Papa wiliʻai: mau hoakaka, haku mele 'ana, noi, GOST

No ke'ano o nā lawelawe hale kūkulu, he'ano'ano ma'amau a'ano kūlohelohe ka mana'o like'ole i nā hanana kūkulu. GOST 28013 (i'āpono'ia a ho'okō'ia e ka ho'oholo o ka Nūhui Kūlana o ka USSR State No. 7 i 1989. Ua pani'ia'o ia e kekahi GOST like i'āpono'ia e Gosstroy o Rusia no ke Kumukānāwai o 30 o 1998 a ua ho'opuka'ia mai ka malama 1999) e mālama i ka mana'o he set of terms "Mortar mixture", "ka mīkini lepo malo'o", "moa" a ho'ākāka i nā koi kaulike no nā'ano loea ma'amau e pili ana i kā lākou ho'omākaukau'ana, ka'ae'ana a me nā hō'ailona halihali.

Ma ke'ano he memo:'a'ohe pili o kēia mau papahana i nā hō'ailona kūkulu wela a me ke kūpa'a.

He aha ka moa?

Ho'onohonoho pono'ia ka papa hana o ka hopena a ua hui pū'ia i nā mea like'ole like'ole: astringent, ka li'ili'i li'ili'i a me ka pani puka. Inā pono, hiki ke ho'okomo'ia nā mea ho'ohui kūikawā i ka hopena. 'O ka ma'amau, kūmole, gypsum ai'ole he lime ke hana e like me ke astringent, e hā'awi ana i ka li'ili'i solution. 'O ke kapi, ma ke'ano he ko'iko'i, he one, he wai ka mea hana.

'A'ole pono ka pa'akikī, ho'omākaukau pono loa no ka ho'ohana'ana ma hope o ka ho'ohui'ana i nā mea e pono ai, ua kapa'ia ka moa he moa. Hiki i ka hui hana hō'oia ke kau i nā'āpana malo'o i hui pū'ia ma ka hale hana. 'O kēia ke'ano malo'o malo'o. Ua uhi'ia i ka wai ma mua o ka ho'ohana'ana.

'O ka pāku'i pa'akikī, ke kahawai o kahi pōhaku kālai'ia, kahi e kau ai ka mea hana kila i nā one lepo, a pēlā e ho'ēmi ai i ka'āpana, i kapa'ia he hanana.

Nānā i ka hopena: nā'ōlelo kiko'ī

Ho'opili'ia nā mīkini hana e like me kēia.

Ma muli o ka pūniki i ho'ohana'ia i loko o ka papa mele, e'ike'ia kēia mau mea:

1. Simple hookahi ke keʻena - lepo pipili, Lime paha gypsum. E like me ke'ano, ua koho'ia lākou e ka lakio 1: 2, 1: 3, kahi e like me ka 1 - ka mahele (ka mahele) o ka nakinaki, ka lua o ka helu - ehia nā hapa o ka hō'ulu'ulu i ho'ohui'ia me ka'āpana o ka nakinaki.

2. Complex, i hui, nunui-ke keʻena. 'O kēia, he la'ana, ka mīmū a me ka hanahana'oihana, ka hanahana a me ka gypsum, ka lepo a me ka mau'u, limestone a me ka lehu a me nā mea'ē a'e. Hō'ike'ia lākou e nā huahelu'ekolu: astringent core, astringent, ho'okupu.

'O ka nui'ana o ka mahele o ka astringent a me ke one. He mau mīkini:

1. Normal. Hana'ia e ka hopena maika'i o ka nakinaki a me ka hō'ulu'ulu.

2. momoma. Hana'ia e kahi keu o ke kaulahao, hā'awi i ka nui o ke kanu i ka wā e ho'okomo ai, kapulu (when applied thick layer). Ho'opālā'ia ma ka ho'okomo'ana i ke ko'oko'o i loko o ka hopena - ho'opili'ia ka waihona momona i loko o kahi papa'ele'ele.

3. Lean. Hana'ia e ka hemahema, a ka mea li'ili'i, virtually no shrinkage, he mea maika'i no ka lining. Ho'opaholo'ia e like me kēia: ke ho'okō'ia ka lā'au i loko o ka hopena,'a'ole pa'a ka hui.

