Sequencing - sequencing mea ... Sanger

Ua ua ikeia e ke kanaka genome ninoieo o ka eha "palapala". Ka mea, i conventionally haawi ia ia e like me A, C, G a me T. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, ke kanaka genome ua pau i mai o ka ehaʻano o nā lātoma - adenine, cytosine, guanine a me ka thymine. A nui ka helu ana o chromosomes ma na nā'ōewe mea e hoike ana i ka ulu ana. Ua olelo wale e pili ana i ka helu o ka olelo hooweliweli a me nā puʻu huapalaoa, ma i e hoʻokele e kiʻi i ka kekahi liluwelo? Ueo. He aha ike ua hookomoia ma ka DNA, a me ka mea epekema ua lilo i mea hiki e decipher kahi o ke kanaka genome?

AIM o aaiaoe noiʻi

Full genome sequencing e leie aku oe, e heluhelu a pau o ke kaʻina o kēia "palapala". Ua apono 'oe e hōʻike i ike ole nā'ōewe, a e' inikua Inc like kona mana me hiki. I mea no ke aha la kekahi o ka loa hanohano ola mālama (o ka papa, i waena o ka poe hiki ke hoolawaia ma ia) mea sequencing. Mimikō, Ka maʻi 'aʻai a me ka naau maʻi - he predisposition i kēia mau maʻiʻo ia ka mea hiki ke kuhikuhi i DNA omńkalakala i hana. Ma muli o kēia mau Time], i ke kanaka i ka hana, e hoʻomaʻa i kou Aloha Hawaii e emi i ka adverse? Aneie aʻe. Nolaila, kekahi noiʻi manaoio i ka piha genome sequencing E e komo i loko o ka lākou o OAXA neonatal noiʻi.

Mōʻaukala o ka papahana

genome omńkalakala pāhana i ee aku i loko o ke kakahiaka 90s. I mea e hoʻokō 'ia i ka genome ana, ka mea i pili ana i ka hapalua kakini makahiki. Kēia noiʻi pāhana i lawe pu mai a puni iho haumana, mai kekahi aina - China, Kelemania, Palani a me Japan. I ka hoʻomaka o ka hou Ka Wā Kaukani, Bill Clinton a me Toni Bler kauoha aku a haʻi maila i ke "kikoo" o ka genome ua ana. I ka 2006, Nature Publishing Ua paʻi 'ike i ka mea i loaa i ka hope kaʻina o ka chromosome. ¶ A i loko o ke kuai, aia ua kekahi aaiaoe lawelawe exome sequencing - i ke kaʻina o nä ka poino wahi i loko o ka DNA lātoma. Ke Company E hoomanao i ia he mea ma luna o ka paepae puka o ka au hou.

He aha ka ke sequencing?

Sequencing - keia mea i ke kahua hope o ka Ikepili o ke kanaka genome. Ma mua o kēia mauʻanuʻu i hahai: i ka mea i kohoʻia, a cloned. A no hoi ia lŘlŘ pretested DNA māhele simpler ki ina hana like. Sequencing - he paa hope o ka nucleotide moʻo o ka DNA lātoma. I ka nui, he mau ki ina hana like o aaiaoe noiʻi: mua, ka hoʻohana 'ana i ke ano o Maxam-Gilbert. Ua Ua nānā 'ana i DNA cleavage ki ina hana like hoʻokahi kumu. Aia ka he hiki pono o ke ala, a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ua hoʻohana 'ia hou pinepine ana. Kēia no laila,-kapa dideoxy iaoia, a Sanger sequencing.

Ke kahua ho omńkalakala i ka genome Sanger

Ka hope iaoia maupaʻa i ka hope o ke kahua o ke ao.

• aʻo apana nahaha o ka DNA lātoma hybridizes me ka primer;
• Ua lŘlŘ enzymatic hoʻololi kemikala o ka lātoma;
• ma ka hope mua o ka mea ua hoolilo i ka electrophoresis;
• a me ka hope, e ua kālailai i nā hualoaʻa ma ka noiʻi, geneticists ma ka autoradiograph.

Ka hapa nui o kēia mau mea i ke ike mai i 300 ka poe hao wale i loko o ka DNA lātoma.

