Pōkole Kawaihae Radischeva Aleksandra mōʻaukala o ke ola, a me kaʻike hoʻokumu buke

Aleksandr Nikolaevich Radischev lilo kaulana me ka loea kākau moʻolelo a me ka haku mele, akā, ma luna o ka par me ia, oia ua i ka poe akeakamai, a paʻa i loko o ka pā hale o ka maikai kūlana. Kēia 'atikala i nā He manawa pōkole Kawaihae Radishcheva (no ka papa 9, ua' ike hiki e loa maikaʻi kēia).

Kamaliʻi. Neʻe maila i Moscow

Alexander i ke keiki a kekahi waiwai landowner Rotehama Afanasevicha Radishchev. He Ua hanau ia ma Saratov mokuna, ma ke kauhale o keena Oblyazove i ka 1749. Kona makua kāne i kekahi kanaka o ka moʻomeheu, no laila ia i ho'āʻo e haawi i kana keiki, a me ka hoʻonaʻauao maikaʻi loa. Radishcheva makuahine ua Thekla Savvichna. I ua kekahi o ka Moscow gentry intelligentsia ohana. Kona kaikamahine i kona inoa - Argamakova.

He noteworthy i makua Radishcheva loa maikaʻiʻia kā lākou mau serfs, a ao mai la ia i kana keiki. Noho 'ana kamaliʻi Alexander Nikolayevich i hooholoia ma Oblyazove. Ua uaʻike i kā lākou mau hale i ka waiwai a me ka nui, ua mau ka hailona ana o kanaka. Ma Radishchev he eha mau kaikuahine, a me ka hoahanau eono, na keiki ma ka like launa me ke pā, a holo ia ma ke kauhale. Educator Radishchev ua apparently kekahi e hoopae ai i kona inoa - Peter Mamontov. Radishchev kaukau aloha hoʻomanaʻo aʻela pehea Uncle haʻi moʻolelo.

I kona ua 7 makahiki, kona mau makua i aku la ia ia i Moscow. Aiaʻo ia i noho ai i loko o ka malama ana o ka hoahanau o ka makuwahine. Ma ka par me ka poʻe kaua o nā keiki,ʻo ia aʻo ma ke kulanui Kumu, a he kumu Palani. Ka mea, i ka wa kahiko Farani, ka mea i mahuka mai ko lakou aina.

E paʻa ana i ke keiki ua hana. He hele i ka haʻi'ōlelo o alakai thinkers o serfdom hoopaapaa, e kukulu, hoʻonaʻauao 'ana, bureaucracy. Hoa Argamakovyh i hauʻoli i ka aupuni o Elisabeta, a ma lalo o Petero i ke kolu hookuuia 'ole e hana, ma ka mea ku ole, kāʻeoʻeo wale ulu. Ma ia he 'ia Ros Aleksandr Nikolaevich.

Page mau pūʻali

I kona ua 13 kona mau makahiki, hoohewa aku la ia i nāʻaoʻao. Kēia i ka Empress Ana II. No ka uuku Radishcheva intercede i kona poe hoahanau Argamakovy.

Prior i ka 1764, Ana me ke aupuni i loko o Moscow, ma ka poni i wahi, a laila, ke komo pu Radishchev hoi i St. Petersburg me kona ma nā 'aoʻao.

Page mau pūʻali ua ole "respectable" kula i loko o kēlā mau makahiki. A pau na keiki i hoʻomaʻamaʻa i loko wale kekahi kumu - Morembert, ka mea i koiia e hōʻike iā lākou pehea e hookauwa i ka Empress ma ka poepoe, i loko o ke keaka, ma ka Loko Ka.

Pōkole Kawaihae Radishchev, ma ka mea aʻu e lawe mai ia ia i ka pomaikai o ka mea nui wahi, i ole hōʻike i ka hana o ke keiki ka mea, mai ka lewa kaumaha i kamaʻilio a me ka lehulehu kuleana kaʻi aku i loko o ke aloaliʻi o ka Poakolu. O ka holo ana, mea, ua ke kemu a pau ka inaina o ka hainā, wahaheʻe, malimali, a me ka manawa i ike ai ia mea a pau me koʻu mau maka, aʻaʻole pono anywhere, akā, i loko o ka nani a pau o ka pā kaua.

