Pehea e loaaʻi ka hao? oka a pau o ka hao, a me kekahi mau waiwai hoʻolako i ka nou ana la o hao?

Me ka hao - e hoʻomano hoʻohana i loko o kekahi hana mea hiki ke hooheheeia, wehewehe aku kupaianaha hana. Ke kaʻina hana o ka loaa ana i kekahi kŘpa a uncomplicated, a nui loa me ke kapuai hookahi i loko iho ua i komo. Keia mea ua smelted ma ka hoʻohanuʻana umu - kūikawā mau imu, a mea he ano o ke hoonee aku i kope o ka Tube. E aʻo pehea e loaaʻi ka hao, a kūkākūkā hope ma ka au mamuli.

Hoʻouku a me ka manaʻoe hana Plant

I ka papa kuhikuhiE maka mea i hoʻohana ma o ka hana o ka hao ka mea hao e hoohehee ai. Extract kona kiʻi i loko o kekahi wahi o ko mākou'āina. Ua ua ike i ka mea e hoohehee ai he he nui helu oʻano o impurities. E hoʻohana i ia no ka hauneneʻe hao i loko o ka "maka" palapala, o ka papa, ole i ke Akua. No laila, ma ke kahua mua ua iiaeaaony ia kūikawā poe - aaioee mea kanu. Eia ka mea, ua wehe 'ia mai ka wao pōhaku a me ka hoʻokaumahaʻia. A laila, i ka maemae i eliia ua ukana ma luna o na kaa, a ua hoouna aku Loko i smelters.

Ke kaʻina hana o ka agglomeration

Maoli, e like me ka haahaa, oia ka hao, ke noonoo ma lalo nei. Ano, e ka kamailio e pili ana pehea e e hoomakaukau ai no kona mea e hoohehee ai smelting 'ana mai o ka smelter.

Ināʻike mau particulate mea, hoʻohanuʻana e punohu ana productivity hōʻailona kūpono e e hoʻohana no ka remelting. Ka mea e ia i ka Blend i haʻahaʻa kinoea permeability. No laila, ma mua ka ukana i loko o ka hoʻohanuʻana kapuahi hao mau hele agglomeration kaʻina.

Kēia ke kaʻina hana no ka hana ma ka hana kūikawā nā hālāwai hoʻonaʻauao smelters a me ka mea Kamakawiwoʻole sintering kaʻina hana ma ka nui a liilii, loa e pono no ka smelting hao nui. Coalescence ia lŘlŘ ma ke kiʻekiʻe wela lawa e maule i ka akemāmāʻilikai malama o na (particles). E like me ka hopena, i ka hope wale tuko i kahi hookahi, ho okumu i wahi pai. Ma keia mālama 'mea e hoohehee ai ka hui me ka lanahu. E like me ka hopena o ka hope'ā ua loaʻa, a me ka koi mahana e loaaʻi chunks. Hauma¯na agglomeration kaʻina hana ma ka hele ana o ka mea e hoohehee ai, ahu iho me ka lewa kahe charcoal (luna i lalo).

ole wale hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia no ka mea e hoohehee sinter. I kekahi manawa ka mea, ua i kekahi o nā'āpana liʻiliʻi o ka hao. An oka a me kekahi waiwai e leie aku oe i ka puaa hao, ka mea e e kūkā mai ma lalo nei. O ka papa, no ka mea? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka metala hao ua ole ia i ka puaʻa. Maule iho la ma kaʻike mau hoolei hao hamoʻia.

He aha ka hana i loko o ka umu ahi

No laila, e ka ike pehea e loaa hao i loko o ka umu ahi kiwi. Loko o ka umu ahi ua hoalaala ia me ia i ka kūkulu nā pōhaku lepo. Pehea ia hana, kŘpa a mea. I ka hua hoolei hao, ma ka hou ana i ka sinter hoʻohana Coke a me ka Lime koko. Ka hui ana o kēia mau mea ua hoomakaukau i loko o ka kekahi lākiō. A laila, i kapaʻia ke kauoha kikowaena. Ua Ua ninini i loko o kūikawā 'auamo aku, a ke eaʻe i ka luna o ka lua ahi.

