Russian mīkini-kukulu ana i na luna '

Machine-hale eiiieaena mea he lākou no kekahi hana, me nā huahana i mea okoa machines a me maomeka. Eia hoʻi, ka mea, ua wehewehe aku ma ke kahua o ka loa luna 'pili.

Machine eiiieaena nona ka 'ole ka nui, mai nā' pololei me mechanical 'enekinia, a me ka metalworking. Radio Products o keia luna 'he nui kūlana ma ka hoʻokō' ana o ka polokalamu e piʻi like ana o kēia 'epekema a me ka' ike loea. A me keia mea oiaio no nā wahi likeʻole o ka hoʻokele waiwai.

Ka 'ole o ka hana' enekinia, poepoe

Ua nui eiiieaena hana hoʻolako a pau o ko ka aina o ka hoʻokele waiwai kani a me ka lako a pan. No ka mea heluna mea produces heʻano o ka muli o ka ho'āʻo. Ka mīkini-hale eiiieaena ka loaʻa o ka? Aiiio o ka ipu a me ka hana, e like me metala. Ano no ia mea, e deepen i ka specialization o? Iecaianoaaiiuo, a me ka ia a eia? Anoe o ka laulā o ka hana.

Ka 'ole o ka mīkini-hale eiiieaena kikowaena no he kanahiku lala. A pau o ka a i Hoʻohui 'e like me ka mākaʻikaʻi o nā huahana, aʻo Kīwala'ō o keʻano o ka hanaʻana a me ke ano o ka maka mea i hoʻohana.

Ka 'ole o ka mīkini-hale eiiieaena kikowaena:

1. Power a kaumaha hana. O nā ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka ikehu, nā pēpēʻana a me ka hoʻouku, pai ana a me ka nukelea pono, hale, turbino- a me locomotive hale.
2. Machine, mea kuleana no ka hana nāʻano likeʻole o ka mīkini mea paahana.
3. amo ka hana 'enekinia, a komo i ka hana no ke? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka hi a me ka moku, e like me nā i ka maunakea a me ka aerospace kahua.
4. E kaʻa kauō a me ka mahiʻai mīkini.
5. Instrumentation, uila 'enekinia, a me ka uila no auaiaea, manaoio aku la ia ia e pololei me mechanical wilikî.
6. kahe ana o machines a me ka lako a pan no ka ai, a me ka mālamalama oihana puolo.

Kaawale mai ka luna naehana nā nīnūnē 'enekinia, eiiieaen metallurgy, ua hiolo? Iecaianoaaiiuo, a ua hoʻoili kila. Kēia kaʻina ua lawe mai i loko o foundries. Mau wahi i aia ma ka mīkini 'ole ma ka hana kūikawā hana. Ua produces hahiʻana, hoolei iho la, forging a me weldments.

kaumaha 'enekinia,

All mea kanu i komo i loko o kēia hana, wehewehe aku ma kiʻekiʻe metala hokii. I ka Ia manawa ka mea, i ka mea e pono ai machines a me ka lako a pan o ka hana pili i ka hoʻouku a me ka Nine Inch, hoʻouku, wahie a me ka ikehu a me ka metallurgical eiiieaenu.

Kaumaha hana kanu i eiiiiiaiou, māhele (no ka laʻana, kila palapala no ka ape o nā mea wili), e like me makaukau-i? Ieaoa (turbines, ieoaeunoai, mīkini hoʻeliʻeli, hoʻouku lako a pan). E like me kekahi hapa o ka hana, he umi iiaciiie-nāʻoihana. Iwaena o lakou, lawelawe ana, ka hele ana,'ātoma, pai, hoʻouku a me metallurgical ka hana 'enekinia, e like me dizele-, hale, nā mīkini uila a me ka ieoaeunoai? Ieoaeunoai.

