Peter Kuzmich Anokhin, Academician: A Kawaihae, na makana i ka 'epekema

Hale hoʻokamakama nä känaka 'epekema-physiologist o ka XX kenekulia , Peter Kuzmich Anokhin - academician, i hoʻokumu o ka mea kaulana? Iie kula, i ka i hoʻokumu o na lala hou o ka' epekema o ka lolo, a lilo iho la ia i ka mua o nā cybernetics - ua hele aku, typical no ka Soviet nä känaka 'epekema. E hele mai ana, mai ka mea hana-papa ohana, lilo iho la oia i ka honua-kaulana physiologist, e lawe mai ana i ka makakoho o Soviet 'epekema ma na kihapai o ka neurophysiology, oiai i paku ole ia i papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika hoomaau no lākou unwillingness e hahai ma ka' epekema 'āpono' ideologically hōʻoia papa.

"Au i hānau i loko o ke kahawai"

He hoʻomanaʻo ia i kona makua kāne a me kona makuwahine, he illiterate a kakauinoa na nā keʻa mau. Ka mea, ua pau mawaena o ka poe i noho ma o kahawai - ka loa proletarian o ka Tsarina. Eia, i loko o ka ohana o ka Railroad hana, a me ka aina hanau o Academician Anokhin. Hânau 'ia - January 27, 1898. Makua - Kuzma Vladimirovich - i ka hope a me ka taciturn kanaka - hele mai, mai ka Don Cossacks. Mai makuahine - Agrafena Prokofyevna, he kanaka maoli o Penza panalaau - i loaa i ka olelo a me ka sociable ano, a me na kumu nui hiʻona o ke keiki i ka lanakila a me ka makemake i ka ike.

Mamua o ke kipi,ʻo ia loaʻa kiʻekiʻe kula hoʻonaʻauao - puka 'o ia mai ka oaoieei-kula (1914), a komo i ka aina surveying, agronomic kula ma Novocherkassk. Koke aku la ho ia iho i ka ukupanee ma liluwelo 'epekema, ka ike o ke kanaka, i ka maikai ma luna o kona lolo. He hoʻomaka kaʻeleu hoihoi i loko o ka 'epekema moʻokalaleo ma keia mea, kamaʻilio ana i na kumu o maoli' epekema, a hiki ma ka liʻiliʻi loa e haawi mai i ka olelo i kona obrazovatelskih pono kīvila.

Hoa o ke Kanawai War

Proletarian me Kinohi Anokhina i no kekahi maoli hapa i loko o nā hanana hoʻokahuli aupuni o ka 1917, a laila, i loko o ke Kanawai Kaua ma kaʻaoʻao o ka Bolsheviks. Iloko o ka Cossack uprising ma February 1918 Tsaritsyn i lalo hoʻoweliweli, a me ke kanaka ui i loko o kona pale - ua hoonohoia oia i aineiniaeoi o ke kookoo ma ka hana o koa pakaua. I ka 1920, oia ua hana ia ma ka Communist propaganda - lilo Komisina o ka Press ma Novocherkassk a me ka mālama 'ana i ka luna hoʻoponopono o ka nui Nupepa Don District - ". Red Dawn"

Aia kahi mea akaka i ka nui talena like me ka mea kākau, i mau i ka hope Academician Anokhin. Peter Kuzmich kakau iho la ka hapanui o na Manaʻo Luna Hoʻoponopono a me ka puu o ka 'atikala no ka nupepa. ʻO ko lākou hiki wawe ko a me ka figurative 'ōlelo' o Laielohelohe i ka noonoo ana o ko People ka Commissar o Education af Lunacharskogo moe kai eʻe huakaʻi i ke alo. He makemake e hālāwai ai me nā'ōpio mea kākau, a he mea i ka halawai, a ua i ka wā e hiki mai nä känaka 'epekema-wanaao ae hanana. Anokhin hai aku la i ka People ka Commissar o kona makemake, e aʻo a me ka hoihoi i loko o ka 'ole o ke kanaka lolo, ka mea ana i hoopaa iho la i na hanana kai a pau i loko o ka aina.