I kī Coke, e pono i ka nui o ka nui o oxygen-waiwai lewa. He mālama lākou i loko o ka hoʻohanuʻana umu ahi ma lalo, ma ka puka, i kapaʻia ka makani. He ua puhiʻia i loko o ka umu ahi ma lalo o kiʻekiʻe loa puʻe. Kēia mea e hōʻoia 'ia ai i ka lewa komo iloko ma ke kahua o ka uku ole hanaiia mai luna. Ma kēia mālama '-pele mea wela i 600-800 degere, ai ole ke ana wela i loko o ka umu paka ua.

Loaa ma ke anoe o ka malama a me ka puaa hao kahe iho me ke alapine (frequency) o ka hola hookahi kela 40 minuke, hookuu ana i ka mea mawaho ma ka puka, i kapaia taphole. Next ninini iho i loko o ka ipu nui o ke kiaha, a kaʻi aku i loko o kila mea kanu.

Ka ho'ēmiʻana a me ka carburization o ka hao i loko o ka umu ahi

All hoʻohanuʻana umu hana ma ka counterflow rula. ʻO kēia alternately ana i loko o kēia mau Nine Inch keʻano o ka hanaʻana :

1. Ka ho'ēmiʻana o ka hao. Kēia kaʻina ia lŘlŘ sequentially a me ka nānā e like: Fe ₂ O ₃ - Fe ₃ O ₄ - FeO - Fe. E like me ka hoemi hope ma keia hihia ka kalapona monoxide (HI), i hanaʻia ma ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o CO ₂ me ka wela Coke, e like me paa kalapona ma hope.
2. Carburizing hao. Ke naoh i loko o keia hihia, ua like penei: 3Fe + 2CO = Fe ₃ C + CO ₂ + Q. Fe ₃ C carbide ua hikiwawe i hui pūʻia ai me ka paa hao, ai ka hope oka a ua hana, a me ka kalapona. E kahe ana ia,ʻo ia washes na apana o Coke, a carburized hou. Eia hou kekahi, ia mea hoʻoheheʻe 'ona e like me manganese, luaipele, silikone a me ka mea e like. D.

Pela, e lilo ia i hoike kiwi metala - he oka a pau o ka hao a me kekahi mau waiwai. E kiʻi i ka hao e hiki wale ma ka carburizing ka mahele heheʻe i ka 'āhewa' ana.

Hoihoi hou ia ana mai o nā kumu mua

HI, silikone, luaipele a me phosphorus hāʻule i loko o ka hoʻohanuʻana ahi a pau me ka mālama i loko o ka palapala o kekahi Nine Inch i huiʻia. Nā oxides kiekie e hoemi ia o ka manganese i MnO ka hola ma ka hookahi rula e like me ia o ka hao: MnO ₂ - HI ₂ O ₃ - HI ₃ O ₄ - MnO. Pure manganese anao? Aou like: MnO + C = HI + CO - Q. silikone komo i ke kapuahi i loko o ka palapala o ka silica i SiO _2. Ola ia ia lŘlŘ e like me ka naoh SiO ₂ + 2c = Si + 2CO - Q.

Phosphorus ua hoemiia ka hydrogen, HI, a me ka paa kalapona, a, Eia naʻe, i ka hao i aneane loa. Kēia hehee ai degrades ka hoʻohanuʻana kapuahi hao oka a pau. Ua apono 'e loaa ka maikai e like ai hao makana i loko o ka hui o ka silica i, e like me ka pono i kiekie oxides o manganese. HI i loko o kekahi manawa hou i ka kūikawā kiwi e'a'ā ana. Kēia i hāʻawi mai i ka kūikawāʻano o ka hao - manganese.

ka sulfur wehe '

Ka ninau a pehea e kiʻi i ka hao o ka maikai quality, me hoemiia a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ia, mai kēia hua'ōlelo i makemake hehee ai. Luaipele mea he nui nā palapala huikala, kekahi hihia hoʻi i loko o ka waiwai o ka huina hoonui hope loa o ka smelting. Kona kumu o ka nui he loko o ka Coke. Luaipele ua wehe 'ia e hoala ana i ka maʻiʻo ma ka hui ana o Lime (CaO) a mahuahua ke ana wela i loko o ka umu ahi. Ke naoh i loko o keia hihia, ua like penei: FeS + CaO = FeO + CaO + Q. Other epekema i ke hoʻohana 'e emi i ka pakeneka o ka luaipele i loko o ka puaʻa hao. No ka laʻana, i kekahi manawa ua smelted mea ua hoʻokō 'ia i loko o ka bola a me ka mākeke Iebusi me ka soda. Ma ke aha ka ka sulfur pōpilikia 'ana o ka naoh FeS + NaCO ₃ = FeO + Na ₂ S + CO _2.