Ke kiʻekiʻe waiwai o nā huahana i loko o ke kaumaha hana hana hua? Iecaianoaaiiuo o metallurgical lako a pan. Ka mea, i lako pono me ka uila smelting a me ka makani umu, a me sinter mea kanu. Ke kiʻekiʻe kāki a me kekahi mau lako a pan no ka palaoa a me ka wili a me ka ape? Iecaianoaaiiuo.

Products o ka hoʻouku hana hana mau huahelu i hoʻohana no ka meaʻimi loa i ka lewa, a? Iecaianoaaiiuo (e hamama ana, a paʻa ano), enrichment a me ka palaoa nā minelala hao me ka paa ole. O nā wai lapaau a me ka hoʻouku hoʻohui, me ka holoholo, a bākeke-huila mīkini hoʻeliʻeli. Similar lako a hoʻohana 'ia ma luna o ka politika-ferrous a me ka ferrous metallurgy, lanahu a me ka Nine Inch na hana e like me ia ma ka hana o ka hale pono hana.

Great waiwai nui no ka hoʻokele waiwai o ke aupuni, i nā huahana ua hanaʻia ma ka i-a-amo wilikî. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, a me na lako a pan e pili ana i elima miliona kanaka e hana ana i loko o Rusia. Kēia iiaciiie-kaiaulu i na uila a me ka lolo nā manuʻioʻio, mea hoʻoili a me ka wahi conveyors, e like me lako a pan no ka hulina mechanization o neeaa hakahaka.

-I? Iecaianoaaiiuo o kaa, locomotive hale ua papahana e hoʻolako i ka hoino aku amo poepoe pono no ka mea. Kēia iiaciiie-kaiaulu nīnūnē a me ka hele hoʻoponopono e pono ai no ka hōʻino aku kuʻihao, ia n oaa, hau ana a me nā hana.

Like no ka mīkini peahi uila e kukulu, kona papa kuhikuhiE Pahuhopu mea e iai? Oaiaaou i ka pono lako a pan a hiki i ka ikehu kaiaulu o ka hoʻokele waiwai. Mills o keia subsector i loaʻa a pau no ka neaa a me ka nukelea, thermal mana mea kanu a me ke kinoea mīkini peahi uila. He kuleana no ka lako a pan o ka papa kuhikuhiE kinoea pipelines a me ka lako hou i ka pahu kui, mīkini'opihia a me ka hoʻopōʻaiapuni o 'Ohi a hoʻohana' ia i loko o kaʻaila kā a me ka Nine Inch na hana, e like me ka pono me ferrous a me ka 'ole-ferrous metallurgy.

nukelea 'enekinia, mea kanu specialize i loko o ka? iecaianoaaiiie o keʻano o ka lako a pan no nukelea mana mea kanu. Keia papa ka loaʻa o a me ka pahu reactors.
Ka palena iki ka leo o ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo i kekahi mīkini hana. Kona e hana D. paka conveyors no nā mīkini paʻi, pai ana i lua kaomi waina, a no laila, ma luna o.

mīkini-mea paahana no? ieoaeunoaa

Ka hana produces ka mīkini-kukulu ana i na luna ':

- Metalworking kila;
- kaomi-forging lako a pan;
- mīkini hana;
- woodworking Kaho.

Ma waho aʻeo i ka auoiaea a pau huahana, ka hana mea i kuleana no ka centralized? Aiiio o nā huahelu, hoʻohana no ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia.

ka halihali 'enekinia,

Kekahi o kona mau lālā o ka maunakea oihana puolo. No ka hana ana o huahana hoʻohana mea, a heʻano o ka lako a hua mai la i na hana o ka aneane nā lālā o ka 'enekinia, me mechanical. Ma na nā hale hana maunakea hana 'ole loa o kona mākaukau nā kānakaʻenehana a me nā mea kāpili ka hana waiwai a me ka ohua Kekoa. Me kēia mau poʻe e hele conveyors a me helicopters o like ka hoʻololi 'ana.

? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka rocket a me ka makahiki hana i orbital rocket a me manned moku a me ka ukana type. Ma kēia mau kaa, wahi aku me ka hiehie enehana kiʻekiʻe, a me ka palahalaha keʻa-māhele noniakahi? Iecaianoaaiiuo.

