Pōkole Kawaihae Ili Ilicha Mechnikova: ka mōʻaukala o ke ola, discoveries, e piʻi like a me nā hiʻona o ka ha awina

Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich, Kawaihae (ola moʻolelo) ka loa hoihoi '- Russian embryologist, he immunologist a me ka bacteriologist. Kēia nä känaka 'epekema ua hōʻike mai iā ia mai me ka nui nui discoveries ma ka' epekema. I ka makahiki 1908ʻo ia i kumu kāki i ke Nobel lua ma Physiology a Medicine uku. Naʻe, i kēia mea pono i kekahi o ka mea nui e piʻi like Ili Ilicha. Pōkole Kawaihae Ili Ilicha Mechnikova e hoʻolauna iā 'oukou i ke ola, a me nā paepae kahua discoveries i ma kēia mau kānakaʻepekema.

Ile Iliche lohe e pili ana i nā wahi lulu, a me na haole kālaimeaola, immunology a me ka physiology. Pahi e hana productively, a me ka zoologist, a me he embryologist, a me ka pathologist. He mea kekahi o na Mamua o evolutionary embryology. Eia hou, oia ua aie me ka loaʻa o intracellular digestion a me ka phagocytosis, a me ka oi. A pau i kēia mea oi ma mua o lawa i na mea he nui o oe paha e hoihoi i loko o ka manawa pōkole Kawaihae Ili Ilicha Mechnikova.

Ke kumu o ka wā e hiki mai nä känaka 'epekema

He Ua hanau ia ma ke kauhale o Ivanovka (kokoke Kharkov, Ukraine) i ka 1845. Kona makua kāne i ka luna o ka Tsarist huna makai koa Ilya Ivanovich, ka mea i mālama ai i loko o St. Petersburg. Ma mua o neʻe maila i ka Ukrainian Manor, keia kanaka i poho pepa nui loa o ka haawina o kana wahine, a me kaʻohana a ma waho paha. Emiliya Mechnikova (Nee - Nevakhovich) i ka makuahine o ka Ili Ilicha. Ka makua kāne o keia wahine i ka waiwai Iudaio kākau moʻolelo Lev Nevahovich. Emilia ka pilina i ka mea i kana keiki, i ka hope o ka elima keiki, koho i ka 'oihana nä känaka' epekema.

Hoʻonaʻauao ma ka Lyceum, a me ka University o

Pōkole Kawaihae Ili Ilicha Mechnikova kaulana ia mai ka wā kamaliʻi mai la ua hoihoi i loko o maoli mōʻaukala. Wā e hiki mai nä känaka 'epekema aʻo maikai ma Kharkov Lyceum. I ka makahiki o ka 16 makahiki Mechnikov i kākau i ka 'atikala i ka mea i mōhai aku ai i ka noʻonoʻo loi o ka puke o ka geology. Ua Ua paʻiʻia ma ka Moscow Magazine. Ma hope o ua noho me ka hanohano, mai ke kula kiʻekiʻe (i ka 1862), Ilya Ilyich hoʻoholo ihola e lawe i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka halepaahao' ole. He hele aku la no ka mea i loko o ke Kulanui o Wurzburg. Haawi ana i ka naʻau i loko, Ilya Mechnikov hele i Germany. He i hiki ole ke ike i ka hoʻomaka hana wale nō ma hope o 6 pule. Once i loko o ke kūlanakauhale'ē wale nō, me ka ike ole o Kelemānia, Ilya manaʻo e hoʻi i ka University o Kharkov. He lawe mai i ka German unuhi o ka puke "Ka kumu o ka laha 'ana o ia hoʻi, no Natural Anahonua,' e Charles Darwin. Pahi, ma hope o kēia puke heluhelu, au lilo i kākoʻo iā ia, no ka kumumanaʻo o ka evolution.

