Polonskiy Yakov Petrovich: Kawaihae a me na hana

Mawaena o Lūkini kākau o ka XIX kenekulia i haku mele a me nā kākau moʻolelo nona ka hana a mea like nui me ka makana i ka aina moʻokalaleo o ka Titans, e like Pushkin, Gogol a me Nekrasov. Akā, ole ia, mākou moʻokalaleo makemake e hoonele ia ana o na mea he nui onionio a me ka 'ano, ka laulā a me ka hohonu o ka manaʻo o ko ke ao nei Lūkini, ka thoroughness a me completeness o ke ao o ka luna' uhane o ko kākou lāhui kanaka. A kūikawā wahi i waena o etihmasterov hua'ōlelo i ka haku mele a me ka novelist Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich lilo i ka hōʻailona o ka pilina o ka nui Lūkini mea kākau, ka mea i noho ma ke kumu, a ma ka hope o ka umikumamaiwa kenekulia.

A maoli o Ryazan

Kaʻu ke ahi i loko o ka ohu, e hoomalamalama

Hunaahi i pio ma luna o ka nalo ...

I ka mea kākau o kēia mau laina mai ka mele ia i lōʻihi ua noʻonoʻo hoolaʻi, i hanauia ma ka naau o Rusia, i loko o ka moku'āina Ryazan. Mother o ka wā e hiki mai haku mele - Natalia Y. - hele mai, mai ka wa kahiko ohana Kaftyrevyh a me kona makua kāne i ka Hune alii, ka poe i malama ia i loko o ke Keena o ke Ryazan kia'āina-nui Petr Grigorevich Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich, i hanauia ma ka hoʻomaka o December 1819, ua i ka mua o ko lākou mau keiki ehiku.

A lohe o Iakoba i 13 o kona mau makahiki, make iho la, a me kona makuwahine i kona makuakane ia ia i hoonohoia ai i ka breech kulana, hele aku la ia Erivan, e waiho ana na keiki ma o ka mālama i kāna wahine i ka hoahanau o ka. Ma ka manawa Yakova Petrovicha Polonskogo i mua i hele i ka mua gymnasium Ryazan, ka mea i kekahi o na ioauoa o ka nohona kuʻuna o ke kaona aina.

Halawai ana me Zhukovsky

Komo i loko o rhyming i loko o nā makahiki ka wā i loko o kona heyday i ke ano akamai o Pushkin, ka mea, ua commonplace. Mawaena o ka poe iʻokoʻa ka nohoaliʻi penchant no poeticʻike hoʻokumu, hōʻike poʻokela akamai, he ua no hoi he'ōpiopio schoolboy Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich, nona Kawaihae Ua piha o ka hiʻona'āina ka launa pū i ka mea momona a Lūkini mea kākau o ka XIX kenekulia, pinepine hoʻomanaʻo aʻela e pili ana i ke anaina, a loaa he ole nui ma luna o kona koho ana o ka mea kākau moʻolelo o ka 'oihana.

I ka makahiki 1837 kipa aku la ia i ka wā e hiki mai Ryazan Emperor Alexander II. Crown Prince i ka hālāwai ma ka paia o ka gymnasium Polonsky, ma ka aoao o ka mea kuhikuhi, kakau iho la ma ka pauku aloha i loko o nā Verses, kekahi o i ua ia e hana i loko o ka weli i ka hoʻoikaika o ke "ke Akua Save ka Tsar!", Ka mea a lilo iho la ia i ka oihana mele o ka Russian aupuni a pau no ka wale nō 4 makahiki mua. I ke ahiahi, ma hope o ka hanana holomua hala ke komo pū i ka hooilina a hiki i ka noho aliʻi, ka luna hoʻokele o ka gymnasium ua hana hoʻokipa i ka? Eaia, kahi o ka ui haku mele i ike ai me ia iho, palapala iho la i ke kikokikona o ka hou mele - Vasiliem Andreevichem Zhukovskim.

Ka haku mele kaulana, mentor a me ka pili hoaaloha o ka Pushkin nui ka hoolea i ke poem Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich, i ka lā ma hope o ka hele ana o Alexander a hiki i hookoia ma ka aoao o ka wā e hiki mai ke alii he gula wati. E halelu aku Zhukovsky hooikaika Polonsky ma ka makemake e hoʻolaʻa i kona ola, e moʻokalaleo.