School spondylitis

Koke mai la i kekahi palapala i ka i noi aku e hoouna aku Anokhina e noiʻi i ke nä känaka 'epekema kaulana - Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev, alai ae ma ka State Institute o Lapaʻau o Knowledge ma Petrograd. I ka 1921, Peter Kuzmich ke hele mai i ka noiʻi i loko o keia kula. E like me ka mea i palapala hope Anokhin, academician Bekhterev i ka papa kuhikuhiE mea no ia - a pau i hīkiʻiʻia ma ka global, paʻa 'epekema pilikia - ka mea pohihihi o na kanaka lolo, i ka wa a ka papa mua o Laielohelohe i keia noiʻi.

Soon, nae, o ka haumāna Anohin ka hoomaopopo ia ia, aole ia,ʻo ole Psychiatry - ka papa alakaʻi o ka 'epekema haʻawina o spondylitis. He ike ia like no hoi unspecific a me ke kamaʻilio, i ua kaheaia ma ka waha 'ano wale. He Ua nui o Laielohelohe i ka physiology o ka lolo, i ka manawa e noiʻi i mea e hoike i ho okolohua e haawi pōhaku puna hualoaʻa. Oiai ka papa kuhikuhiE mana i loko o kēia wahi ua Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Ua ua i loko o kona keʻene hoʻokolohua, a loko o 1922 Anokhin. Academician Pavlov ,ʻo opiopio nä känaka 'epekema e hoʻokolohua ma na inhibition - ka narrowest wahi o ka pähola' o ka hoʻoponopono reflexes.

Malama pono haumana o Pavlov

Makau iho la ia o ka conventionalism ma ka 'epekema, e pale aku i ka kekahi-kapakahi hoomaopopo, loaʻa makapo adherence i ka ia hopena a, a hiki ina ka mea, i kekahi o ka seemingly harmonious kumumanaʻo - no laila, ao mai la ia i kona mau aaiuo nui physiologist. A ia i ka makahiki 1924 paʻi ka 'atikala "Ma Dialectical materialism a me ka noʻonoʻo' pilikia", ma i mau lala kekahi o ka Pavlovian keʻena hoʻokolohua ike, he mea kēia ma luna o nā mea i ho'ākāka 'walaʻauʻana o ke kumumanaʻo o ka hoʻoponopono reflexes, a me ke kumu o ka mea i Anokhin, academician iho kokua aku i ka poe hou nä känaka' epekema.

Ma ka hoike o Pavlov Anohin mua lilo i lecturer i loko o ka 'Oihana o Physiology o ka Leningrad Institute o zootechnical, a laila, Kumu o ka Lapaʻau o ka'Āuna Kumu o ke Kulanui o Nizhny Novgorod. Ma ke kumu o keia kumu, ua hookumuia oia Gorky Lapaʻau Institute, i kahi ma ke Keʻena o Physiology, a hoʻomaka kona kūʻokoʻa 'epekema a me ka kiʻina aʻo aayoaeuiinoe Anokhin. Academician, kona Kawaihae Ua lōʻihi ua ua hoʻopili me Gorky, haʻalele ka paʻi ma ka mōʻaukala o ka Institute, a puni ke kulanakauhale.

Institute o Hoʻokolohua Medicine

Ma ke Keʻena o Physiology o ka Gorky Lapaʻau Institute, a Anohin huli i loko o kekahi o ka mea maikaʻi i loko o ke aupuni i loko o 1932 ka mea i kukulu i kekahi lala o All-Union Institute o Hoʻokolohua Medicine, ao kona mea kuhikuhi, a lilo Anokhin.

I ka makahiki 1935ʻo ia i hoolilo i ka hana ma VNIEM i Moscow i ke poo o ka Oihana o ke neuroscience, i loko o ka mea ana i ua 'Imi komo ma ka mana haʻawina o luna ua'emi ko ha awina. Ua hoʻokau kaʻeleu pilina me ka lapaʻau kulanui, a e lawelawe ai olelo noiʻi i nā loea, neurologists a me neurosurgeons. Nā hopena o kēia mau haʻawina pâʻani 'o ia i nui i kūlana wā Anokhina ma na pilikia o ke kaua nā palapū o kaʻike ākea ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana i ka Nui Patriotic War.

Ke paio no ka maemae o ka 'epekema moʻo

He nui kakaolelo o ke aupuni 'epekema e olelo aku i wehe Anokhina mai ke kapikala a hiki i ka periphery - i loko o ka laila Nizhny Novgorod, i hua mai la i ka Initiative o Pavlov, e hoola mai ia ia, mai ka inevitable alualu o ka oi aku kuokoa manaʻo a me nā hana. No laila, he nui ideological ikaika walawala Anokhina hooholo uku aoao Ka Waiho 'ana i makemake hookaawale ia lana mai o ka aoao i ka pau ana. He manaʻo i ka lawelawe hana hiki ana iā ia i loko o 'epekema haʻawina.

