Synapse - kēia ... Build he synapse. Ko mākou hopohopo, a me ka muscular Nine Inch synapse

Synapse - he hoakaka papa āpana omaka ae o ke aʻalolo keena, a me ka i koe ole-excitable a me ka excitable aeee i i EYI o ka 'ike neaiaea. Synapse morphologically i hana ka hoʻomaopopoʻana membranes 2 keena. I kaʻili lahilahi ua pili i na appendages o nā aʻalolo keena, i kapaʻia ka presynapticʻili lahilahi o ka halepaahao, a hookipa mai i ka hoailona, i ka lua o kona inoa - postsynaptic. A me ka i postsynapticʻili lahilahi i e interneuronal synapse, neuromuscular a me ka neurosecretory. Word o ka synapse i hoʻolauna i ka makahiki 1897 ma (Eng. Physiologist) Charles Sherrington.

He aha mea he synapse?

Synapse - he kūikawā 'ole, i hoakaka EYI o nā aʻalolo puluniu nā aʻalolo impulse i kekahi aʻalolo olona, a me nā aʻalolo aeea, a me ka mea hiki ia ma luna o nā aʻalolo puluniu, mai ka mea loaʻa aeea (papa āpana me kēlā me kēia' ē aʻe nā aʻalolo keena, a me nā neural olona,), elua nā aʻalolo keena pono .

Synapse - he uukuʻoihana i loko o ka pau ana o ka neuron. A me kona kōkua o ka hoololiia ana o ka 'ike, mai ka mua a hiki i ka lua o ka neuron. Synapse mea i loko o ekolu māhele o ke aʻalolo keena. No hoi synapses i loko o ka wahi, kahi a nā aʻalolo aeea hele mai i loko o pili ana me kekahi mau glands a me nāʻiʻo o ke kino.

He aha ia mea i loko o ka synapse

Ka 'ole o ka synapse mai i ka mea kaapuni. Ua Ua hana o 3 apana, kela mea keia mea o ko i kekahi mau hana i ka hanaia iloko oʻikepili EYI. Penei, e like me ka 'ole i ke kapa i ka synapse kupono no nā aʻalolo impulse EYI. 'Ana ma luna o ke kaʻina hana o ka ' ike hoolilo pili i ka papa kuhikuhiE keena elua: ike a me ka pū i hiki. presynaptic maʻi ua pū i hiki i ka pau ana o ka axon aeee (i ka loiloi mua 'ana o ka synapse). Ua hiki ke loli ka halepaahao, e hoʻomaka i ka neurotransmitters (i kēia hua'ōlelo loaʻa paha kekahi mau manaʻo: uao uao a me neurotransmitters) - kekahi Nine Inch waiwai, a ma waena o 2 neurons hoʻokō hoolilo o ka pou neaiaea.

Synaptic mauae o ka mawaena konu hapa o synapses - mea he lōʻihi like 'ole ma waena o 2 reacts nā aʻalolo keena. Ma keia nahā i, a komo keena ma ka pū i hiki i ka uila lāʻau ikiʻai wale. Ka hapa hope o ka synapse ua manaoia e e receptive o ka halepaahao, i mea no ka hopena o postsynaptic (apana nahaha ka hoʻomaopopoʻana keena me ka okoa ikepili koʻikoʻi receptors i loko o kā lākou 'ole).

uao synapse

Ka uwao (mai ka Lakina Media - lēkio leo, uwao a waena). Oia uao synapse nui loa i loko o ka EYI o ko mākou hopohopo impulse.

Morphological koena unuhi o inhibitory a me ka excitatory synapses mea i ka mea, e ole i ke kalaʻano papa hana o ka neurotransmitter. Ke uwao ma ka inhibitory synapses, a me ka 'ē aʻe Hawaii neuron inhibitory synapses ua noʻonoʻo pono i ka'aminoʻakika glycine. Akā, ke wawahi iho la a me ka pīhoihoi ano o ka synapse ua i nānā 'ia kā lākou mau uao, a me ka waiwai o ka postsynapticʻili lahilahi. No ka laʻana, acetylcholine haawi noho haumāna kahi kanawai ma ka neuromuscular synapse maʻi (vagus nä olonä ma ka myocardium).

Acetylcholine o ka neurotransmitter i loko o ka cholinergic excitatory neurotransmission (Ua pâʻani 'o ia presynapticʻili lahilahi i ka pau ana o ka spinalʻaha Hawaii neuron), i loko o ka synapse ma Renshaw aeee i loko o ka presynaptic maʻi, hou glands, medulla nadpochenikov ma na naau oʻu synapse ma ganglia o ke aloha o ko mākou hopohopo nenoaiu. loaʻa Atsetilholi-nesterazu a me ka acetylcholine no hoi ma ka hapa iki o ka wahi likeʻole o ka lolo, i kekahi manawa i ka nui loa, akā, 'ē aʻe ma mua o ka cholinergic synapse ma aeee Renshaw i ole i Ua hiki ke kuhikuhi i ka i koe cholinergic synapses. E like me kānakaʻepekema, ka pīhoihoi uwao acetylcholine hana i loko o ka Central ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana ka loa paha.