Moscow University

I ka 1838, ua lilo iho la i kekahi haumāna no ke kumu kānāwai o Moscow University. Wā i mau keia manawa, he mea kupaianaha sociability, ka mea maloko, a mawaho attraction, a oko Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich koke loaa hoalauna i waena o ke alakaʻi o na kii o ka 'epekema, moʻomeheu a me ke akamai. ua lilo he nui Moscow manawa hoa o ke kulanui hoa no ke ola no ia. Iwaena o lakou - o ka haku mele Afanasiy Fet a me Apollon Grigoriev, moʻolelo Sergey Solovyov a me Konstantin Cavelin kākau moʻolelo Aleksey Pisemsky a me Mikhail Pogodin, Decembrist Nikolai Orlov, poe akeakamai a me kanaka moʻolelo nūpepa Peter Chaadaev, he nui Mea Keaka Mikhail Shchepkin.

Ma kēlā mau makahiki, ua hanau ma kahi kokoke aloha Polonsky a me Ivan Turgenev, hoomaikai kuaiia, ka makana o kēlā me kēia 'ē aʻe no na makahiki. Me ke kōkua o nā hoa, ka mua ka paʻi Polonsky - i loko o ka puke pai "Notes o ka Fatherland" (1840), a me ka ohi ana o poetry, "Gamma" (1844).

I loko nō o ka mea i ka mua hoʻokolohua o ka opiopio haku mele i olelo ikaika mai i loaa ma ka manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni, e like me Belinsky, ia manaolana i ke ola i ka palapala, ai 'hana, ua naʻaupō nā moeʻuhane. Polonsky haumāna makahiki i hooholoia ma kaʻilihune, a me ka pilikia, oia i haʻakoiʻia ia mau loaʻa haawi a pilikino nā haʻawina a me ka aʻoʻia. A i ka wa o ka manawa, ku ae, e kiʻi i kekahi wahi i loko o ka oihana o ka Haole kia'āina o ke Kauna Vorontsov, Polonsky haalele Moscow, e ua noho mai kekahi kulanui papa ma hope.

Ma ke alanui

Mai ka makahiki 1844,ʻo ia i noho mua ma Odessa, laila, neʻe akula ia Tiflis. I kēia manawa,ʻo ia halawai me kona kaikaina Pushkina Lvom Sergeevichem, E alu like i loko o ka nūpepa "Transcaucasian Gazette". Mai o kona mau hoiliili ole o ka poetry - "Sazandar" (1849) a me "kekahi mau poem" (1851). Ma ka Verses o ka manawa, he mea he kūikawāʻono, hooeueuia lakou e ka haku mele i ka 'ike a me ka oihana o ka Highlanders, a me ka mōʻaukala o ka paio Rusia ka i aponoia ma ka hema palena.

Mau halawai hiki Polonsky i ka pilikia makapō kilokilo i ike i loko o nā lā o ka aʻo i loko o ke kula Ryazan, no laila, hooeueuia lakou e ka hananaʻikena o ka Caucasus, a me ka puni, ka mea i Ua he wahi lihi iki o ka unuhi a me ka pena. Kēiaʻano hoʻohihi ua pu ma ka haku mele ma ke ola.

I ka makahiki 1851, Yakov Petrovich hele aku la i ke kapikala, Saint Petersburg, kahi āna i kŰlń ao ka pōʻai o kona mau palapala, ai 'hoa a me ka hana i ka hana ma hou poem. I ka 1855, ua paʻi i kekahi puke, kona mau poem i ka haiia hai aku i ka mea maikaʻi ka palapala, ai Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo puke - "Contemporary" a me "Notes o ka Fatherland", akā, hiki ole uku i ke ahiahi, he uku ka'āina. He lilo i ke aʻoʻia ke keiki a St. Petersburg Kiaaina Smirnov. I ka 1857, he papa kiʻekiʻe kūhelu o ka 'ohana e hele i Baden-Baden, me ia hele wale aku no, a Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich Ua hele nui ma Europa, e lawe ana ka pahi haʻawina ma ka 'ōlelo Palani Artists, halawai mai ia me ka helu o ka Russian a me na moʻolelo, a' o Puʻohala - i loko o 'ana, ka mea kaulana Aleksandrom Dyuma.