Ko lakou aloha i na olelo kumu o ka Pavlovian kumumanaʻo kukala a me Anohin-haumāna a me ka academician Anokhin. ʻepekema hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ka ino nui a hiki i ka wahi lulu 'epekema lawe mai ua mau mea kuhikuhi nei, o ka hooilina o ka physiologist nui, i mea i loko o ka waeʻano o ka luli ole truths i ai misguided hoala mai ai i ka manaʻo kaheaia ma ka Pavlov i like iki me hiki kuhi a me nā mea mahuʻi mea e ole pili i ka maʻiʻo a me ho'ōia o ka walaʻauʻana postulates o ke kumumanaʻo.

I ka make ana o Soviet physiology

Ma hope, hoomanao iho la ia i ka hailonaʻana ma luna o ka mea kaulana Pavlovian Ahaolelo - he ami halawai o ka Academy o Sciences o ka USSR, a Academy o Lapaʻau o Sciences o ka USSR i i wahi ma ke kauwela o ka makahiki 1950. Ma ka mea, hahai ma aaiaoe?, Ia i ua malalo i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka Soviet physiology. Mau alakaiʻepekema, ua mahaloia ma ka 'epekema kaiāulu, malalo iho o brutal hoomaau no "haiahū kūmau, mai na aʻo o Pavlov" a me ka mahalo i ka bourgeois idealistskimi mau mea o physiological' epekema. Ostracism waiho wale aku no i ka loa ma kahi kokoke, a ma ka pono a mau haumana o Pavlov - L.Orbeli A. Speransky, I. Beritashvili, L.Shtern. Hard Ua nema aku a me kino i ka mea i olelo ia Academician Anokhin. Peter Kuzmich, kona Kawaihae i pili me ia, e kau i loko o ka makahiki 1944 ma ka Institute o Physiology ma ka Academy o Lapaʻau o Sciences o ka USSR, i wehe mai ke alakaʻi, a hiki i 1953 - a hiki i ka make ana o Stalin - he Kumu o ke Keʻena o Physiology, Lapaʻau o University ma Ryazan.

I ka papa kuhikuhiEʻepekema na makana

I ka kumumanaʻo o ka ooieoeiiaeuiuo nenoai - i ka hopena maoli o ka ulu ana o ka Pavlovian kumumanaʻo. Kēia kumumanaʻo Ua lohe nui na mea i manaoio i ka papa kuhikuhiE? Iie e piʻi like, i kona nui loa na makana i ka honua 'epekema e pili ana i na kanaka lolo. Ua mea e wehewehe i ke kino o ka nui keʻano o ka hanaʻana aie i ke ola i loko o ka mea ana i kūikawā a pilikino ahahui a me nā papa hana hana ana me ke kōkua o ke neural a me ka humoral (mālama 'ia ma fluids) hooponopono ana.

i haawiia ia nenoai, e like pakiko-na na, no ka mea, he mea ana hou. I ka hopena o ia mau nenoai i kekahi 'ano' kanawai, no ka mea he mea he inverse afferentation ka auhau - manaʻo. Kēia manaʻo mea apau o ia ka 'epekema o na ki ina hana o ka la hoomalolo, hoolilo, pūnaewele a me ka loli o ka' ike - Cybernetics. Ka makua kāne o keia 'epekema - Norbert Wiener - nui kuaiia hana, i ke kumu o ka a ua Academician Anokhin. Photo i ma ke ami hele, a Wiener Anokhin o Moscow, lilo i ka hōʻailona o ka pili 'ana i ka mau sciences.

Liluwelo theories o Emotions, theories o wakefulness a me ka hiamoe ana, ka pololi a me ka satiety maomeka o na inhibition - kēia mau pilikia Anohin 'Imi komo i loko o nā makahiki. He hui kona noiʻi me kaʻaha hui hana o ka wahi lulu, a me na haole? Iie nā kaiapili, komo i loko o Hoʻoponopono papa o ka lehulehu ākea lehulehu, etc.

PK Anokhin puka 'o ia mai ke ala o ke ola March 5, 1974, e waiho i ka inoa maikaʻi maikaʻi no kā lākou mau kanaka ano a me ka nui' epekema hooilina.