Shipbuilding hana hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kona? Iecaianoaaiiuo he nui nui o ka metala. Akā, manaʻo huhū i kēia, kā lākou i hoʻokomo 'ua lawe mai i loko o nā māhele'āina me ka nui metallurgical kumu. O ke kumu ho i ka pilikia nui o ka halihali o ka pau kaa. Shipbuilding hana i lehulehu Free ano laulea me nā hale hana he nui nāʻoihana o ka hoʻokele waiwai. Ua apono 'i ka wai amo' o ia hoʻi mea hoʻonoho o na lako a pan.

Ka nui loa mīkini-hale hana o ke kaʻa hana. E ka mea, paka loaa kona palapala noi i loko o nā spheres o ka hoʻokele waiwai aupuni. 'Uhane nō i loko o ke koi ma o ka oihana kalepa.

Kaʻa kauō a me ka mahiʻai mīkini

Keia hana ua wehewehe aku ma ka specialization ma ka wahi. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka hana ana o kona huahana komo i ka uuku o ka mea kanu i paka māhele a me na aha halawai ona no na kuʻina likeʻole o ke kaʻina.

Kaʻa kauō a me ka mahiʻai hana harvesters ua hanaʻia nāʻano likeʻole. Mau nā lnouborochnye a me ka hoʻohui, pulupulu Pickers a me ka palaoa, a me kaʻuala 'ē aʻe machines. Hua mai la i ka hana nā hale hana a me ka likeʻole ka hoʻololi 'ana o nā huila e pili ana me ka pūʻolo nā kaʻa kauō.

Mea kani a me ka uila hana

Nā huahana ua hanaʻia ma ka hana o kēia mau lala, i kekahi wahi ikehu a me ka mea hokii. Eia naʻe, kona hoʻokuʻu mea pono e koho i mākaukau poe hana a me ka noiʻi kookoo.

Mea kanu hana instrumentation AUOO a me ka mea hoʻonoho o ka hana nona iho lako a pan. Kā lākou mau hana nā lako polokalamu? Acaeoey, i manao a me ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka 'inikua manaʻo, kiaʻi, oihana lako a pan a me ka instrumentation. Oia huahana nō o ka 'ike loea kiʻekiʻe, a ua hoʻohana' ia no ka 'akomi kaʻina hooponopono a me ka' ike 'oihana.

Ma ka Lūkini kanu pū i loko o ka pou 'enekinia, hana, a ianoiyuaa a produces oi aku mamua o hookahi haneri tausani inoa o ia wahi huahana.

Mau huahana loaʻa kā lākou palapala noi i aneane pau spheres o ka hoʻokele waiwai aupuni. Ka buke o nā huahana ua hanaʻia e ka pou hana, surpasses ka helu o nā huahana i i i e pau nāʻoihana i loko o kaumaha 'enekinia, hoʻopiha. Ka walaʻauʻana huahelu o ia huahana ua poe ma na nā mīkini uila no ka neaa, kinoea, a mahu turbines a me Hawaii, pou machines, transformers a me converters, electrothermal, electrofusion a me kau iho lako a pan.

Mechanical 'enekinia, no kaʻai a me ka malamalama hana

Ma keia poepoe o? Iecaianoaaiiuo ka loaʻa o ka iiaciiie-nāʻoihana i paka lako a pan no ka knitting a me ka lole, lole kamaʻa a me ka lole, für a me ka ili, ai wahi o ka hoʻokele waiwai. Kuʻe Huli wahi o ia mau mea kanu hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka koke i ka consumer.

Kūlana i loko o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ke aupuni,

I ka waiwai o ka mīkini-hale hana hiki ole ke overemphasized. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ua hana i kekahi o na alakai Lūkini kaumaha hana. Ma na hana o keia kaiaulu hana i ka papa kuhikuhi, a K'lauea nuipa a paa waiwai, i nā mea paahana. Eia hou, i ka mīkini-kūkulu luna 'mai o ka nui ole ma ke kauoha a me ka wikiwiki o ka? Acaeoey o iao? Aʻanoʻenehana holomua, i ka waiwai o ka hana productivity ka ulu ana, e like me na mea he nui' ē aʻe e aloha ia i ka ka hoʻokōʻana o ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo.

