Pokole e pili ana i ka luna ': ka' ole o ka huina'ine leho o nā'ātoma

Moku'āina kemika kumu Dzhon HaleakaLā i ka 1803 wehe "ke kānāwai o mau huliāmahi." Kēia kumumanaʻo hākālia nō ia, inā he mau Nine Inch hehee ai hiki ke hana i huiʻia me nā kumu mua, a laila, e hāʻule kela apana keia apana o na nā paʻi hua o ka nui o kekahi waiwai, a me ka pilina ma waena o ia e ia i ka ia me ia ma waena o ka poe liilii, integers. Ka mea, ua i ka ho'āʻo mua, e wehewehe i ka luna ' ' ole o ka mea. I ka 1808, ua like nä känaka 'epekema, imi e wehewehe i ka loaʻa o ke kānāwai,? Aaeaaaaony i na nā'ātoma o kekahi mau oihana mua i i kekahi mau nā paʻi hua.

Ka mua kükohu o ka'Ātoma i hanaia i ka 1904. Ka lolouila 'ole o ka'Ātoma i loko o kēia palapala, nä känaka' epekema i kapaia "plum pudding". Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka'Ātoma - he kino me ka maikaʻi ka uku ole, a ua uniformly pai pu ia kona eiiiiiaiou. Oia ka kumumanaʻo hiki i pane i ka ninau a ina paha na eiiiiiaiou o ka'Ātoma ma ke noi 'ole i koena. Nolaila, aneane ka poʻe me ka pähola 'o "pudding" Japanese Nagaoka i manaoia i ka pähola' ma i ka 'ole o ka huina'ine iwi o ka'Ātoma me ka poe lń. Eia naʻe, Ua haawiia i ka mea i loko o ke kuapo puni ka'Ātoma o kona eiiiiiaiou e lilo ikehu, akā, i kēia 'aʻole e hoʻopili like i nā kānāwai o nā electrodynamics,ʻoukou hoomalau planetary kumumanaʻo.

Eia naʻe, ma hope o ka loaʻa o ka huina'ine , ua lilo i mea akaka i ka 'ole o ka'Ātoma Ua oi huikau ma mua o ka mea noonoo wale. Au i ka ninau: He aha mea he huina'ine? Pehea ia hana? He loaʻa'ē aʻe subatomic (particles)?

Ma ke kakahiaka nui iwakālua kenekulia i hope hookama planetary kumumanaʻo. Ua lilo i mea akaka i kēlā me kēia huina'ine orbiting ka nucleus e like Honua ma ka puni o ka lā, i kona mau ala.

Akā, hou ho okolohua a me nā haʻawina ua hōʻoleʻia kāna i kēia nānaina. Ua huli mai i ko lakou mau ala, electrons i ole, nae, hiki ke kilokilo i kahi e ma i ka huna o loa pinepine. Revolving a puni ka nucleus, orbital electrons hana, kapa huina'ine iwi. Ano ka mea, ua e noiʻi ana i ka 'ole o ka huina'ine leho o nā'ātoma. Physicists hoihoi i ka nīnau: Pehea electrons neʻe? Ua loaʻa he noi hoonoho papa ana ia? Paha ka noi o chaotic?

Bohr'ātoma ke kālaikūlohea kupuna, a me ka helu o ka nuiʻepekema hoao iho la ia electrons ka ao ka pūpū, papa, a me kā lākou mau ana hoʻopili like i kekahi mau kānāwai. Mākou ia e pani, a piha study o ka 'ole o ka huina'ine leho o nā'ātoma.

He oi loa aku hoi nui e ike i ka 'ole o ka kemika, no ka mea, o ka waiwai o ka mea waiwai, maopopo ka mea, ua mua, ka mea hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka manaʻo a me ka hana ana o electrons. Mai keia viewpoint, i ka hana o ka huina'ine orbitals - ka loa nui ano o keia huna. Ua Ua ua loaʻa i ka mea kokoke i ka nucleus o ka'Ātoma, e hoʻonohonoho electrons, ka oi ke kākoʻo 'pono e hoopili i ka uhai i ka mea paʻa o ka huina'ine-nucleus. Electrons i ke aupuni 'e hiki mai ana i ka Kora naʻEsau, e me ia, i ka i kā mākou loulou, akā, i ka palena iki o ka ikehu. Ma ka pahale mawaho electrons, ma ka kekahi lima, i ka pilina a me ka nucleus ua hoemi, a me ka ikehu hookoe maoli. Pela i hana lolouila nā'ātoma a puni papa. Ka 'ole o ka huina'ine leho o nā'ātoma lilo clearer. Ua Ua loaʻa i ka ikehu pae (papa) i hanaʻia ma luna o ka pua paha i like huna ikehu.

I kēia ka mea, ua ike ia o ka ikehu pae mea e kaukaʻi ma n. (O ka quantum helu) a me ka hoʻopili like i integers mai 1 a hiki i 7. ka 'ole o ka huina'ine leho o na nā'ātoma, a me ka nui helu o electrons ma kēlā me kēia pae me ka nānā' ana i ka haʻilula N = 2n2.

I ka nui palapala i loko o kēia haʻilula ho i ka nui helu o electrons ma kēlā me kēia 'ilikai, a me ka meaʻuʻuku - pūkaʻina helu o keia pae.

Ka 'ole o ka huina'ine leho o nā'ātoma hoʻoholo i ka mua iwi hiki e ole aku ma mua o nā nā'ātoma, a me ka ha - i oi aku mamua o 32. Ka mawaho, pau, ahu iho he ole oi ma mua o 8 electrons. Papa kahi poʻeʻuʻuku electrons i manaoia inconclusive.