Ua ua i halawai mai la me ka pūʻali Pages Alexander me Kutuzov, ka mea e lilo kona hoapili no na makahiki. 'Oiai lākou mau kuamoʻo e ho'ōla diverge, ka luna koa i olelo aku i ka hookahi inoino hua'ōlelo e pili ana i Radishchev. Pōkole Kawaihae o ka hope - he pololei e hooiaio ai.

ma Leipzig

Mau makahiki ma hope, ma hope o neʻe ana i St. Petersburg Radischev a me elima keiki la i hoouna ai i Germany, e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ma ke kulanui. Ana II i makemake e lilo i ka hoʻonaʻauao aku i loio, a mālama ihola iā ia ma ka hookolokolo hapa.

Ua kā lākou uuku pae ulu. No ka laʻana, ma Leipzig hele mai Fyodor Ushakov, he kahiko i ka manawa he opiopio luna. He haʻalele i ka hana no ke kulanui ike. Fedor i ka mea kahiko, a me ka koke lilo i ka luna o ka pūʻulu o nā kānaka uʻi.

Radishchev lilo ma ka'āina'ē no ka aneane elima makahiki. A pau i kēia manawa,ʻo ia i hana paakiki, a kokoke la i ka 'inikua degere, akā, nae moʻokalaleo o Laielohelohe ia ia loa. Pōkole Kawaihae Radishcheva Hōʻike kona kuleana i loko o ka nascent German predromanticheskomu ao ao.

Ke aupuni i walawala ai e War na makahiki ehiku ', i pau ai nei, no laila, ke kaiāulu kanaka, i ulu i ka hailona o ideological manaʻo, ua hiki ke olelo svobodomyslennyh, ina e hoʻokahuli aupuni. A me ka Lūkini i nä haumäna e ma ka waena konu o ka mea a pau. Pu me ia, a nānā aku i ke Kulanui o Goethe, e hoʻolohe ana i nā haʻi'ōlelo o poʻokela poe akeakamai Platner, ka mea i ka poʻe kākoʻo iā ia o ka liberalism.

Ma Germany, i na kanaka ui noho loa maikai, no ka mea, i ko lākou aliʻi Bocoum, i hoʻonohoʻia ma ka Empress, ua he despot oiaio a me ka'īlio. He lawe aku la na kanaka opiopio a pau i ke dala i hoouna aku ai i ka maʻiʻo. A laila na haumana hoʻoholo ihola e kipi. Keia olelo hooholo i haalele ai ia sideways me ka mea i hopuia, a hoouna aku la i ka hookolokolo. Akā, Russianʻelele intervened.

Bocoum kī nui ma hope, e like ma mua e waiho Radishcheva ka home.

hoʻi

Pōkole Kawaihae Radishcheva Shoes ia i ka 1771, ua hiki i St. Petersburg a me Kutuzov a me Rubanovskii. ua piha ka optimism a me ka mea e manaʻo ai,ʻona nō e holumua ai kaiapili ideals Young kanaka, ka mea makemake, e malama aku ai i ke kaiāulu.

Ua manao ia ma luna o nā makahiki e lilo ma Hawaii, o ka Empress loa poina e pili ana i ka manao o ka hoʻouna i nāʻaoʻao wale aku no. Radishcheva manao e hana i loko o ka Senate, he kākau moʻo'ōlelo. Keia, kena ae la ke haunaele kanaka kai opiopio a koke ia i haʻalele i ka hana.