Ka holoʻokoʻa ka leo o nā huahana i ma Lūkini mīkini-kukulu eiiieaen, Ua oi ma mua o kekahi-kolu o nā mea a pau huakūʻai huahana hua mai la i ka aina. Ma na hana o keia kaiaulu o ka hoʻokele waiwai hoohana ae la o 2/5 o ka huina hanalima? Iecaianoaaiiuo poe hana. Ua hoʻouka kekahi i aneane he hapaha o nā mea a pau paa waiwai o hanalima ano i loaʻa i loko o ke aupuni.

He nui no ka manaʻo 'enekinia, eiiieaena i loko o ke ola o ka mau mea nui o Rusia. A, i ka nui o ka? Acaeoey o kēia mau hana hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka ulu o nā spheres o ka hoʻokele waiwai aupuni. Ke kūlana o ka 'enekinia, me mechanical, a ma ka hōʻoia' Rusia ka pale ioeaie.

Hiʻona i aloha ia i ka puunaue ana o hana

Russian mīkini-kukulu ana i na luna 'he palahalaha i waena o-māhele linkages. Akā, ma o aku o ia, ua ho okumu i ka helu o ka hanana hiʻona. Ka mea, pono e mālama i loko o ka manao, i ka wa e kau i ka mea okoa na hana i loko o ka ua māhele'āina.

Mua o nā mea a pau, ke ÿole mechanical 'enekinia, hana ua ulu ka specialization. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, i kia kā lākou e hana i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o kekahi paha, ma loa, he mauʻano o nā huahana. I ka Ia manawa, aia no he kiʻekiʻe lehulehu. Kēia mea he ololi no ma paʻi 'enekinia,? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka hoʻopau' ana i ka wā huahana komo i loko o kekahi mau hui i ka ia manawa. E lawe, no ka mea hoike, i ka ulia kaʻa loa. Kona huahana nō i nā mea wale nō o ke amo.

Pono no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o kaa a me hapa o ia ka mea kanu ke launa i ka makaukau-i mai nā pāʻoihana, i ka helu ana a hiki e he nui. Kēia ololi i He nui hopena ma luna o ka hoʻokomo o ka mīkini-kūkulu eiiieaen, i mea e pōʻino i ka maikai amo loulou. Ia mea ke kumu nui o ka hana o keia kaiaulu o ka hoʻokele waiwai i loko o ka Volga māhele 'āina a me Central Rusia. No, i loko o kēia mau mea he mea he punawai-ulu kekahi kaʻao ka mea ulana pukapuka.

Ke Tilly o ka mīkini-kūkulu eiiieaen o Rusia, ua alakaʻiʻia e ke kala o nā huahana loa luna 'a me ka hoʻonaʻauao kū hoʻokahi (uilaʻoe a me ka Radio' enekinia,), ua hoʻopili i ka noiʻi pinepine 'ololi. I mea aha kēia mau hana ua noho ma Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, a no laila, ma. Ia mea i loko o ka wahi o nā wahi ma ka 'epekema kumu ua maikaʻi ke kino D..

Machine-hale hana, nona nā huahana i pili i na koa-KUMUMANAʻO NUI ololi, e like me ka rula, i loko o ka "paʻa" kulanakauhale. It Snezhinsk, Novouralsk, Sarov, a me kekahi poe e ae. I kekahi manawa, i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie kahi kokoke i kaua kumu.