Katelhominy (dopamine, norepinephrine a me ka epinephrine) e manaoia adrenergic uao. Epinephrine a me ka norepinephrine e synthesized ma ka pau 'ana o ke aloha o nā aʻalolo i loko o ka lolo adrenal halepaahao, lolo a me ka spinal kaula. 'amino nāʻakika (tyrosine a me L-phenylalanine) me ka hoʻomaka waiwai a me ka hoʻololi kemikala o adrenaline hope huahana. Kuwaena waiwai, i ka loaʻa o norepinephrine a me ka dopamine, i hana i ka hana o neurotransmitters i loko o ka synapse, hanaia i loko o ka hāʻule pahū wale ihola o ke aloha o nā aʻalolo. Kēia kuleana pili i ke e kekahi me ka wawahi (intestinal secretory gland, kekahi mau sphincters a me bronchial laumania Muscle, a me ka naʻau liʻiliʻi) ole excitatory (malimali Muscle sphincters a me kekahi mau ipu koko, myocardial synapse - norepinephrine, ma cerebral nuclei podkrovnyh - dopamine).

I ka piha kā lākou hana o ka synapse neurotransmitters, catecholamine kemu presynaptic nā aʻalolo welau, a me ka transmembrane amo ua hui pū. Ma omo uao i hoomaluia synapses mai premature depletion ma lōʻihi a me ka laumania hana.

Synapse: walaʻauʻana ano a me ka oihana

Langley i ka 1892, ka mea i ua? Aaei i synaptic EYI i loko o ka autonomic ganglia o mammals mea,ʻaʻole he uila ano, a me ka Nine Inch. Ma hope o 10 makahiki, Elliott, ua loaʻa i ka adrenaline mai ka adrenal glands loaa mai ka ia 'ole e like me ka stimulation o ke aloha o nā aʻalolo.

Mahope ea ae i adrenaline hiki ia oe pee ma neurons ma luna o excitation, a hookuu ia e ke aʻalolo pau ana. Akā, i ka 1921, i ka hoao ana, a i hoʻokumu i ke ano o ka Nine Inch EYI ma synapses iwaena o vegetative naau, a me ka vagus nā aʻalolo Levi i. He hoʻopiha i nā ipu rana naʻau me ka Saline a hauma¯na ka vagus nā aʻalolo, e pili ana i ka opu Kal. A hiki aku i ka wai ua hoololiia mai ka inhibited cardiac stimulation nestimulirovanoe naau ua pepehi ana ia lohi. Maopopo, stimulation o ka vagus nā aʻalolo, kena ae la ke kala retarding hope paha ma ka pāʻoihana. Acetylcholine loa paʻi i ka hopena o keia waiwai. I ka 1930, i ke kūlana o ka acetylcholine i loko o ka synaptic EYI ma ganglia o ka autonomic ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana paʻa hoʻouka kekahi Feldberg a me kona kookoo.

Nine Inch synapse

Ke Nine Inch synapse Ua fundamentally okoa EYI ae hookaawale i ke kōkua o ke uwao me ka presinapsa ma postsinaps. No laila, i ka hoʻokae i loko o ka morphology o ka Nine Inch synapse. Ke Nine Inch synapse mea oi, he pono ole ma ka vertebrate CNS. Ua ua manawa ike i ka neuron mea hiki ke kaʻawale, a synthesize i ka paʻa o ka 'uao (uao coexisting). Neurons no hoi i neurotransmitter plasticity - i ka hiki i ka hoʻololi nui uwao i? Acaeoey.

Neuromuscular synapse

Kēia synapse? Aaeaao excitation, akā, i kēia pilina hiki hoohiolo no ia i kekahiʻano o nā kumumea. Ke hoolilo welau i ejection o ka blockade i loko o ka mauae synaptic acetylcholine, kekahi i kona hoʻopaʻahao, ma ka oi o ka wahi o ka postsynapticʻili lahilahi. A iiiaanoaa a hoomake iho no hoi, a ai 'lakou aloha ia ka hopu, auaiaea i ua ua hoʻopili i acetylcholine receptors o ka postsynapticʻili lahilahi, no ka mea hoi Muscle synapse ālai' ka EYI o excitation. Ka meaola i make i suffocation a me ka ha nāʻiʻo ana.

