū'oko'a. Akā na'e, e like me nā mana o Ukrainian,'a'ole lākou i'ike iā Rusyns he lāhui kū'oko'a, e hana ana iā lākou ma ke'ano he'ano mo'omeheu o Ukrainians, a'o kā lākou'ōlelo'ana he dialect of Ukrainian. Eia na'e,'a'ole i like me ka wā i hala aku nei, i ka makahiki 2012, ua ho'oholo'ia kekahi mana'o ho'oholo e like me ia i lilo ai'o Rusyn i'ōlelo a nā po'e li'ili'i o Ukraine.

'Oiai,'o nā'ōlelo e pili ana i ka'āina o ho'okahi'āina, e like nō ia. He mea ma'amau. 'O ka'oko'a'ole ka'ōlelo Ruthenian. Akā,'o kāna mau'ōlelo, i ka nui loa aku i ko Ukrainian, ua piha i nā Slav ecclesiastical. 'O kahi hi'ohi'ona o ka hiki'ana o polonizms, nā Slovakaka, nā Germanis, a me nā Magyarisms. Ua ho'ololi'ia nā kumukūmālua o nā'ano kikowaena mai Hungary i ka'ōlelo Rusyn.

'O ka'ōkuhi puke

I ka makahiki 19 a hiki i ka waenakonu o ke kenekulia 20, ua lanakila nā ahupua'a'ekolu ma ka hui kaiaulu Ruthenian. E like me ka'ōlelo ma'amau a Russianophiles i mana'o e ho'okomo i ka Lūkini, Ukrainophiles, ma Ukrainian. Ua ho'ā'o ka hui'ekolu e hana i ka'ōlelo Pelekānia.

I loko o ke kaua, ua noho'o Podkarpackie i ka hana Hungarian, a he mea nui ka Podkarpackie Society of Sciences i ke kālai'āina o ka'āina. I ka makahiki mua o ke kaua, ua pa'i'ia ka "Grammar of the Russian Russian",'o ia ka mea nāna i kākau'o Dr. Ivan Garayda - he kumu, unuhi'ōlelo, mea ho'opuka, linguist a me ke kumu a'o. 'O ia ka mea nāna i haku i ka Subcarpathian Ruthenian. Ma kēia'ōlelo i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua pa'i'ia nā nūpepa, nā nūpepa a me nā puke ma ka moku'āina.

Ke kānāwai kānāwai

'Oiai i ka wā ma hope o ke kaua, ua hana ikaika'ia ka'ōlelo Ukrainian i loko o ka Subcarpathian,'a'ole i loa'a ke kumu i waena o ka Rusyns. Eia kekahi,'o ka ulu'ana o ka palapala mele leo Ukrainian i lilo i mea nui loa no nā po'e noho he nui, a'o ka nui o Transcarpathian Rusyns'a'ole i mana'o iā lākou iho he po'e Ukrainians.

'Oiai nā mea a pau, ma hope o ke kaua ma Transcarpathia he Ukrainian wale nō ke aupuni, akā ma Vojvodina ka inoa'o Ruthenian i nā makahiki iwakalua, a ma ka makahiki 1923 ua pa'i'ia ka puke mua.

I kēia manawa,'a'ohe'ōlelo Ruthenian i kākau'ia. 'A'ole hiki ke ho'omaopopo'ia ka unuhi'ōlelo i nā'ōlelo like'ole - hiki ke ho'omaopopo'ia ke'ano nui o ka kikokikona me ka'ike'ole i ka'ōlelo (ke'ike'ia kekahi o ka Eastern Slavonic, e like me ke'ano, Russian), akā,'a'ole lawa kēia e ho'omaopopo loa i ka hana i kākau'ia.

Nā'ōlelo ma'amau

I ka moku Transcarpathian o Ukraine a ma ka'ao'ao o Presov ma ka'ākau'ākau o Slovakia, ua māhele like'ia nā mea i kapa'ia'o Podkarpattya Rusyn, a ua ho'oka'awale'ia i Verkhovyna a me Dolian. Ua māhele'ia Dolinyansky i ke komohana (Lematic) a me hikina (Lishatsky, a Maramoroshsky). 'O ka dialect Lemmatic ka mea ma'amau ma ke komohana o ka'ākau'ākau o Slovakia. Ma ka'ōlelo Lishat,'ōlelo lākou iā Rusyns e noho ana ma ka'āina mai ke Kōkua'o Teresva ma ka hikina a hiki i ke awāwa'o Rika ma ke komohana.

