Pōaka aniani: i Kekahi Mau 'o-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, GOST. 'ōnohi pōaka aniani: ka hoʻohana 'ana o

Aniani - kekahi o ka mea kahiko pono hana, a ua hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia ma nā wahi o ka mea hiki kanaka hana i ke aloha i kekahi i ka mea pono keia mau ano a me ka waiwai. I loko o kona ola ana (oi ma mua o 5 tausani makahiki.), Kona Nine Inch haʻilula ua koeʻaneʻane i ka ia, akā, ua loli kona mea e like ai.

pōaka aniani

No ka makahiki, ua imi iho la ke kanaka e hana i ka aniani hou aniani moakaka, a hoʻopale i na luku aʻe. E like me ka hopena o hoʻomāka hou ikea pōaka aniani - he pono houʻano o ka mea i 'ano me ka hoohuoi ana ike paka i. Paha keia aniani, e ho oholo i ka olelo o ka hou? Acaeoey o ke kanaka. Pōaka aniani - he huahana hauneneʻe maemae silikone'okesaside (SiO _2). Haʻalele maʻamau aniani, kēia mea i loko o ka amorphous moku'āina, a laila ka mea,ʻaʻohe kūlike loa mahele heheʻe i ka mahana a me ka wā enaena, mai ka paa i ka wai a moku'āina i loaa mai i nā. Pili i keia waiwai o ka pōaka a me ka silica i, aniani loaʻa ia mea, he akea palapala noi i ka hana.

Ka 'ole o ka pōaka aniani

Amorphous mea aie i kona 'ole, a ua nānā' ana i silikone-ka oxygen tetrahedra. Nā lātoma SiO ₂ "manawalea ana mai iaʻu" me kekahi i kekahi no ia manao attraction ka oxygen nā'ātoma. Together ka mea i hana i ka ekolu-dimensional maka aha, ma naʻe o ka mea e ikaika mea pili i kekahi i kekahi mea,ʻaʻole i loaʻa i loko o ka hakakino hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha. Ia mea ke kumu o ka pōaka aniani i ka waiwai o amorphous mea.

A silicate aniani, e like me ka mau, hua mai la ma ka hauneneʻe kekahi feedstock. E like me ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana 'maemae ka silica i - rhinestone, aa koko pōaka, ka silica i ke one, a me ka silica i loaa ma kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni' ana.

Oko mai o kaʻike mau ka silica i aniani

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'ano o ka maka mea, a kau i kekahi waiwai o ka huahana hope loa. Pela, e loaa i kekahi aniani-ike a me ka aniani moakaka mea ua hoʻohana rhinestone.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE koena unuhi maiʻike mau silicate aniani mea he kiʻekiʻe mahele heheʻe i ka mahana - ^{ma kahi o} 1500 C. A pau keia silikone'okesaside hoʻomaka e hoʻokuʻu akula, pili malamalama pāhawewe i loko o ka hiki pae, a laila glows.

Aie i ka amorphous 'ole o ka maka mea heheʻe kaʻina hiki ke lawe nui manawa. Ke kii i haku mele 'ana i ke kiʻekiʻe (viscosity), aʻo ka mea staplivat paha neʻe mai. Kēia complicates i ka hana o ka pōaka aniani me ka ia pā kona mānoanoa.

? iecaianoaaiiuo Hiʻona

Ma nānaina o nā mea a pau i ka luna hiʻona i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o silicate aniani mea hiki wale nō i hana kūikawā lako a pan. Ma ka mahele heheʻe i ka mahana pono e mālama kiʻekiʻe, a me ka pili ana aniani hamama lapalapa mokulele hēkī mea pono, e malama i ka mahana ^{o ka} 1800 C, a ma luna.

Special koi a me ka pa - mea pono e sterile. A uuku ka nui o na (particles) e inevitably alakaʻi i ka mea i ka pau pōaka aniani Hi ohia, a lilo aku i ko lakou mau waiwai ma ka pōkole manawa. Special ano a E i? Iecaianoaaiiuo kookoo - glassmakers. Ka mea, i ka hana me ka loa kiʻekiʻe Mahana O Ke Kai - kekahi hewa i hana ke alakai i ka mea poino,'ā.

A pau i ka papa kuhikuhiE glassblower hana i i ka wela-hoʻopale mea - māpala, tungsten, a, i waena o Alia, ma ke kiʻekiʻe kaumaha. No laila,? Aaiuo pono e kāohi ikaika a me ka Hardy a.

Nā waiwai o ka pōaka aniani

Silicate aniani i ka haʻahaʻa uila conductivity, no laila ka mea, ua pinepine hoʻohana like me ka dielectric ma ka pou manaʻo pilikia. O ka papa kuhikuhi pono waiwai, me ka i i pōaka aniani hiki ke maheleia i ekolu pūʻulu.