Ka mua wehe Mechnikov

Ilya Ilyich puka 'o ia i loko o Kharkiv 4-makahiki kulanui hana ana i loko o 2 makahiki. Ua kama'āina a me ka 'ole o ka lalo holoholona (ka huahuakai, ilo a me nā invertebrates), Ilya Mechnikov ike i ka nui i aloha ulu meaola, e like me Darwin ka kumumanaʻo, i loko o ka' ole pono i kaʻo Solomona me ka haahaa, ka poe i ko lakou mau kupuna. ua mea maikaʻi e hoʻomōhala ana i mua o ka embryology o invertebrates vertebrate embryology i ka manawa. Ilya Mechnikov nanea ai ka aʻe 3-makahiki study o uuku-kaupaona i nā wahi. He huakaʻi hele i wahi likeʻole o Europa: kipa ana. Helgoland ma ka North kai, ma ke keʻena hoʻokolohua o R. Leuckart kokoke Frankfurt, ma Napela, kahi āna i hana ai me Aleksandrom Kovalevskim, he keiki Lūkini zoologist. Hana, kahi ka mea, ua hōʻike i multicellular holoholona germ papa i homologous (kā lākou 'ole mea'ālike), e like me ka mea e ia mai nā' ano apau loa o ka pono ka molekumu o, ua lawe mai epekema i ka uku nui loa KE av Baer. Ma keia manawa, Mechnikov e huli 22 o kona mau makahiki. Aie i ke anakahi uila nui i kēia manawaʻo ia i hoomaka ai e hana ino aku ia koʻu mau maka. Mechnikov hoohihiaia keia malaise no ka hou 15 makahiki. Ua hoeha aku ia ia, e hana me ka microscope.

Doctoral haʻawina, haʻi'ōlelo, a komo i loko o ka huakaʻi

Ma hope o ke pale i kona ia hoʻi ma luna o embryonic ulu o ka iʻa a me ka pūpū, a i wahi i ka 1867, ike koke iho la doctorate Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich. Pōkole Kawaihae o kona hope makahiki, ua pili i ka Lūkini paukü, i kokua aku la oia ia ia iho ma St. Petersburg University, a ao maiʻaneʻi no me nā'anatomia a me ka zoology hoomaka. 6 makahikiʻo ia i haʻi'ōlelo ma ke kulanui. A laila, Ilya Mechnikov lilo i lâlâ o ka anthropological huakaʻi. Together me nā noiʻi, hele aku la ia i ka Caspian kai, ma o ka wahi o ka noho ana o ka Kalmyks. Ke kumu o ka huakaʻi - anthropometric ana, hiki loaʻa ka Kalmyks i ka Mongoloid heihei. Mechnikov hoi ma Odessa i koho hope Kumu o Novorossiysk University.

Life ma Odessa, a neʻe ana i Italia, i ka loaʻa o phagocytes

Odessa, Aia ma luna o ka Black Sea ua he wahi nui e makaikai i ka ahaaina o ka meaola holoholona. Nā haumāna i makemake Ilyu Ilicha, akā, e ulu ka manaʻo politika a me ka nohona unrest i loko o Rusia ma ia manawa hooluhi hewa ia mai nä känaka 'epekema.

I ka makahiki 1881, ma hope o ka kīmopō o Alexander II o,ʻoi loa reactionary hana o ka hou aupuni. Haʻalele nō naʻe Mechnikov neʻe i Italia (Messina). Eia, e like me ia i hoʻomanaʻo aʻela, ua i ka Hopu i loko o kona noiʻi hana. Mechnikov lilo i pathologist. Ho opa ao hoʻololi i kona ola no a hiki i ka puka o ka Ili Ilicha loina o ka larvae o ka starfish. Ke nä känaka 'epekemaʻike i ka motile keena o nā mea ola a puni ke kino haole, a laila, ka hoʻokemu ia. A like kŰia ua ike ia ma ka hoʻoʻino pane o ke kanaka kino. Inā he haole kino He uuku lawa, e auwana ana aeee (phagocytes Mechnikov kapa ia) loa ana ka hoʻokemuʻana i ka malihini.

