Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa: Kawaihae, kiʻi, nā kaha puana'ī

Ku e haʻahaʻa mahana, e kokoke ana i ka loa 'Aʻohe, i kiʻekiʻe ka' ilikai ai, i mea e pono ai ka hoʻololi kemikala o'ātoma nuclei - i mea no ka laulā o ka lōʻihi-makahiki hope o Academician Kapitsa. He ua palua He meʻe o Socialist na Hana Lima, a ua hookoia ka Stalin lua, a me ka Nobel.

kamaliʻi

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, nona Kawaihae e e hōʻike i loko o keia 'atikala, i hānauʻia ma Kronstadt i ka 1894. Kona makua kāne, Leonid Petrovich ua i ka oihana lunaʻenehana, a ua hana i ka hana o ka Kronstadt pakaua. Makuahine - Olga Ieronimovna - o ka hoʻomalu i loko o nā loina a me nā keiki a ka moʻokalaleo.

I ka 1905 Petya i ke aʻo 'ana ma ke kula, akā, no ka mea, o ka mea ilihune holomua (he hewa, i haawiia mai Roma) keiki lau ia ia i loko o ka makahiki. Hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i ka wā e hiki mai academician hoomau ma Kronstadt kula. He pau ia me ka hanohano i loko o ka makahiki 1912.

Hawaiʻi ma ke Kulanui o

Initially, Pyotr Kapitsa (e nānā Hawaii photo. Aia ma lalo)? Oaony e noiʻi i ka ke kālaikūlohea a me ka makemakika Oihana o St. Petersburg University, akā,ʻaʻole i lawe. Ke kanaka opiopio manao, e ho'āʻo i kona pōmaikaʻi ma "Polytechnic Institute", a me ka loaa a minoʻaka 'o Randy ma ia ia. Iho la o Petero i heluʻia i loko o electromechanical Oihana. Ua i loko o ka makahiki mua a hiki i ka loea kanaka opiopio ia i unuhi i ka noonoo ana o Kumu A. F. Ioffe a ua o Laielohelohe wa opiopio, i ka noiʻi i loko o kona mau keʻena hoʻokolohua.

Poe koa, a me ka ahaaina mare

I ka 1914, Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa hele i Kekokia no ke kauwela hawaii. Aia āna i manaʻo ai e hana i ko lakou English. Akā,ʻo First World, a me ke kanaka opiopio i hikiʻole ke hoʻi ka hale i loko o August. Ma Petrograd, oia ua wale nō i loko o ka malama o Novemaba.

I kakahiaka nui 1915, o Petero hāʻawi manawaleʻa ma ka Western Front. He Ua hoonohoia ai i ka lāʻau kū o ka ambulance O Keaukaha. No hoi, ia ia e hali ana i loko o kona kalaka poino.

I ka 1916, ua i demobilized, a me Petero hoi aku la i ke kulanui. Joffe koke Uploaded kekahi kanaka opiopio ma ka mana e hana i loko o ka ke kālaikūlohea keʻena hoʻokolohua, a Laielohelohe e komo i loko o kā lākou mau physical'Sophomore' (mua i loko o Rusia). I ka hookahi makahiki Kapitsa paʻi i kona 'atikala mua. Nō hoʻi,ʻo ia mare Nadezhda Chernosvitova, e hele mai ke kaikamahine i ka lâlâ o ke Komite Central o ka Cadet Party.

Hana ma o ka hou Institute o ke kālaikūlohea

I ka 1918 A. F. Ioffe hoʻonohonoho i ka Research Institute o ke kālaikūlohea a me ka mea mua i loko o Rusia. Pyotr Kapitsa, nā kaha puana'ī a oe ke heluhelu lalo,ʻo ia puka 'o ia mai ka Polytechnic keia makahiki, a haalele koke iho la i ke kumu.

Ka Uluwehi O Ke kia-hoʻokahuli aupuni kulana home 'ole i i olelo hoopomaikai mai ai ka mea maikaʻi,' epekema. Joffe kōkua e malama i nā hālāwai hoʻonaʻauao iho haumana, i waena o ka mea a ua o Petero. koi He Kapitsa haʻalele Rusia, akā, i ke aupuni i ole haawi ae. Kōkua Maxim Gorky, i laila, noʻonoʻo ka loa influential kākau moʻolelo. Petero i ae e haʻalele noʻEnelani. Koke ma mua o ka haʻalele o Kapitsa ma St. Petersburg outbreak o ka maʻi palū. No ka mahina, ua nalowale i ka uʻi, ka poʻe puni hoʻonaʻauao kana wahine, keiki kaikamahine, he keikikane, a me ka makua.