I ka 1773, ua komo aku la i ka ke keʻena luna o General Bruce, kahi āna i hoonohoia e na koa Ka Loio Hoʻopiʻi. Kēia hana i hooeueu ae la i Alexander Nikolayevich, akā, ka mea, ua i ka'ē. Manawa i kona kaʻume a me ka erudition, ua lilo entree i loko o ke kaiāulu kanaka, kiʻekiʻe ola keʻena a me nā kākau moʻolelo. Alexander aole loa no i kekahi manawa, poina e pili ana i kana mau palapala, ai 'ohohia. ʻO ka loa pōkole Kawaihae Radishchevaʻaʻole hiki ke malama i noho malie e pili ana i kana hana. A me ia mea i pono.

ka palapala, ai ala

No ka mea manawa mua Alexander huli i ka palapala, ai ka hana a hiki ma Leipzig. Ua ua i ka unuhi ana i ka mea pili aupuni a me ka hoʻomana pepelu. Akā,ʻo konaʻaoʻao opiopio ua i pau, no ka mea, o ka "Gazette" paʻi kekahi, emi pungent hooholo ia.

Ma St. Petersburg, a hui me ka hoʻopuka o ka Magazine "pena" Novikov. Soon ikeiaʻe la e ia ka 'atikala ma hope mai "ka hooholo ia ana o Travel", akā, ka mea i paʻiʻia anonymously. Pōkole Kawaihae Radishchev, o ka mea nui wale nō mea - mau ma luna o kaʻili kai, e hoikeike ai ia e ka mea i ka mea kākau moʻolelo kokoke loa i kona inoa iho Shoes ma luna o nā huahana.

Ma ka "apana nahaha" ka mea i vividly hōʻike i ke ola o ka kulanakauhale aina, a me kona 'aka hanana a pau. O ka holo ana, o ka luna aupuni i makemake ia, a ua huhu ka poe landowners. Akā,ʻaʻole hoʻi i ka mea kākau, aole hoi me ka hoʻopuka mea i makau. A koke, i loko o ka puke pai ia paʻi ka 'atikala "English Walk", a i malama i ka mua Revised edition. A laila, i ka mau nō lā hoʻi o ka "hooholo".

Maoli, a me keia lehulehu ākea, a hoomaka ae la ka lono kaumaha nâ Radishchev.

He nui Alexander pū ma ka unuhi, a i paʻi Novikov. E like me ka mea o Ana i ka puke i unuhi ia ia, "No ono e pili ana i Greek mōʻaukala" Mably. Akā, ma ka hope Haalele iho la ia i kekahi o kona mau kaha, ma laila komo i loko o ka paio a me ka mea kākau, e like me kekahi mau wehewehe (me ka hua'ōlelo "aupuni mō'ī").

Ma 1789, hele mai i ka puke o ka puke "Ka Life Ushakov", a i hoala i ka puu o ka leo. Ua hou Ua paʻi anonymously, akā,ʻaʻohe kekahi kanalua i ke kilo o Radishchev. A pau i kekahi 'ana o ka puke nui pilikia, ka' aoʻao a me ka manao. Eia naʻe, ua AOON ke Aupuni i kona ala mai, i ua i ka hōʻailona no ka mea kākau moʻolelo no ka hana hou aku.

Pōkole Kawaihae Radishcheva no ka papa 9 mea,ʻaʻole like ka manaʻoi, akā, ka mea kaulana i ka ua i hauʻoli i ka hana o keia kanaka, aole wale na luna akā, i na lala o ka Russian Academy, a me na mea he nui aliʻi.

Radishchev i ole e mālie ia. He makemake kekahi'ano'ē hana. No laila au i hoomaka ai, e hōʻike i ka Society o Friends o philology, i komo pū nā moʻolelo, me luawai me na luina a me nā luna. A oia kona wahi i hele: ia i hoʻolohe ai i ka olelo.

Ua lilo i Magazine "Luna o ke kamaaina wau", i paʻi hana Society, imbued Radishchevskaya manaʻo. Aloha no hoi ka 'atikala ma ka poe akeakamai iho, oi e like me ka propaganda'ōlelo ( "ke kamailio ana o ke keiki a ka Fatherland), Ma ke ala, ka mea, he e ho'āʻo loa nui iā ia i hoouna aku e kakau, maopopo A i kona kākoʻo ana i ka mea hiki e weliweli.

Mea kākau, he mea, i ole hai, e like me na ao i hoiliili ma luna ona. Akā, ka mea maopopo ho'ākāka ke Kawaihae. Radischev Aleksandr Nikolaevich, nona ka hana i mālama aku iā ia unkind hana, i hele mai ma lalo o ka maka o na Aupuni. I wahie no ke ahi ninini i kona aʻe puke.