kumumanaʻo Mechnikov

Mechnikov ua i ka mea mua, e hai ana i ke keʻokeʻo koko aeee i loko o nā kino o nā holoholona eʻai meaola i ua kaua akula lākou mokuna, me koʻohune. Naʻe, ka mea i manaoio aku i ka malama omo kaʻina hana ma ka hapanui hoʻohana no ka hoi o ka makana ma ke kino o ka haole waiwai ma ka circulatory nenoaiu. Ilya Ilyich paʻa 'ē hoakaka. No ka mea, ke aha, ike aku la oia ma na maka o ka embryologist. Mobile phagocytes ma starfish larvae e ole e ka hoʻokemu haole mea. Ka mea, i luku'ē aʻe nā'aʻaʻa ka wā i ke kino hou pono ia. kanaka leukocytes a me phagocytes starfish embryological homologous, no ka mea, o ka poe e hele mai, mai ka mesoderm. Mai keia, nä känaka 'epekema manao ana, e like phagocytes, keʻokeʻo koko keena hana i ka hui hoʻomaʻemaʻe a aiiay kuleana pili i. A laila, Ilya I. i hōʻike ai i kēia mau keena Kanawai hele hewa ia i loko o ka aniani moakaka ka waiʻuku lele.

Metchnikoff a laila kākau i ka maʻi, e like me keia kuhiakau, he kaua ma waena o ke kino a me ka phagocytes microbes komo mai waho. Eia naʻe, ma ka makahiki o ka manaʻo Ili Ilicha i ike ia e kānakaʻepekema. Ma keia manao, me ka mau, ka mea, ua typical o ka mea koʻikoʻi na kii me Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Kawaihae. Greatʻepekema pinepine maiʻae i ka 'epekema kaiāulu, a me ka ia i manawa e kiʻi i ko lākou manaʻo he pono-hewaʻiʻo iaia. Ma keia hoohalike, Mechnikov a hiki laki - Ua mahalo i kona poe lawelawe ma ka hoʻolilo 'ana o ka Nobel uku, eia nae,ʻaʻole koke. Akā, ia pinepine ka hana i kaulana i ka nui kanaka hiki wale ma hope o ka make.

E hoʻi iā Odessa

Mechnikov i ka 1886 hoi i Odessa. He poai puni i ka Bacteriological Institute, i ka lānai hou hoʻolālā. Eia ke nä känaka 'epekema mea i makaikai i ka hopena o phagocytes monkeys,' Olu a me nā'īlio ma nā microbes mea i relapsing kuni, a me ka erysipelas. i kona? aaiuo e hana ana i ka hoʻomōhala vaccines ku anthrax hipa, a me ka moa cholera. Mechnikov i ka hana me ka newspapermen, craves ka waiʻona ma ke, e like me me ka kaiakū kauka, ka mea i hoopii ai ia ia o ka nele o ke ola hoʻonaʻauao. I ka 1887, Ilya Ilyich hoʻoholo ihola e haʻalele i ka lua o ka manawa Rusia. Pōkole Kawaihae Ili Mechnikova i hele ma loko o ka Palani kulanakauhale alii.

Life ma Paris, hoʻomau study o phagocytes

Ma Paris halawai mai la ia me Lui Pasterom. Palani nä känaka 'epekema noi aku la ia ia, e alai i ka hou keʻena hoʻokolohua hanaia ma ka Pasteur Institute. Iloko o ka mea e hiki mai ana 28 makahiki, Mechnikov hanaʻaneʻi, ae noke nei i ka makaikai i na phagocytes.

Mechnikov hana i loko o Paris, i kekahi makana nui i ka helu o nā pono kīvila kanaka discoveries e pili ana i ke ano o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea pane. Zhyul Borde, he haumāna o ka Ili Ilicha ua hōʻike mea kūlana ma ka lukuia'na o microbes Radio hoʻokō (i ka waiwai i loaʻa i loko o maʻamau lāʻau lapaʻau). Ua hana ia oi susceptible i phagocytes.