Jobs ma Enelani

Ma May 1921, o Petero hiki i Enelani i kekahi hapa o ka Russian Academy o Sciences Komite ma. ʻO ka pahuhopu nui o nā kānakaʻepekema, ua hoihoi hou ana i? Iie ano laulea, haehaeʻia ma ke kaua a me ka kipi. Mau mahina ma hope, i ka physicist Pyotr Kapitsa noho ma Cavendish keʻena hoʻokolohua alai ae e Rutherford. He i ke kanaka'ōpiopio a hiki i ka wa pokole-makahiki aʻo. Over manawa, i ka 'enekinia, acumen a me ka noiʻi mākau Lūkini nä känaka' epekema i ka ikaika manaʻo ma luna o Rutherford.

I ka 1922, Kapitsa doctorate ma Kamepelika University. Kona scientific mana ulu i loko o geometric Holomua. I ka 1923, ua hookoia i ka hoʻonaʻauao Maxwell. A makahiki ma hope, he nä känaka 'epekema lilo Hope Poʻo o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua.

remarriage

I ka makahiki 1925, Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa e noho ana i loko o Paris Krylov, ka mea i hoʻolauna aku la ia ia i kana kaikamahine Anna. Mau makahiki ma hope, ua lilo iho la ia i ka wahine o ke nä känaka 'epekema. i ka ahaaina mare ma hope, kuai Peter Kailua Road wahi o ka aina, a kukulu iho la i ka hale. Soonʻaneʻi, eʻikea au i loko o ka malamalama o kāna mau keiki kāne - Andrew a me Sergey.

ʻume mākenēki champion

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, kona Kawaihae uaʻike i nā mea a pau physicists, 'Imi mau e noiʻi i nā keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka loli ana o na nuclei a me radioactive ka palaho. He hele mai ia me ka hou mea hoʻonoho no ka hanauna o ka ikaikaʻume mākenēki kahua, a loaʻa hoike hopena, 6-7 tausani o ka manawa oi aku ia mamua o ka mua poʻe. laila Pani 'ōlelo' Landau ia "ʻume mākenēki honua champion."

E hoʻi i ka USSR

A ina hookolokolo i ka waiwai o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia maʻume mākenēki kula, Peter Leonidovich Kapitsa hoʻomaopopo loa i ka pono e hoʻololi i ka mana ana. Koi lalo (tuko pīlali) ana wela. Ua mea i loko o ke kula o ka haʻahaʻa ana wela ke kālaikūlohea nä känaka 'epekema ua loaʻa i ka pomaikai nui. Akā, noiʻi ma ke kumuhana, Peter Leonidovich hoolilo mua ma ka home.

Nā luna o ka Soviet aupuni mau kaumaha aku ia ia i ka mālama 'wahi o noho ai i loko o ka USSR. ʻepekema, ua hoihoi i loko o ia ka manaʻoi hāpai 'ia, akā, ka mea, ua mau koa wiwoʻole i ka helu o ka rula, i ka mea nui o ka a - ka hele ana a hiki i ke komohana i makemake. Ke aupuni i ole hele i mua.

Ma ke kauwela o ka makahiki 1934, Kapitsa a me kana wahine kipa i ka Soviet Union, akā, i ka wa a lakou i hele mai e hele i 'Enelani, ka mea i loaʻa i kā lākou mau visas hōʻoki aku. Ma hope, Anna i 'ae' ia hoʻi i nā keiki, a lawe ia lakou i Moscow. Rutherford a me na makamaka o Petero aʻu i noi i ka Soviet ke aupuni e ae Kapitsa e hoʻi i 'Enelani, e hoʻomau. Ua ua mea a pau ma ka makehewa.

I ka makahiki 1935, Pyotr Kapitsa, he pōkole Kawaihae i uaʻike ai i nā mea a pauʻepekema, alakaiia'ku e Institute o Pūʻulu pilikia o ka Academy o Sciences. Akā, ma mua oe i ae ai i keia kulana, ua koi ikaika e kuai i ka ipu, a hana wale aku no. Ma ia manawa, Rutherford ua haʻalele i ka poho o ka waiwai limahana, a kuai lilo aku la i ka lako a pan, mai ke keʻena hoʻokolohua.