Botulism - microbial toxin i loko o ka synapse, e ālai 'ia ka EYI o excitation, shattering i loko o ka presynaptic maʻi kumuʻiʻo syntaxin, a me ka hua i loko o ka mauae synaptic acetylcholine. Kekahi mau hakakāʻawahia waiwai hookahi pharmacologic Luna (neostigmine methylsulfate a me ka neostigmine), e like me insecticides aeie conduction o excitation i loko o ka neuromuscular synapse hoʻohana inactivate acetylcholinesterase - he'ūhū e uhaʻi ia i lalo acetylcholine. Nolaila, he mea i hoʻomāhuahua o acetylcholine i loko o kaʻili lahilahi synaptic āpana emi pā lonoaʻili i ka uwao, ua i mai o postsynaptic membranes, kaiapuni i loko o ka cytosol mea loaʻa pa alima. Acetylcholine mea ineffective, a me ua wahi e ka synapse.

Synapse ko mākou hopohopo: hiʻona a me eiiiiiaiou

Synapse - he pili papa wahi ma waena o nā keena. A waiho kēlā o ia i loko o kona electrogenicʻili lahilahi. Ko mākou hopohopo synapse ninoieo o ekolu papa kuhikuhiE eiiiiiaiou: ka postsynapticʻili lahilahi, synaptic mauae a me ka presynapticʻili lahilahi. Postsynapticʻili lahilahi - i nā aʻalolo welau, a kŰlń ao ai i ka Muscle, a kuu iho la i loko o Muscle'aʻaʻa. Ma o ka wahi o ka presynaptic vesicles ia mea - he paʻa lua me ka mea uwao. Ka mea, e mau ana i loko o ka noi.

Kokoke i kaʻili lahilahi o nā aʻalolo a hāʻule pahū, vesicles merge me ia, a me ka uwao hina i loko o ka mauae synaptic. I kekahi quantum neurotransmitter vesicle kekahi mau mitochondria a (ka mea e pono ai ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka neurotransmitter - iniiaiie ikehu kumu), hou acetylcholine ua synthesized mai choline, a ma lalo o ka aoao o ka'ūhū atsetilholintransferrazy hoʻokō 'i atsetilSoA).

Synaptic mauae i waena o ka post- a me ka presynaptic membranes

Ma kekahi synapses nui o kahi nahā i loli aʻe. Keia wa ua piha i interstitial loli, ma a he mea he mea uwao. Postsynapticʻili lahilahi uhi i ka wahi o ka hui 'ana me ke aʻalolo pau ana i loko o ka innervated aeea mionevralnom synapse. Ma kekahi synapses i loko o kaʻili lahilahi postsynaptic hana pa loa ihe wahi.

Additional waiwai hookomoia ma ka postsynapticʻili lahilahi

Ma o ka wahi o ka postsynapticʻili lahilahi loaʻa nā kēia nā mea hoʻohui:

- mea loaʻa (acetylcholine mea loaʻa i loko o mionevralnom synapse).

- Lipoprotein (ua he kiʻekiʻe similarity me ka acetylcholine). Kēia kumuʻiʻo Ua noho electrophilic hopena a me ka ion poo. Head komo i loko o ka mauae synaptic, he AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka cationic poo o acetylcholine. No ka mea, o keia AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN mea he loli i loko o kaʻili lahilahi postsynaptic depolarization laila i, a hōʻike palena papaha e kaukaʻi Na-kaha. Depolarization o kaʻili lahilahi uaʻaʻole noʻonoʻo me ka pakiko-ka ikaika kaʻina;

- Gradualen kona Loaʻaʻia ma luna o ka postsynapticʻili lahilahi hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka helu o ka uao, i ua wehewehe aku ma ka Loaʻaʻia waiwai o kūloko excitations.

- Cholinesterase - manaoia e ia i kekahi kumuʻiʻo i loaʻa ke kuleana pili i enzymatic. E like me ka 'ole ia mea i' ano like ke choline mea loaʻa, a i like ka waiwai me ka acetylcholine. Cholinesterase, mai hemo mai ia acetylcholine, mua i kekahi mea e pili me ka cholinergic receptors. Ma lalo o ka hana o ka acetylcholine mea loaʻa lawe aku oe i acetylcholine esterase i hana repolarization o ka postsynapticʻili lahilahi. Acetylcholine a pipili i ka choline a aceticʻakika pono no ka Muscle'aʻaʻa trophism.

Me ka henua pololei amo ua hōʻike 'ia ma ka presynapticʻili lahilahi choline, ka mea, ua hoʻohana' ia e synthesize i ka hou neurotransmitter. Ma lalo o ka aoao o ka neurotransmitter hoʻololi i loko o ka permeability o ka postsynapticʻili lahilahi, a me ka cholinesterase pā lonoaʻili a me ka permeability hoike i ka loiloi mua cia. e hiki e pāʻani aku me ka hou uao Chemoreceptors.