Personal ola

I ka makahiki 1858 Polonsky hoi i St. Petersburg me kana wahine opio - Elena Vasilyevna Ustiug, ka mea ana i halawai ma Palika. ʻO kekahi mau makahiki he no Yakov kekahi o ka loa lono kaumaha i loko o ke ola. Mua oiaʻia seriously poino, eʻaʻole e hiki i ka pakele ana i mua o ka pau ana o kona olaʻana, e neʻe wale nō me ke kōkua o nā 'oaʻiʻo ka hopena o ka a. A laila,ʻino me ka typhus, a make ka wahine a Polonsky, a me kekahi mau mahina ma hope oia i pepehi a me kā lākou mau keiki ke keiki.

I loko nō o ka ka hana keaka, ka mea kākau moʻolelo hana amazingly paakiki a fruitfully i loko o nā mea a pau Huli i - mai ka mea uuku lyrical poem, librettos i nui-ka leo Ana Aina, puke noʻeau maʻiʻo - he i kona loa hana hoihoi inā pilikia ka haumāna i loko o kona mau memoirs a me journalism.

Lua o ka mare i ka 1866 Polonsky hoʻohui pūʻia me Zhozefinoy Antonovnoy Ryulman, lilo iho la i ka makuwahine o ko lākou ekolu keiki. Ua loaʻa ka sculptor nā mea hiki, a 'Imi komo i loko o ka noʻeau ola o ka Lūkini kulanakauhale alii. Ua paʻa ka hale a me ka palapala, ai 'recitals Polonsky, i i mālamaʻia o ka loa kākau moʻolelo kaulana a me Artists o ka manawa. Mau ahiahi, a hoomau iho la oia no kekahi manawa ma hope o ka make ana o ka haku mele, a hahai akula October 30, 1898.

'āina hoʻoili

Ka Hoʻoilina Yakov kiʻekiʻe, a oaeuiinoe ia e kaiʻewaʻewa. Ke kumu nui hiʻona o ka poetry Polonsky, noonoo iho la kona lyricism ka hoʻomakaʻana i loko o Romanticism waiwai ano akamai o Pushkin. Ua mea i ulia ia i noʻonoʻo he hope oiaio o na mooolelo o ka haku mele nui,ʻaʻole i loko o lākou i poʻe lapuwale, Baklanov ka poem mea pinepine ia i loko o kona mau mele o ka loa i ka haku mele kaulana - Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, Rachmaninov, a he nui na mea e ae. Eia naʻe, i manaoio aku i ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa e piʻi like i loko o kona hana ole oukou i kaʻu mea i ka malama pono ipo o ka poetic haawina Polonsky.

Ma ka hope hapakolu o ka XIX kenekulia Lūkini thinkers i maheleia i mau wahi hoomoana, - ka "Westerners" a me ka "Slavophiles". Kekahi o ka poe i imi i ka hoike i ike ka hoʻokô 'ana i kekahi o na aoao elua ua Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich (hoihoi 'kūʻiʻo e pili ana i konaʻimi naʻauao hoopaapaa me Tolstoy mea i loko o nā memoirs o ka wā) i hoike i ka oi makeʻe kulana manaʻo e pili ana i Rusia i ka ulu ana i loko o Europa moʻomeheu, oiai pili kēia iʻaelike ai me kona mau hoa - he ike "Westerner" Ivan Turgenev.

He ola i ka waiwai a me ka hana i ka manaʻo nui o ke ola o ka Lūkini kākau moʻolelo, ua loaa ka pomaikai mai Pushkin kēia wā a me ka noho ana he haku mele, ka wā e i ala hoku o ka Bloc. Hōʻike i loko o keia ano, i ka metamorphosis o ka helehelena, a i undergone Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich, o kona Hawaii photo ma ka pau 'ana o ke kenekulia mua technically hemolele, i ke na kiʻi o ka hope manawa ka keia makua'lii, e hoʻomaopopo i ka manaʻo nui o ka kaahele aku la oia alanui.