Ka mīkini-kukulu ana i na luna 'aʻe i ho ololi i kona ulu ana, a me ka loaʻa o ke alo o ka nui helu o ka palapala hōʻoia no ke kookoo. Penei, e manaoia ka hapanui hana-mālama nui na hana mīkini-paahana a me ka mea kani. I mea no ke aha la ia mau mea i hoonoho ia ma na wahi a me ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa lehulehu o ka lehulehu, i mea ma Moscow, Voronezh, Penza, Ryazan, a no laila, ma luna o. D.

Iloko o ka hana o ke kaumaha 'enekinia, hana hoike no ko lakou oi mea hokii. No ka auoiaea i loko o kēia mau hana pono e ka hailona o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Wale ia ia mea hiki ke hoopuka holoholona metallurgical a me ka mana lako a pan. Mau poʻe i aia i loko o ka Urals (Ekaterinburg), Siberian (Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk). O ke kumu ho i ka kanawai i loko o kēia mau wahi nui metallurgical kumu. I kekahi manawa, i ke kaumaha 'enekinia, hana aʻo i kaʻoihana ma luna o laweia maka mea. Lakou nei ma St. Petersburg.

Aia nō kekahi mau ano o na kaa, koi no i uaʻike piʻi wale i kekahi mau wahi. Keia pili, no ka laʻana, nā kaʻa kauō no ka mea hoʻolilo o ka laau a me ka olona harvesters. Oia kekahiʻano hana mea i oluolu i ka amo, a no laila, ka mea, ua maikaʻi loa hanaia kahi mea he pono no ka mea.

hoao ana i ka pilikia

Ka hooulu ana o ka mīkini-hale eiiieaena me 90-ies o ka hope ke kenekulia, ua nui hoemiia lākou holo 'awelika. Kekahi o kēia mau poʻe wale pani ia, oiai kekahi poe nui hoemi? Iecaianoaaiiuo puke. Oi loa aku hoi i ka emi ana ma ka helu o nā huahana ma nā hale hana ka hana machines, mahiʻai pono, e like me waho e neʻe 'enekinia, me nā huahana. He aha ua i ke kumu nui no keia kaʻina? Ua moe i loko o ka poe ilihune ma Hawaiʻi o ko mākou huahana, i hiki ole paʻi i ka laweia huahana. Eia hou, ma hope o ka Soviet Union ua he wanaao ae o ka hanalima pili i mua ola ma waena o nā republics o ka aina.

i uhi pilikia o ÿole mechanical 'enekinia, i hou Wear a me ka waimaka a pau o ka lako a pan. Wahi a ka 'ikepili helu, ka mea hiki aneane 70%. Kēia moku'āina o ka mea i koe i loko o vertoleto- a me ka shipbuilding, e like me ka uilaʻoe. Ka awelika makahiki o machines i loko o ka mīkini-hale kanu i ka hola 20 makahiki. Ia mea,ʻaʻole e hiki ke hoʻohana i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie kaʻina hana o ka 'ike loea hou. I kēia lā, he nui nā lālā o ka 'enekinia, pono i ka'ano'ē modernization o ka lako a pan. Wale i keia hihia, kā lākou huahana e e nâ ma ke kuai.

He hoʻonui i ka aggravation o ke kulana, haole he nui poʻe. Penetrating mākou market, ua hui me ka nui loa hoʻonui i ka nui o ka Competition.

Kekahi mea pilikia i ka nele o ka hana hana nā limahana. I nenoaiu o ke aʻo o ka Manpower, i ola i loko o ka USSR, i wale i luku. I ka lā, i ka makahiki o ka mākaukau poe hana, ua kokoke mea hoohuoi ia. Aie i ka huʻi shortage o'ōpiopio kookoo me ka nui loa keakea, i ke kaʻina hana o hoʻonupaikini o ka mīkini-ke kūkuluʻana i? Iecaianoaaiiuo. Akā, i kēia deplorable kulana home 'ole e hoʻomaikaʻi iki aku la i ka waiwai kūʻai pāhana. Kukulu a ua kūkulu hou kanu, lawe mai i ka? Aeiino? O kahiko hana, hoʻomōhala hou, a hoihoi hou ia ka mālama '-na? Iecaianoaaiiuo ana.