Ke kaʻina hana o ka decryption DNA Sanger

Ka mua hana o ka sequencing i ka noiʻi hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia ke kō o ka genome, i kaʻina e Sanger (Sanger sequencing). Kona o Mānoa, ninoieo i loko o ka kēia: ka DNA Ua cloned, a laila, ua māheleʻia ka kūpono ukuhiia iloko o eha hapa. Kēlā me kēia no ia ua waiho ia ma ka kūikawā pāʻoihana, a iloko ona i kakauia na kēia nā mea hoʻohui:

• lātoma DNA polymerase;
• primers e kōkua replication kaʻina hana;
• he hui ana o na nucleotidesʻehā o nā kope;
• kanaka likeʻole a pau nucleotides.

Pela, ke genome Sangerʻaneʻane'ālike i kanaka DNA cloning kaʻina. Mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana OAOOUIEeE wale i loko o ua hui i loko o ka eiiiiiaiou wahahee i loko o ka nucleotides.

Decryption kaʻina hana i keia la

Ano, ua pau loa ia hana nona iho i ke ano o Sanger sequencing. Ua Ua lawe mai ka hoʻohana kūikawā lako a pan - i kapa mau machines sequencer. Nine reactions lawe wahi i loko o ka hoʻokahi Tube. Nā hualoaʻa loaa ma ka ho omńkalakala i Sanger ua kālailai ka hoʻohana kamepiula enehana. Hoikehonua, sequencers ke "heluhelu" ke 'ike i ka 600-1000 nucleotides ka poʻe. Ma ka automating ka sequencing kaʻina ua hanaia nui wikiwiki aku ma mua.

E ka mea e loaʻa?

Ano, ke alakai'āina e paka DNA sequencing, i Kina a me kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia. Ka mea, i loko o ke kahua o ka Competition - lanakila i ka aina i ka mea hiki ke decrypt i ka mua kanaka genome, Kailiokalauokekoa Ua emi ma mua o ka haneri dala. 'Amelika noiʻi poʻe i kapaʻia Ilumina - ka papa kuhikuhiE enemi i loko o keia mea China ka. Pākēʻepekema i loko o ka makahiki 2010 i kuai mua-papa pono, aʻae lākou i ka noho i kēia mau makahiki he alakai kulana i loko o ka makeke no ka genome sequencing lawelawe. Akā, mua, mau i na mea maalea, e inevitably lilo obsolete, a me, ka lua, e decipher i ka DNA o ka hana e lilo hou a oi nike. Ano, China aole makemake ole, e kali i ka ua nalowale dala no ka lako a pan, mai kahi'ē, - i nā kānakaʻepekema hoʻoholo ihola e hoʻomōhala kona mau lako e. Owai la ka mea e lanakila i ke kaua no ka kēpau - manawa, e hai aku. Akā, i kēia lā genome omńkalakala i loko o kekahi manawa ke kumukuai emi o $ 600.

Ua'ōewe transcript kōkua maikaʻi?

Naʻe, i nā mea a pau i laila, na mea i loko o keia mea. Kekahi noiʻi koi aku i'ōewe sequencing, aole ia i lawe mai i ka pomaikai, pehea ka nui o ka poino. E hiki anei i kēia kaʻina mea maoli kekahi mea e ia i hookahi kanaka a me ka makana i ka 'epekema? No ke aha la i kekahi poe akamai i pili i deciphering ka DNA o ka oi ma mua o pilikia?

Ka mea i ka sequencing i kūpono, ma ko lakou manao, he mea oi ma mua o ka Naha Pōhaku-laekahi ala ke koho. Kuleana no ka loaa 'ike e pili ana i kā lākou genome kekahi kanaka hāpai ia iho. Kekahi mau manaʻo, akä, e hookuke kanaka e pane ninau e pili ana i kā lākou mau DNA. Kekahi e imi ana pela, e ike lakou ia lakou iho maikaʻi. Kekahi e ho'āʻo nei e hoʻopale ai ia lakou iho, mai ka maʻi - a ua hana na mea a pau e e palekana. Naʻe, i kēia hoʻokokoke hiki e loa io.