Nā manaʻo Mechnikov

A hiki i ka manaʻo o ka hana o ke keʻokeʻo koko keena , a me ka nui o ka phagocytosis ua lilo 'ano laha i waena o immunologists hoʻomaka e hoʻoikaika i nā manaʻo Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. Biographicalʻepekemaʻikepili ma luna o ka mea komo i loko o ka helu o nā hana hoihoi kūʻiʻo. I ka pau,ʻo ia kakau i ka pilikia o ka poe oo hoi, a me ka make. Mechnikov paʻiʻia i loko o 1903 i ka puke ma luna o "orthobiosis",ʻo ia hoʻi, ke hiki, e ola'ākau. I ka hana a ua kapaia "Nature o Man". Ua Ua olelo mai e pili ana i ka waiwai o ke kino, e like me ka pono o ka ke iiiaanoaaʻai haleʻuwī waiū huahana, pakahi aku la ia yogurt, kaʻawaʻawaʻana me ka Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Name Ilya Mechnikov me ke kaulana iaoia no manufacturing yogurt i pili. Kēia hana i nā pāʻoihana holomua, akā, he nä känaka 'epekema i kekahi dala no kona loaʻa i i loaa.

Pōkole Kawaihae Ili Mechnikova ia i kaʻiʻo i loko o kekahi hanana makahiki 1908. Ua Ua laila, no kona hana ma e hoʻonele, la oia i i hookoia ka Nobel lua no Medicine a me Physiology uku. Kona loaa pu Paul Ehrlich , a Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, microbiologists. Kawaihae Ili Ilicha hoomau hanana i loko o kona kino ola.

Personal ola Mechnikov

I ka 1869, he nä känaka 'epekema mare i Lyudmila Fedorovich, maʻi me ka tuberculosis. i na keiki i ka hui i. A pau kana wahine make 4 makahiki ma hope, Mechnikov ho'āʻo he pepehi anaʻia iā iho ma ka lalau Morphine. 'Oiai e hana ana ma Odessa University, i ka 1875, oia halawai Olga Belokopytova, 15-makahiki-kahiko haumāna, a mare ia ia. Ma hope o ia ano, typhoid fiva, hou hoao Ilya Ilyich e moe he pepehi anaʻia iā iho, manawa me ka pahu kui konohiki o relapsing mai kuni. Naʻe, ka mea, ua hiki ole i ka mai, ola ia. A, i ka maʻi emi pessimism ai ano o keia nä känaka 'epekema, e like me ka manawa i hoonui ae i ka hihio. I Mechnikov, a mai ka wahine lua, aohe ana keiki. Eia naʻe, ma hope o ka makua make Olga, Mechnikovs kila patronize ekolu mau kaikuahine, a me kona mau hoahanau elua.

I ka make ana o ke nä känaka 'epekema nui

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov: Kawaihae, ohana hana - a pau o keia, ke i pokole nānā '. Ka mea, koe wale no ka olelo i Ilya Mechnikov make July 15, 1916 ma Paris, ma hope o ka moʻo o ka naau ho'āhewa wale. Pela, ua ola ia i 71 makahiki.

No laila, he manawa pōkole Kawaihae Ili Ilicha Mechnikova hoʻolauna 'oe a hiki i ka palena'āina o kona ola ana, a me ka mea nui e piʻi like. Ua 'oe makemake e hoʻomau mau makamaka, me ke nä känaka' epekema nui? Oiaio hewaʻiʻo Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich. Pōkole Kawaihae Ua maopopo lawa ole no ke ao ana i kanaka a me ka manaʻo o ke nä känaka 'epekema o keia nui. 'Aʻole wale nō i loko o ko mākou aupuni akā, nā mea a pau ma luna o ka honua, he mana Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. Biographies o ka lapaau, oia ka loa kaulana, e kākaʻikahi hiki ke paʻi me ia no ka mea e piʻi like.