"Holoʻana mai St. Petersburg a hiki i Moscow"

Pōkole Kawaihae Radishcheva he hoʻokahi kahaha ko oukou naau mea. Kana papa hana, ka censorship hoao hala me ka pilikia. Ua makemake mea i keia mea,ʻaʻole e hiki, akā, ka mea, ua. Ka mea o ia ka Luna o na makai Lunakanawai piety pono nui palaualelo, e heluhelu ia. Ka ike ana i ka inoa a me ka Table of Contents, ka mea, ua hoʻoholo i kēia mea pono he alakaʻi. Ka puke i pai ia ma ka hale pai o ka mea kākau, no laila kona Contents,ʻaʻohe kekahi ike.

Ke kuka mea he mea. A hele e hele ana mai kekahi kulanakauhale a hiki i kekahi, a, maalo ae la oia ma na kauhale, wehewehe mea ana i ike ai. Ka puke He He loa vocal manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni o ka autocratic mana, i mea kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka hooluhi hewa ia mai kauwa a me nā konohiki permissiveness.

I ka huina, i pai ia eono haneri kope, akā, kuai lilo aku la wale ae la iwakalua-kumamalima. Lōʻihi hele i ke kuai heluhelu i makemake e lawe i loko o ka lima o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni Revised edition.

O ka holo ana, ua he huahana hiki i loaʻa i kekahi pane mai ka mea heluhelu, aole hoi i ka rula ana waiwai. Ka Empress o ka mea kākau moʻolelo hoʻohālikelike me Pugachev, a loaa i ka hoʻohālike o ke kipi.

Noho iho la na ma ka hou ana i na luna, a me ka kekahi kanaka e ole mahalo i ka hana o Radishchev. No ka laʻana, Pushkin maila e pili ana i ka puke ka loa anu, 'ana i kumumanaʻo ia mea, ua "mediocre puke" palapala "barbaric syllable."

Ke hopu a hoʻokuewa wale 'ia

Ma ke kauoha o Ana II Radishchev oia i hopu. Ka mea, ua June 30, 1790. E like me ka palapala kūhelu, i ke kumu no ka paehumu ua ka wale mea kākau o ka "Travel". Akā, e like me ka Empress i lōʻihi ike e pili ana i ke ano o ka manaʻo a me nā hana o ke kamaaina wau, a hiki i ka hihia i ua intermingled a me kana mau palapala, ai 'hana.

No ka mea, o ka mea e pili ana me ka makaia o ka mea i hoopuehuia e ka Society o Friends. Hoʻokolokolo 'ana ao ke poo o Stepan Sheshkovsky malu makai, a ua ka pilikino Ilamuku Empress. He somehow aoia Aleksandr Nikolaevich Radischev. Pōkole Kawaihae (9-haumāna papa noʻonoʻo i kēia mea i loko o ke kula laulā maʻamau) kuhikuhi mai la lakou i ka mea i i luku kope i ka i koe mai o ka puke e ka mea kākau, i mea maoli makau.

Ua hoopaaia Radishchev ma ka la o Petero a me Paul hūlili. He pakele i ka horrific hoʻomāinoino 'wale no ka mea, o kana wahine ka kaikuahine i lawe i kona Ilamuku Jewelry. I ka wa o ka "kipi" ike pehea noho pilikia i ka holoholona hihiu ma i oia i ohana, oia i lanakila makau. Ma luna o ia ma ke kūlana weliweli o ka make ma luna o kona ohana - kuni poe kipi. Alaila, hoomaka iho la Radishchev e kākau palapala o ka mihi, aole nae i nui loa oiaio.