Ma ka moku Transcarpathian, ma nā moku Vocalts a me Mizhgirsky, ua laha ka'ōlelo Verkhovinian, kahi mea ma waena o ke awāwa a me nā dialectkov Boykovsky.

Loa'a ka'ōlelo Lemko i Slovakia ma ka'ao'ao hema o nā Carpathians. Ua mana'o kekahi po'e Lemkos iā lākou iho he Ukrainians, a me kā lākou'ōlelo'ōlelo Ukrainian. Hō'ike ka'ao'ao'ē a'e iā ia iho he po'e ka'awale.

Nā'ike

'O ka'ōlelo Rusyn, nona ka mo'olelo o ka helehelena, he mea'oko'a'ole ia, ua lawe'ia i nā'ano nuances he nui o nā'ōlelo ma'alahi i nā palena palena.
'Ike ia i'elua'ano o nā vowels o a me e, i'ike'ia ma ka'ōlelo kahiko o Rusia a ma ka hapanui o nā'ōlelo Pelekane'o Lūkia. Ma Podkarpatussinsky, "e" ma ke'ano like me ka'ōlelo Lūkini, inā he consonant kūikawā (nebo, salo, derevo) ma hope o ia, akā inā e kū ana ka hua'ōlelo ho'okahi ma mua o ka ho'onanea ho'onani, e ho'ololi ke'ano o ke kani. 'O ke elelo, i ka wā e'ōlelo'ia ai, e hele ana i mua o ka lewa, a'ōwili'ia nā lehelehe e like me ke kani'ana o "a". Aia ka nui o ka haunaele i ka ho'okumu'ana o ka'ōlelo, a'o ka vowel "e" e loa'a i kahi kani'ano'ē a'e, e lilo ke kani i mea'ele'ele, piliiki, e like me ka'ōlelo German i'ike.

Eia kekahi,'elua'ano ho'ohālikelike e hiki ke loa'a i kahi kani o "o". I ka ma'amau ma'amau,'a'ole ia he'oko'a mai ka Russian a me ka Czech "o", akā ma mua o ka'olu'olu o ke kuhi'ana,'ōlelo'ia me nā lehelehe kīko'o'ole,'o ia kekahi mea i waena o "o" a me "u".
Ho'opuka'ia ka papahana "n", "b", "c", "m" ma Podkarpatussinsky me ka palupalu'ana, inā ma hope o lākou e hahai ana i ka'ōlū "o" i ho'ākāka'ia ma luna nei. 'O nā hua'ōlelo o ka niho "t", "d", "n" ma mua o kēia vowel'a'ole e ho'onuanu iki, akā e lilo i ha'aha'a, akā'o "c" a me "h" i palupalu.

Nā leo'ē a'e

Maika'i ke kani o "c" i ka hua'ōlelo i ka wā i'ōlelo'ia ai, ua emi loa. Ma nā'ōlelo Pelekane'o Carpathian, ua kapa'ia ka hua'ōlelo "holy"'o "syaty" ma ke komohana a me "syaty" ma ka'ao'ao hikina o nā dialect.

Akā, ua mālama'ia ka leo o "s" i "a me". Mai ke'ano o nā hua'ōlelo o Ukrainian Podkarpatussinsky he'ano like'ole ia ma o ka hua'ōlelo o nā hua'ōlelo me ka hopena o "ayu", e like me: "davu" ma mua o "hā'awi wau" a "'ike wau";'o ia ke kolu o ka huila, mālama'ia ke kānāwai (davut,'ike).

Eia kekahi mau hi'ohi'ona'oi aku o nā hi'ohi'ona Rusyn: iotirovannoe a me (olayichi, doyichi), ke kū'ana o ke kani o T ', ke kākau'ana o "yy" (top,'ekolu). 'O nā hua'ōlelo Voortnymi i loko o kēia hua'ōlelo ua hana'ia me ke kōkua o ka mea "Xia" nui, i ho'ohui'ia ma hope o ka'ōlelo'ōlelo (hiki iā'oe ke loa'a hou). 'O kēia nā māhele nui e'ike ana i ka'ōlelo Ruthenian.