Palapala i ke Aupuni

Kapitsa Petr Leonidovich (Hawaii photo pili ana i ka 'atikala) hoi ka hale me ka hoʻomaka o Stalin ka hoʻokaʻawale, mai ka. A hiki i keia pilikia manawa,ʻo ia ikaika kokua aku i kona mau manao. Ike i na mea a pau i loko o ke aupuni hoʻoholo i ka papa kiʻekiʻe hooponopono ana, palapala iho la oia mau palapala ma ka ho'āʻoʻana, e komo i loko o ka oluolu a me ka pololei kamailio. Mai ka makahiki 1934 a hiki i 1983, ke nä känaka 'epekema hele aku la i ka Kremlin no ka oi ma mua o 300 palapala. Ma ka piʻiʻana o Petr Leonidovich mai na halepaahao a me nā wahi hoʻomoana, i hoʻopakele nuiʻepekema.

E möakäka hou ka hana a me ka loaʻa

Mea hana a puni physicist mau loaʻa manawa no ka 'epekema hana. Ma hoopakele maiʻEnelani AUOO, ae hoomau ana i kona noiʻi i loko o ka wahi o ka ikaikaʻume mākenēki kihapai. Nā hoʻokolohua 'ole limahana mai Kamepelika. Mau ho okolohua Ua hoomau ia no kekahi mau makahiki, a ua nui loa nui.

ʻepekema, ua kauoha aku e hoʻoikaika 'i ka mīkini peahi uila noiʻi, a me ka mea, ua lilo ia oi efficient e liquefy ea. Ka mea hoʻonoho Aʻole e koi mālama '-anuanu maila' o ka helium. Ua 'akomi ho'ēmi i? Anoe? I loko o ke kupaianaha datendere. e hoʻohana 'ia tuko pīlali mea hoʻonoho ua i aneane nā'āina.

I ka 1937, ma hope o ka noiʻi i loko o kēia wahi Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa (Nobel makana nä känaka 'epekema ma hope o 30 makahiki, e ke kumu kāki) i kekahi kumu loaʻa. He ike i ka kŰia o ka superfluidity o helium. I ka papa kuhikuhiE hopena o ke kuka nei lakou i ka mahana ma lalo 2,19 ° K kahi waiho (viscosity). Ma mahope makahiki Petr Leonidovich loaa'ē aʻe anomalousʻike manaʻo i loko o helium. No ka laʻana, i ka puunaue ana o ka wela i loko o laila. Mahalo i kēia noiʻi ma ka 'epekema ka hou ma amau - ke kālaikūlohea o quantum ke kinowai.

E makaala'na i ka hanaia'na o ka'ātoma pōkā pahū

I ka makahiki 1945, i ka Soviet Union a hemo aku i ka polokalamu, e hoʻoikaika i nukelea mea kaua. Pyotr Kapitsa, kona puke i ua mea mahaloia ma ka 'epekema kaiāulu, hoole i ka lawe' ana i loko o laila. No keia mea, i wehe 'ia mai ka' epekema hana, a kau mai ma lalo o ka hale hopu no ewalu makahiki. Me kekahi nä känaka 'epekema nele o ka manawa kūpono e kamaʻilio me nā hoapili. Akā, Pyotr Leonidovich i pauaho a, a hoomau iho la oia noiʻi ua hoʻoholo e hoonohonoho i ke keʻena hoʻokolohua ma kona dacha.

Ua i laila, i loko o ka primitive keia, originated kiʻekiʻe-manaʻano uilaʻoe, a lilo iho la ia i ka muaʻanuʻu i kuʻi nukeliu ka ikehu subordination. Akā, he piha-fledged ho okolohua ke nä känaka 'epekema ua hiki ke hoʻi wale nō ma hope o kona kala i ka 1955. He hoomaka ae la e noiʻi i kiʻekiʻe-ana wela wai koko. I loko o ka puka au i hana i ke kumu o ke ano o ka thermonuclear mīkini'ātoma o ke ana 'ana.

Kekahi o kona mau ho okolohua i hou impetus eʻike hoʻokumu o ka 'epekema fiction kākau moʻolelo. Lākou mau manaʻo e pili ana i ho'āʻo e hana i nā mea kākau moʻolelo. Peter Kapitza aʻo pū i ia manawa i ka fireball a me hydrodynamics o lahilahi papa o ka wai. Akā, me ka, pili hoihoi aku la ia, kahea aku la ka waiwai o ka wai koko, a me ka hawewe nā mīkini uila.