slag ho okumu

Pela, ke i me oe kii mai pehea e loaaʻi ka hao. Naʻe, i loko o ka heheʻe o ka mea ua loaa, a me kekahi, hoʻomano hoʻohana i ka hoʻokele waiwai huahana. I ka hauneneʻe 1 tona o ka puaʻa hao e hiki mai 0,6 na tona o ka slag. Ka mea mea i hiki i maloko hao e hoohehee ai he he 'ano nui nui o ka lepo. Ka haku mele 'ana i ka loaʻa o Coke lehu. E wehe i kēia mau hua'ōlelo i makemake 'ikamu i ka'ōhui, ma ka hou, i hui fluxes (kalipuna a me ka makanekiuma carbonates). Ma ka mahele heheʻe i ka kaʻina hana, ka mea, chemically pane koke me nā'ēheu kēia'ēheu o nā impurities, a me ka ai i ka hana slag. Ua ho i aluminosilicate a silicate heheʻe.

slag nuʻa mea haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka hooheheeia puaʻa hao. No laila, i ka mahele heheʻe i ka kaʻina hana ka mea, ua aia ma lalo ia. Ua Ua kekahi manawa wehe 'ia ma ka hookaawale piula wai puka i kapa slag. Ua hoʻohana 'ia kēia he hopena ia hoolei hao ka hanaʻano nui no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka lepo pipili, a kukulu ālai' like me ka filler.

'ano o ka hao

E like me 'oe ke ike, i ka ninau o pehea e loaa hao i loko o ka umu ahi kiwi, kŘpa a mea. Ultimately, nae, e Haʻalele i mai ke kapuahi mea, he iki okoa Nine Inch haku mele 'ana a me ka physical waiwai. A pau e hoolei aku i hao uaʻano nui puunaueia i mau hoailona ia mea: kila ana (keʻokeʻo) a me ka hoolei ana i (poʻo). Keʻano mua ua hoʻohana 'ia me ka maka mea i loko o ka hana o ka steels. Foundry ua hoʻohana 'ia e paka nāʻano likeʻole o ka nou ana la o hao huahana, ae nanea ana maikai koi ma ke kuai.

keʻokeʻo hoolei hao

Ka nui o keia? Ueo o ka heheʻe metala ma ka hoʻohanuʻana umu o 75-80%. Ke kumu waiwai o ka hao i: nui paakiki, brittleness a me ka mea paʻa. Manganese a me ka luaipele ia kekahi mau mea IeAUPIIe, IAa IO nui ma mua i loko o ka foundry. White hao aaioee lends ia iho, me ka pilikia nui ma. Hoʻohana 'ia e mai ana ia i kekahi huahana kaʻike mau ana na mea paahana o kēia machines hiki ole. Akā, kila ua i mai ka hao o keia? Ueo mea 'ano mea. Kiwi puaa maheleia metala ke kaumaha ma muli o ka hana hou remelting i ekolu papa: ipu ahi (M) Bessemer (B) a me Thomas (T).

kiola hao

Ke kalapona ma keia mea iʻano nui i hiki mai ma ke ano o ka noa graphite, i i loko o kona haku mele 'ana o ka silikone. Ka mea, ke hele mai i ka manufacturing hoolei hao huahana ma ke ano o ingots. Keia mea ua hoailono aku la ia me ka palapala "L" a me na huahelu "1" i "6", ke kaumaha ma muli o ka mākaʻikaʻi. Aia Ua hoi he maemae makanekiuma hoolei hao, ua hoailono aku la me na palapala "HR".

Ua pono, hopefully, uaʻanoʻokoʻa ma pane i ka ninau o paha ka oka a pau o ka hao a me kekahi mau waiwai e leie aku oe i ka puaa, hao. Kēia mea he pono kalapona, i loko o ka umu ahi kiwi hookomoia i kekahi hapa o ka mea e hoohehee ai ka oxygen. Walaʻauʻana waiwai o ka nou ana la o hao hilinaʻi ma o ka nui o ka constituent huikala: manganese, phosphorus, silikone a me ka luaipele.