Ka mo'olelo o ka'ike

E like me ka mea i'ōlelo'ia ma luna nei, ua noho'ia nā kānaka o Hungakarpattya, a ma ka makahiki 1939 ua kāko'o'ia ka'ōlelo Ruthenia e ke aupuni'oihana. Ua mana'o lākou iā Rusyn-Magyaron'o ka po'e Lūkini Lūkia. Hiki ke kapa'ia i kēia manawa, i kekahi'ano, ka maika'i o ka'ōlelo Ruthenia:'o ka "Grammar of the Russian Language" e puka mai ana, ho'olaha'ia nā puke, nā nūpepa a me nā nūpepa. Eia na'e, i ka makahiki 1944, ua komo'o Podkarpattya i ka Ukrainian SSR, a ua kāohi ke aupuni Soviet i nā hana mo'omeheu a me nā ho'ona'auao e hana'ia e nā po'e Ruthenia. 'A'ole lākou i'ike'ia he'ano li'ili'i'o Ukraine wale nō, a he'ōlelo'ōlelo kā lākou'ōlelo,'oiai'o ka mea i'ike'ia ma Yugoslavia Rusyns he po'e kū'oko'a.

Ka'āina o Soviets

I ka makahiki 1991 wale nō, ma hope o ka hā'ule'ana o ka communism,'o nā'āina o ka USSR i ho'omaopopo loa i ka po'e Ruthenia he po'e. Ma Polani, Slovakia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Romania a me Rusia, ua kāko'o'ia'o Ruthenian i ka'ōlohelohe a me ka ho'ona'auao'ana, a'oi aku i ka iwakālua mau makahiki ma hope mai,'ike'o Rusyns iā Ukraine.

'O ka mea mahalo, ua'ike'ia ka hua'ōlelo "Rusyn" no ka manawa lō'ihi. Ma loko o ka Tale o Bygone Years, ua ho'ohana'ia kēia'ano ethnonym e pili ana i ka po'e e noho ana i Rusia. Loa'a'ia ka hua'ōlelo'ehiku manawa i loko o ka laelike ma waena o Oleg a me nā Helene, i kākau'ia i 911. Mai ka lā 13 a hiki i ka 18s, ua kapa'ia'o Ukrainians a me nā Byelorussia i kēlā ala. I Lithuania a me Polani i ka wā i kapa'ia ai'o Rusyns he mea noho i noho i ka'ōlelo'oia'i'o o ka po'e Orthodoxy a'ōlelo'o ia i kahi'ōlelo Slavonic a me ka dialect (Eastern Polarians).

A hiki i ka makahiki 1945,'a'ohe inoa "Rusyn", ma kahi o ia i ho'ohana'ia ai "Rusky" ('o ia ka inoa o ka puke "Grammar of the Russian language"). Ma hope o ke kaua, ua loa'a ka hua'ōlelo "Rusky" i ka mana'o'o "Russian", i hō'ike'ia ma ka'ōlelo Ruthenian a'ōlelo'ia.

'O ka ha'awina o ka Ruthenian

'O kēia'ōlelo'ānakā maika'i e ho'onaninani i ka nānā. Nui nā mele e haku'ia nei e Rusyns ma kā lākou'ōlelo pono'ī, i hiki iā'oe ke ho'onoho mua iā'oe iho iā lākou. Kekahi meakino East Slavic 'ōlelo mea,ʻaʻole paʻakikī e aʻo i ka' ōlelo 'Ruthenian. Hiki ke loa'a nā kumuhana pono'ī ma nā kumu waiwai e pili ana, akā,'o nā kaiaulu i loko o ka pūnaewele pūnaewele i ho'olako'ia i ka Rusyn, kahi e'ōlelo ma'alahi ai nā mea'ōlelo maoli o ka'ōlelo, ae a'o mai iā lākou, e kōkua i ka mea hou aku.

Eia kekahi, i ka wā e hele ai'oe, hiki iā'oe ke ho'olimalima i kahi manawa e'ōlelo ai lākou'o Ruthenian. E ho'omaka koke kēia i ka a'o'ana i ka'ōlelo, e'ae iā mākou e loa'a nā hi'ohi'ona leo. Akā, ma mua o ka ho'omaka'ana i ke a'o'ana, pono e ho'oholo i ka dialect, no ka mea,'a'ohe'ōlelo Ruthenian.