Ma muli o nā waiwai o nā mortar astringent, ua māhele'ia ka hale i:

- air - ke ho'okūpa'a nei i ka ea ma kahi malo'o (gypsum);

- ka hydraulic - ke ho'omaka ka hana ho'oikaika i ka lewa a ho'omau i ke'ano o ka mīlū.

Ke kau nei ma luna o ke one i ho'ohana'ia,'o ke'ano maoli, ka mauna, ka muliwai, a me ke kukui māmā (ka lepo nui, ka'ōpū, ka'ūpili), he kaumaha (i ka malo'o malo'o he 1500 kg / m3) a me ka māmā (hiki i 1500 kg / m3). 'O ka maika'i o ka hō'ulu'ulu kūpono e pili ana i ka ikaika o ka hua hope loa. No laila, i ka ho'ohālikelike'ana me ka pāpale, hui pū me ka pūnaki me ke kāpili hale me nā mea'ole (nā meli kolami, impregnation o ka pōhaku lepo) ho'onui i ka ikaika o ka moa i 40%.

'O ka nui o ka wai o ka wai kekahi mea nui i ka ho'omākaukau'ana i nā hō'ailona: me ka nele, ua'ike'ia ka hopena e ka rigidity, me ke keu - ma ka stratification, a ma muli o ka emi'ana o nā'ano o ka ikaika.

Mahalo ua ho'omākaukau pono'ia ka mīkini hale (GOST 28013-98), e like me nā kūlana kūpono a me ka pololei pololei o nā mea i makemake'ia,'o ia ka hana. Hiki ke ho'ololi i nā pahu a pau, hiki ke ho'opa'a i ka pahu, hiki ke ho'opili'ia,'a'ole e kuhū,'a'ole ho'i e'ōwili,'a'ole e pale i nā paia. Me kahi hō'ili'ili li'ili'i o ka mea pa'a a me ka mea pani puka, ua lilo ka hopena i ka lectile, akā, ke alaka'i nei kēia i ka ho'onui hou'ana o ka hale ma ka ho'oikaika'ana a, no laila, i ke kūkulu'ia'ana o nā māwae.

E ho'oku'i nui kākou i nā'ano'enehana o nā huihu'u hopena a me nā hopena,'o nā mea a pau e ho'omalu'ia e nā kūlana o kēia manawa.

Nā kūlana kūpono o ka hui mīkini

'O nā'ano nui o nā'ike o nā huihu'u solution he mau'ano li'ili'i, hiki ke mālama i ka wai, ka holo a me ka wehewehe. 'O ka lalo o ka mea hō'ailona me nā koi no ka huila,'o ka maika'i. Inā'ae ka manawa e ho'opa'a ai a ua'ānai'ia paha, ua kapu loa ia e ho'ohui i ka mea pani puka i ia. No ka ho'okō'ana i nā'āpana i makemake'ia, he mea nui ia e ho'omākaukau pono i nā huihu'u hopena, ho'oponopono, ho'ololi i nā mea i loko o ia mau mea. Pono ia he huila o ka cyclic ('ano mau), ka'umekaumaha (hana). I ka manawa like, ua'ae'ia kahi hemahema o ka 2% a pili i nā astringents, nā mea mālama, nā mea malo'o malo'o, a hiki i 2.5 - e pili ana i ka hō'ulu'ulu. No nā ho'olālā ho'olālā,'o ka mahana o ka hopena he like a'oi paha i 5 ° C. 'O ka mahana kūpono o ka wai no ka hui'ana he 80 ° C.

Ma muli o ka ma'amau o ka ka'a, hiki ke ho'oka'awale'ia nā'ano o nā ha'ina solution:

1. Pc4 - i hō'ike'ia e kahi mo'omeheu lele o 1-4 knm. Ua ho'ohana'ia ma ka ho'okani'ana i ka manonry.

2. Pc8 - ke kumu o nā ho'ololi o ka mīkini e ho'onohonoho'ia ma ka laulā mai 4 a 8 knm. He mea kūpono ia no ka hana pā'ani ma'amau (mai nā pōhaku kūlohelohe a me nā pilikino), nā hana e pili ana, ka pā pōhaku (nui āpau, panel nui).

3. Pc12 - ka mobility ma luna o ka 8 a hiki i ka 12 knm. Ua ho'ohana'ia no ka pulu mai ka pōhaku'ula ma'amau, papalapala, alo, e ninini ana i nā kī.