1. Thermal. Ia'ku i ka kiʻekiʻe wela ^{(ma kahi o} 1200 C), kiʻekiʻe kaʻi lau waiwai o thermal anoe? Aiey (15 manawa oi aku ma mua ia o ka maʻamau aniani) ma mua o ua kena ae la ia e kū'ē'ē mai i ka manawa e, a nui ka mahana fluctuations (no ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka hau-wai ho'ēmi kahawai).
2. Nine. Aniani chemically'ākilikai, 'aʻole i pane koke me nā mea a pau alkalies a me nāʻakika, koe wale phosphoricʻakika a hydrofluoricʻakika (ka naoh hoʻomaka i ka wela ma luna o ^{kahi o} 300 C).
3. 'ōnohi. Ke refractive Index o ka silica i aniani o 150 manawa haʻahaʻa ma mua ia o kaʻike mau (N _E = 1,46). Manawa a hiki i keia ia mea e akakaʻi? Aaeaao ole wale i ka la a me ka ano o ka malamalama, akā, 'aʻole e hoopaa i kekahi welaʻula a ultraviolet pāhawewe.

I kŰia mau mea ae i ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka pōaka aniani like me ka hale i nā puke, e like me ia no ka mea? Iecaianoaaiiie o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua mea aniani,'ōnohi mea hana, uila pono, wela-hoʻopale refractory mea. Kekahi o na kumu nui mau mea o ka noi - ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o'ōnohi olona.

'ōnohi pōaka aniani

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'enehana hoʻohana ma o ka hana pōaka aniani hiki e opaque a me ka aniani moakaka. Ma ka hihia mua kona 'ole, e haawi aku i ka nui helu o ke kinoea Oe, a hoʻopuehu aku malamalama loa. Ke aniani aiai, pōaka aniani a'ōnohi, e like me ka mea i kapaia, ka loa homogeneous, ka mea, aole ia i apo ia i kekahi Oe. Mahalo i kēia mau mea ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka hana o ka 'ōnohi uwea, kiʻekiʻe-ka māmā holoʻikepili EYI,'ōnohi nā aniani kaulona a me prisms.

Brand a me ka moʻo o ka'ōnohi aniani

Aia i kekahi mau lama o ka'ōnohi aniani: KU-1, KI, a me HF. Nā huahana oko i loko o ka hiki e hele i ka i nanaia, ultraviolet a me he pāhawewe. He loa ka aniani moakaka lea momoku ahi CI - ia mea hiki ke pū i hiki malamalama ma ke kōā o nā 2600-2800 HI, emi ka aniani moakaka - HF. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka feedstock hoʻohana likeʻole malamalama EYI hiki e'ōnohi aniani pōaka. GOST 15130-86 kekahi mau 'ike ma luna o ekolu moʻo.

• 0 - mea hoʻohana ma lalo o maʻamau pae'ōnaehana ana;
• 100 - aniani, hoʻopale i ionizing pāhawewe haʻahaʻa mana;
• 200 - ka maka pono hana i hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia ma lalo o na kumu o ka, pili ionizing pāhawewe.

Mark a me aniani lilo i ka moʻo o cipher huahana. Ua ua pili i ka manufacturing a Ho'ākāka 'ana i kēiaʻano o ke aniani. I ko makou aina, aole hoi he hookahi encryption'ōnaehana, no laila, kēlā me kēia poʻe ho kā lākou huahana e like me ko lakou manao.

poepoe o ka palapala noi

Silicate aniani hua mai la i ka nui helu o kekahi mau huahana. ʻO kēia a me ka hanalima keʻena hoʻokolohua koi pōaka aniani şarkı, a i hoʻohana no ka wai a pae ana, i ka hana o ka uila heaters, Nine Inch reactions a me waho pūnaewele oʻano pākīkē 'ona.

Hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo loaa a me opaque aniani. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia kahi pono i ka mana i ke kinowai huahana ma kiʻekiʻe ana wela a me, ka hoʻopiʻi i kona haʻahaʻa waiwai e lilo aku, ua noi kaiāulu.

'ōnohi aniani ua hoʻohana 'ia ma shipbuilding a me ka rocket? Iecaianoaaiiie,ʻano nui no ka hana o ke kau iho na manao ona. Ma ka petrochemical hana, ua lako ua kuaiia no kona kiʻekiʻe Nine Inch ia'ku, a ua hoʻohana 'ia ka pāʻana corrosive fluids. Ka mokulele ka mea, e glazed kāpena, a ua hoʻohana like thermal'īpale.

Manufacturers o nā huahana i ma ka like ana me GOST 22291-83 koi. Pōaka aniani paipu, puka makani, prisms, nā aniani kaulona, a me nā huahana i i nā nuipa a me kēia manawa.