Mai ka mea kākau moʻolelo, imi ae la ia ia i ka inoa o nā inoa o nā hoa a me nā hoa. Akā, Radishchev iʻaʻole ia e haʻi i ka hookahi inoa. E like me ka hopena o ke kahua, ma ka 24 o Iulai i ka'ōlelo hoʻopaʻi i ka make. Akā, me he mea kākau moʻolelo i kekahi alii, ka mea i koi 'ia e hoapono a pau aupuni keʻena ma lalo nei. Radishchev e kali a hiki i 19 August. Akā, no kekahi kumu iʻula a me ka hooko, a me September 4, Ana auou caiaiai kau hoʻokuewa wale 'ia i loko o Siberia.

Information e pili ana i na makahiki he umi, ua lilo ma ka halepaahao Ilmen, hiki ke hoopiha i kona manawa pōkole Kawaihae. Alexander Radishchev, kākau moʻolelo, hoa ka poe i huli aku, mai ke pio, noho iho la ilaila no ka eono wale nō makahiki. I ka 1796, Emperor Paul, i ikeia no kona confrontation me kona makuwahine, ua noa i ka mea kākau moʻolelo. A ma ka 1801 oia i e pili ana.

nā makahiki

Alexander I kahea aku i ka mea kākau moʻolelo i St. Petersburg, a hoonoho aku la ia ia i ke kulana o ka Komisina ma ka ke kaha kiʻiʻana o nā kānāwai.

Ma hope iho o ka pio Radishchev i kākau he mau poem, akāʻo ia i i loaa oluolu mai ka literatorstva. Ka mea, ua paʻakikī e ka ululāʻau, i ke ku okoa ana o ka manaʻo. Eia hoi, ke ola i loko o Siberia loa ke olonā wāwae o kona ola kino, ka mea, ua i hou'ōpiopio a me kona olioli ole. Paha a pau o kēia mau kumu, a hoʻoikaika i ka mea kākau e pakele mai ke ola.

Pōkole Kawaihae Radishcheva kekahi mau 'ike e loaʻa nō nā wale nō o kona make ana. Ka mua ua pili i ka hana. Ostensibly oia i kona makemake nui i ka hoʻolauna kānāwai i equalize i ka pono o ke kanaka, a me ka Luna hoomalu reprimanded ia ia, hoʻoweliweli ma Siberia. Alexander i keia i ka naau a me kaʻapu kōheoheo.

Ka lua o ka mana o ia mea, hewa inu i ka aniani o Aqua regia , a make iho la ma ke alo o kana keiki. Akā, hoʻolewa palapala, ma kona ano maoli make ua heluʻia e like me ka aoao o ka make.

A hiki i kēia lā i ka mea kākau o ka lua kupapaʻu i ole e holo.

Ka hopena o ka palapala, ai 'hooilina

A hiki i ka iwakalua kenekulia kākau moʻolelo o nā puke iʻaʻole i loaʻa. He Uaʻike wale nō me ke kamaaina ( "hoahanau") Penza māhele - Radishchev. Mea kākau, Kawaihae (pōkole i loko o ka hōʻike, akā, ua eventful) a ua loa lono kaumaha, i ole mahalo ma o kona wā. A pau i kona mau puke i wela. Wale i ka 1888, i hookuu ia ka mea uuku paiia ma Rusia "Travel". A mua i loko o 1907 - o ka ohi ana o na hana o ka novelist a me ka haku mele.

ohana

Ka mea kākau i ua mare i nā manawaʻelua. Me kana wahine mua Anna Rubanovskii ka mea, ua eha keiki. Akā, make iho la ka wahine i loko o ka nahunahu hanau hope keiki Paul. E nānā ma hope o nā keiki i koe me ka makuwahineʻae kaikuwahine Anne Ana.

Ka mea, ua iho la ka mea i ka lua o ka wahine o Radishchev, hahai aku la ia ia i loko o ke pio. iʻekolu hou keiki hānau i loko o ko laua mare ana. Ma ke ala hoʻi i St. Petersburg Ana hina maʻi, a make iho la. Kēia Minamina i ka lilo ana o nā keiki a me Radishchev.

Pōkole Kawaihae a me na hana o ka mea kākau moʻolelo io hana keaka. I loko nō o nā hanana a pau o kona ola,ʻo ia i haʻalele i ko lakou manao, a hahai aku iā lākou a hiki i ka hope hanu. Ua hoike aku i ka mana o ke kanaka uhane!