'O ka hiki'ana i ka hui'ana i ka wai mīkini hou i mālama hou i ka wai'o ia kekahi o nā mea nui loa. Ka pono News i lūmaua lawelawe 'hoailona o ka 90% ma ka hooilo, ka 95% - i loko o ke kauwela. I ke kahua hana, pono e'oi aku ma mua o 75% o ka mana pa'a wai e ho'oholo'ia e ka'ikepili laboratory. 'O ke ki'eki'e o ka māmā,'o ka ki'eki'e o ka'enehi kū'ē. No ka'oihana mīkini pūkū malo'o, ho'onui'ia ka'enehana a hiki i ka 0.1% ma ke kaupaona.

No ka wehewehe'ana a me ka li'ili'i ma'amau, ma nā'āpana'elua, ua'ae'ia ka hewa o 10%,'a'ole'oi aku. Inā ho'ohui'ia nā mea'oko'a e ho'onā i ka ea i ka hui mīkini, e emi iho ka mea hō'ike e pili ana i ka kaulike kaulike i 6% o ka huina i kūkulu'ia e ka papahana.

Nā kūlana kūpono no nā hanana

Ka nui o ke kaulike, ke kū'ē'ana i ka hau, ikaika ikaika -'o ka'ike nui o nā hō'ailona. No laila, eia kekahi mau lama e ho oholo i ka ikaika o ka iho mīkini'opihia: M4, M10, M25, M50, M75, M100, M150, M200.

F10, F15, F25, F35, F50, F75, F100 he mau mākau e nānā ana i ka'onihi kū'ē o ka hō'ailona o ka hopena, i ho'oili'ia i ka ho'ohālike a me ka pale'ana. Aia ka helu helu hō'oki i kekahi o nā kumu nui no ka pahu hana, nā makama, nā pale hana, ke'ike'ia i ka pae o waho. Mālama'ia nā mākau a pau.

Ua māhele'ia ka māmā o nā hale kūkulu hale (GOST 28013) i loko o ka kaumaha a me ka mālamalama,'a'ole hiki ke ho'onui'ia ke kānana o ka ho'opi'i'ana i nā kumukū'ai ma mua o 10% o ka papahana. Ka loa paʻakikī ua noʻonoʻo i ka pōhaku puna Mix. Ho'ohana'ia ia i ka ho'okumu'ana i nā kumu, i ke kūkulu'ana i nā papa lepo lalo. 'O ka'oi a'e ka māmā, ka ikaika a me ka pa'akikī.

'O nā kūlana kūpono o nā lā'au i loko o nā hā'ina

'Oiai nā mea i ho'ohana'ia no ka ho'omākaukau'ana i nā hanana, ka lepo, ka lime, nā'ōko'oma'a'āina, ke one, e komo ana i ka pulu mai nā mea kanu wela, ua ho'ohana'ia no ka pā puhi ahi. 'O kēia mau mea a pau, a me ka wai no ka moa, pono e ho'okō i kekahi mau koi, i hō'ike'ia e like me GOST 28013, a me nā kūlana maika'i e ho'ohana'ia ana i kēlā me kēia.

Ho'opiha

No kēlā me kēia mīkini pākahi, e pili ana i ke kumu, kahi mea e ho'opiha ai i ka mea e pono ai ka inu. No laila, no ka ho'opau'ana i nā hana e pono ai ke one e hana i ke one me ka nui o ke one a hiki i ka 1.25 mm, no ka lepo - a hiki i 2.5 mm, i ka wā e hamo ai ke kahakai i kahi o 1-2 mm, i ka wā e ho'oulu ai i ka papa ho'opau -'a'ole i'oi aku i ka 1,25 mm (hiki Ho'oka'awale i kahi o ka 0.5% ma ke kaupaona, akā'a'ole pono ke kahakai i ka lepo me ka palaoa ma'ō 2.5 mm). Inā ho'ohana'ia ke one a me ka lehu, a laila'a'ole pono ke hau, nā lā'au li'ili'i. Ke ho'onā'ia,'a'ole hiki ke pi'i aku ka mahana o ke one'ahaku'a ma mua o 60 ° C. 'O ka māmā māmā,'o ia ka hui'ana o ka mea līlū me ke one porous (schungite, vermiculite, pālahalaha nui, perlite, pumice, aglonite, lehu a me nā mea'ē a'e). Nani Loa mytyh pāʻoihana i mai pōaka one, hunahuna pohaku mānoanoa me ka nui i hiki i 2,5 mm o (māpala, kinikini, pālolo, kalapona, ea). 'O ka pilahi pālahalaha o ke kuapa e pili ana i ka ho'ohana'ana i 2-5-millimeter granite, keleka, kahuhu, kahuhu, pākī, nā'ūpili lepo. Ho'opili'ia ka pāpale'ala'ūpima ma ke kāpili'ia'ana i ka'ene'ene'u kele, ka pilikino maoli a i'ole ka pilikino hana'ia i nā kūlana i loko o ka hopena.