No ka laʻana, kanaka ka poe i ike ia mea, i ka pilikia o ka ulu oncology i loko o ka wā e hiki mai hoʻomaka e hana eha iaʻi mai ka loa kaumaha, aʻaʻohe hopena holo a puni i na kumu. A me keia mamua o ka mea i hiki i ka piha sequencing e haawi i ko nā hualoaʻa e wńnana i ka ulu ana o na maʻi weliweli me ka pilikia o ka 50%. Increasingly, eia nae, kŰlń ao i ka nalu o hysteria i waena o nā nā mea kūʻai mai o kēia mau lawelawe. A pau ia i alakaʻi ai i ka mea i kekahi mana, e like me ka United States, seriously Ho'āʻo e kali i ka hana o ka 'inikua hui.

Na aaiaoe palapala holo'āina'ē -ʻo ia paha ole?

Ma ka lulu popilikia 'ia mea he increasingly kaulana' aoʻao o "aaiaoe palapala holo'āina'ē". Akā, e like me ka pinepine o ka hihia, 'epekema hiki ole foresee i ka hopena o ko lākou e piʻi like. Ma hope o omńkalakala o "palapala" no 'aʻole i kumu hoʻomalu mea e e maopopo pono i kākau "hua'ōlelo." No ka laʻana, aaiaoe? Nō hiki ole maopopo pane i ka ninau o ehia na nā'ōewe na ma ka kanaka genome. Mua ka mea i manaoio aku i keia dala papa koa mai ka 10 tausani me 40 tausani. Ano, ua kau aku lākou i nā kānakaʻimi noiʻi i nā mea mahuʻi i keia helu mea ma ka laulā o ka 10 - 25 tausani. More kaʻoi loa he mea hiki ole. A ME KA sequencing o ka genome mea pono i kekahi laʻana o ka 'epekema loaʻa i ana i kekahi kumu o ka hoi hou unanswered niele.

Ke kāki o ka genome sequencing ka manawa i ka aoao o ka 1 tausani. Dala. Naʻe, i ka heluhelu ana o nā'ōewe no ka nui o ka mea wale nō kumu o nā stress. No ka mea kālā nā mea kūʻai mai e na hualoaʻa, mai a laila, hiki ole ke hiamoe i ka po. Sequencing - keia ao, i nā 'ike i kekahi mau nā'ōewe. Me "aaiaoe palapala holo'āina'ē" nā nā'ōewe i ka pae'āina i loko o ka ulu ana o ka maʻi likeʻole - mimikō, obesity, mea'ōnaehana mānowai koko maʻi. 'Aʻole pono e lilo kekahi geneticist o ka hoʻonohonoho' papa e maopopo i kēia mau maʻi i e aaiaoe kāʻei kua, nae, a me ka aoao o ke ola e hiki aku ai i ke kanaka i kekahi mau manamana nui e pāʻani.

hiki hewa

Ano, he nui loaʻepekema kuhikuhi ana i ka mea i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka sequencing mea pinepine ole ke pale hewa. Eia hoʻi, ua ole ana ma tenths a me ka pakeneka lākou pahiki. Lākou me Kinohi ua pili me ka 'enehana hiʻona decryption. Sequencing - he kaʻina e hoʻohālike au hiki e ia e kope o ka nui kiʻiʻoniʻoni i lōʻihi o kekahi mau tausani nā mōlina. I ka mea ia manawa 'ae' ia e nā kope o ka a ia e ia i hou aku 20 mōlina. I ka mea, e like pololei i hiki, ka mea, e wehe 'ia "me ka hookoe" i hou Hoʻohana ano kekahi i kekahi. Me ka ho omńkalakala o ke kanaka genome mea nō paʻakikī - no ka mea, o ke kanaka chromosome lōʻihi o na umi a me nā haneri o ieeeea? A £ o palapala. Hana mea e ohi i na kanaka genome A ua pīhoihoi no na aina. Ano, nae, o ka hopena hiki wale ke hana kekahi - ua akoakoa'ōewe mai i ka helu nui o ka wahaheʻe. Paha i loko o ka wā e hiki mai, epekema e e hiki ke paʻaʻikepili hou pololei. Ano mākou e kau i me keia kulana pono.