Hele wale aku no, a me ka Nobel uku

I ka 1965, Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa loaa aupuni aeia mai ai e hele aku i Denmark. Aia, ua hookoia i ka mekala gula o Niels Bohr. Ke physicist Nānā ma i nā keʻena hoʻokolohua, a haawi aku la i ka haʻi'ōlelo no kiʻekiʻe ikaika a. I ka makahiki 1969, kipa ke nä känaka 'epekema a me kana wahine mua oʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia.

I ka hapalua like-October 1978 ke nä känaka 'epekema loaa ka telegram mai ka Kuekene Academy o Sciences. Ka inoa i ka palapala: "Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa. Nobel waiwai pio ". Physicists i mea no ka walaʻauʻana noiʻi i loko o ke kula o ka haʻahaʻa mahana. He maikai, "loaa mai" ka nä känaka 'epekema, oiai ko iala ma "Barvikha" ma Moscow.

Nā kānaka moʻolelo nāna i aku la ia ia no ka hālāwai ninaninau, ua ninau mai la: "Owai o ke kino? Iie e piʻi like oe noonoo i ka mea nui?" Pyotr Leonidovich aku la i ka mea nui no i nä känaka 'epekema mea i konaʻikena hana. "Kino, au Laki hana e thermonuclear kuʻi nukeliu", - ia hou.

Kapitsa ka haʻi'ōlelo ma Stockholm ua hana i loko o ka uku loaa. Kue i ka rula, alaila, haawi mai i ka haʻi'ōlelo ole ma haʻahaʻa-wela ke kālaikūlohea, akā, e pili ana i wai koko a me ka lāʻau thermonuclear reactions. Pyotr Leonidovich wehewehe i ke kumu no keia noho kauwa ole ana. Ke nä känaka 'epekema mai la: "Ua ua paʻakikī e koho i kekahi theme like no ka Nobel haʻi'ōlelo. Aʻu i lanakila 'o ia i ia nā kumu kāki no ka noiʻi i loko o ke kula o ka haʻahaʻa mahana, akā,ʻaʻole komo i loko o ia no ka oi mamua o 30 makahiki. Ma koʻu kula, o ka papa, hoʻomau e makaikai i keia kumuhana, akā, au i ua hō'ā i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana kupono no ka thermonuclear naoh. Au manaʻo e ma keia i kēia wahi hou hoihoi 'a me ka pili, like e kōkua i kamaʻilio akula i ka looming ikehu ulia. "

Nä känaka 'epekema make i ka makahiki 1984, he iki ma mua o ka makahiki o 90-makahiki lā hoʻomanaʻo. Ma ka hopena, ua lawe mai ia i kona loa kaulana olelo.

quotations

"He ku okoa hiki e kaupalena 'ia ma nāʻaoʻao: kāʻili wale a me ka upbringing i hoʻoponopono reflexes."

"Man Ua like loa opiopio i hana i hawawa, mau mea."

"E hiki ole i hala me ka malama ia pseudoscience. Akā, i ko lakou hoomaloka ana i ka hoʻomaopopo pono - ia anei mea he pseudoscience ".

"Loea kekahi mea ana i makemake ka mea i ike."

"Geniuses mai e haawi ala i ka au, akā, i ke au hanau."

"No ka e hauʻoli, he kanaka pono ke manao wale iho noa."

"O kekahi mea i ka māmā holo. Wale waiū mea,ʻaʻole he mau o ka hora, a no na makahiki. "

"Mai gloss ma, akā, Pono nń nāʻokoʻa. Ka mea, he hoʻonui i ke kūpono 'ana o ka' epekema. "

"Nauka pono e noʻonoʻo, kupaianaha a me ka leʻaleʻa. ʻO ia pili i nā kānakaʻepekema ".

"Hoi i ka hoopunipuni mea he nui hehee ai o ke aupuni'ōnaehana, mai ka hoʻomaka o ka holumua ai ka holopono 'ana ma o ka uuku o ke kanaka. I ka makemake o ka hapa nui wale ana holomua. "

"Life - e like me ka kāleka hihiu, i loko o ka mea e komo, i ka ike ole i na rula."