Nā mea'alapiko

Makaukau o pinepine komo ai ohui i kā lākou haku mele 'ana o kekahi hou' ana i ka papa wiliʻai huahana ka pono Nine Inch mea hoʻonui i pale aku delamination, he hoʻonui i nui ka hoʻoneʻe, ikaika, ka hoʻoikaika 'ana i ke anu ia'ku o ka läÿau,. 'O kēia nā mea i kapa'ia he superplasticizing, palekana, ho'opa'apa'a, mālama'ana i ka wai, ho'oku'u'ana i ka makani, ho'ouka i ka pa'akikī, ho'onohonoho ho'olālā, hō'ailona, ho'ohālikelike, hydrophobizing, bactericidal, complex complexes. Ho'ohālike'ia nā mea hope loa i ho'ohana'ia i nā hihia kūikawā.

Ho'oholo'ia ka nui o nā mea kelepona i ho'ohui'ia ma nā'ano ho'olālā. Hana'ia e like me nā kūlana,'a'ole lākou e'ānai i nā mea waiwai, nā hopena'ino i nā hale a me nā hale i ka hana. Ho'ohālikelike'ia e ka'ano, ka laikini, hā'awi lākou a pau i kahi hō'ailona, a me nā hō'ailona o nā kūlana kūlike a me nā'oihana. Penei, he poe paakiki, accelerating mea hoʻonui nā sulufahate paʻakai (Ch GOST 6318, Li 38-10742) e antifreeze - urea (carbamide) (M GOST 2081) i loko o ka wai ka mālama - carboxymethyl kelulose (CMC Li 6-05-386) . 'O ka papa inoa piha o nā additū i ho'ākāka'ia ma ka ho'opili i ka GOST 28013. Ua hana'ia kahi hopena mīkini lepo me ka ho'ohui'ana o nā mea'aila (micro-foaming agents) a me ka lā'au'ona (lepo, lime, lepo lepo, lele lele a me nā mea'ē a'e) plasticizers.

Ke kāko'o o ka'enehana'ike

Ke hui nei ka'umehana, ka mea e hana nei i ka hana'ana i ka moa, me ka'ole e ho'opuka i ka mana'oihana o ka ho'okumu'ana i nā māhele kūpono a me ka ho'omākaukau'ana i ka hui kūmole. Ho'oponopono'ia ka mana ma mua o ka ho'ololi. 'O nā kinona mortar o ka like ho'okahi, i hana'ia no ka ho'ololi, ua ho'oku'u'ia i ka nui. I kēia hihia, ua ho'ouna'ia nā māhele ho'onāu i ka hale leka (koho'ia e like me GOST 5802) e ho'oholo i nā'ano'ikepili a pau.

Inā nā mea kūʻai mai i haawiia 'ē aʻe ma mua o ka poe i hoakaka ia ma IEC 28013 hana, ka pono o nā huahana mea malalo iho o ka hooponopono ana ma ka like ma waena o Hookah a me ka consumer.

Ho'opuka'ia nā moa uila i loko o ka ho'olālā'oko'a e ka mea hana, a iā ia ka mea kuleana e noi ai i nā mana alaka'i o ka hui pū me ka hopena. Ho'opuka'ia ka hopena e ka nui,'o ka mīkini pālolo malo'o ma ke kaumaha.

E pili ana i nā'ano o ka hui pū'ia no ka mea hiki ke ho'opili a mālama i ka wai, a me ka hopena no ke kū'ē'ana i ka hau, e ho'okō'ia ka hō'oia'ana i ka koho'ana a i'ole ke ho'ololi'ana i ka hana a me nā'ano o nā māhele o ka hopena. A laila, hiki ke nānā i nā huahana i nā mahina'eono. Inā, i ka hopena o kahi haki, hiki'ole ke kū'ē i ke kūlana o kēia manawa, ua hō'ole'ia ka hō'oki holo'oko'a.

He aha nā mea e pono ai i loko o nā palapala no nā ukana?

Ma nā palapala e kāko'o ana i ke'ano o nā huahana a i'āpono'ia e ka mea i koho'ia e ka mea hana hana no ka mana'oihana, e kākau'ia kēia mau'ike ma lalo:

- ka inoa a me ka helu wahi o ka mea hana, ka lā pololei a me ka manawa o ka ho'omākaukau'ana i ka pālolo;

- ke'ano o ka hopena;

- ke'ano o ka nakinaki;

- ka nui, ka mobility o nā waiwai;

- ka inoa a me ka nui o nā mea additive;

- he hō'ailona o kēia kūlana, a he mea ia e hō'oia'i'o ai i ka ho'okō'ana i nā huahana i ho'omākaukau'ia me nā'ike'ikepili.

Inā ho'ohana'ia nā hō'ili'ili pō'ino, ua kākau pū'ia ka mānoanoa ma'amau i ka'āina malo'o. No kahi hui malo'o, ua ho'okumu'ia ka leo o ka zither no ka loa'a'ana o ka moena pono. Eia kekahi, pono e komo i loko o nā palapala ka manawa mālama no ka mālama'ana o ka hui'ana ma kahi'ano malo'o, i helu'ia mai ka lā ho'omākaukau a hiki i ka pau'ana o nā malama'eono.

Ho'opili'ia nā ka'a o ka moa

Ke halihali'ana i nā huila pila, he mea nui e wehe i ka nele o ka waiu wai. E'ae'ia ke halihali'ana i nā huahana ma ka loiloi, a ma loko o nā pubs (nā hale ka'a) i nā ka'a a ma nā kahua ka'aahi. I ka manawa like, pono e ho'opa'a'ia ka mahana o ka hopena hiki ke ho'opili'ia, i ho'opa'a'ia ke ho'okō'ia ka thermometer kelepona i kahi hohonu o 5 cm.

Ma ke'ano malo'o, lawe'ia nā mīkini mīkini i loko o nā mea kilihue, nā pahu a i ho'opa'a'ia a hiki i 40 kg (kāpili pepa) a hiki i ka 8 kg (polyethylene packaging). Ma ka manawa like i loko o nā'eke pepa, lawe'ia ka halihali ma nā papa lā'au, ma ka polyethylene - ma ke kau'ana i nā'eke me ka paila i loko o nā pahu kūikawā. Ho'opili'ia ke kāpili'ia i loko o nā pe'a i ka mahana o 5 ° C ma nā lumi malo'o pani. Ma hope o ka ho'okele'ana, e ho'oku'u'ia ka pā'ina hō'oia i loko o kahi huila a me nā pahu.

Ka ho'ohana'ana i nā mokukahu

'O ka'āpana o ka ho'olālā o ka milikini he'ano like'ole. 'O ke kūkulu'ia'ana o nā papa hana a me nā milika ma luna o nā mea i ho'opa'a'ia me ka ho'olima'ia'ana e like me ke'ano o nā mea i kūkulu'ia i ka hana a me ka hana kūlike me ke kūkulu'ia'ana o nā kumuhana pa'a, ka paepae, a me ke'ano o nā hale, nā ho'olālā, .

Ua'ae'a'ia i ka hana'ia'ana o nā hale pōhaku,'o ka lawe'ana i nā mokuahi i kahi hapahā o ka nui o ka hale. Ua kū'ai nui ka hapanui o mākou i ka lime, ka pāpale, nā mīkini mīkini pahū no nā paia pālahalaha ma nā hale kūikawā a me nā hale noho pono'ī ('o ia ka inoa i kapa'ia he pūpū ho'opau). Eia kekahi, e kū'ai aku kekahi kanaka i nā mea hana ma'a no nā hana ho'okomo, kāpīpī, ka pahu ahi, me ke ahi. Ma ke kelepa kū'ai, hiki ke loa'a i nā mea i kēia manawa nā hanana hale (GOST 28013), nā mea i'oi aku ka ki'eki'e ma nā'ano o ka ho'oulu'ana i ke anuanu, ka ho'omehana kani, ka wela a me ke ahi.