Typical pathological kaʻina: ka ho'ākāka 'ana, me na hoailona, examples

Na mea a pau i ka hana i loko o ka kanaka kino mea paha i kekahi mau kānāwai. Ka mea, hana stereotypically nānā 'ole o ke kulana, no laila, i ke kino e ho'āʻo ana e hoʻopale ai ia lakou iho, mai ka "hoʻoweliweli'" i loko o ka palapala o ka lapaʻauʻia a me vaccination, i kekahi manawa hurting ia ia iho. No ke aha la i keia ahaʻia nei? A pehea la e hiki ai ke ho ololi i kēia kaʻina e huli ia i kā lākou mau pono? Ua loaʻa kekahi manaʻo o ka typical pathological kaʻina, ke ano, hoʻohuiʻia ka waiwai? Ma kēia mau kumuhana no ka haneri o ka makahiki, kauka a me nā kānakaʻepekema nūnē nui. Ka mea, e ho'āʻo nei e lawe mai i ke kānāwai i loko o ka reactions o ke kino, e kālailai i kana hana.

ka wehewehena

Typical pathological kaʻina - he cascade o sequential reactions 'ia i loko o ke kino ma ka pane i mawaho a me na aʻe hōʻoni i ka maʻamau papa o ka nui keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Kekahi pathological kaʻina mea ano e like me kohoʻia, stereotypy, Poly etiology, autochthonous, equifinality a okoa developmentalʻano.

Knowledge o na ano e leie aku e līkaia typical pathological keʻano o ka hanaʻana, he nui loa o nā mea a pau reactions 'ia i loko o ke kino kēlā me kēia minuke.

Main ano o ka pathological kaʻina

No ka typical pathological keʻano o ka hanaʻana wehewehe aku ma ke alo o ka eono kekahi ano.

1. Stereotyping. Loaʻa nui o nā hiʻona typical o ke kaʻina hana, nānā 'ole o kona kumu a me ka IIeEeAIEUAA.
2. Versatility. Typical maʻi kaʻina hana paha e haku ana i kekahi maʻi ē aʻei kūpono.
3. Polyetiology. i Etiologic Agena o ka maʻi i like me ka kūlana wale a me ka mea ole ka mau.
4. Autochthonous. ka waiwai o ke kaʻina hana, e hoʻomōhala ma luna o lākou iho, a hiki i ka wa a ka causative ololi mea hou i pololei ia.
5. Equifinality. Naʻano likeʻole o ka hoʻokō 'ia ka pathological kaʻina e alakai ai i ka ia ana a me ka olelo hooholo.
6. Developmentalʻano. Kēia hana hou ana i na maomeka o ka rula a me ka pathological kaʻina.

Ike i kēia mau 'ano, he mea hiki ke kuhikuhi i kekahi typical pathological keʻano o ka hanaʻana. 'O kekahi mauʻike manaʻo: li nui, kuni, hypoxia, stress, kŰia. Eia hou, e hiki e wahi ana i mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana,ʻeho thrombosis, atrophy, a he nui na mea e ae.

li nui

Aat i - he hāpana pathological kaʻina hana i hoike mai ai ia i ka loli i loko o ke koko kahe, a mahuahua nui vascular permeability ma ka hui pu ana, me ka ka hoʻonuiʻana o na keena a puni nā'aʻaʻa dystrophy. Ua AIM ma ka hoʻopau o pathogenic stimulus a me ka hoʻopakeleʻana i nā'aʻaʻa a me nā loko kuleana pili i.

Aat i nāʻelima nui eiiiiiaiou: wela, eha, nani, redness, a me ka dysfunction. Kēia mau hiʻona e typical o ka pathological kaʻina hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia no kaʻike, a me ka differentiation mai ē aʻei kūpono. hoʻoʻinoʻano papa hana mea maoli wale no a pau meaola e ola ana, a me protozoa, nānā 'ole o ke kāhea kumumea a me mall hiʻona o ke kino.

Kekahi aat i pono ma waena o ekolu kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao, a i e oi a emi hai. Ka mua ke kahua - ka hoanoeia. Ua Ua pili me ka poino i nā'aʻaʻa a me nā keena. Ma hope o ia, exudation hoʻomaka ka wā mai o ka vascular i loko o ka poino wahi hoʻomaka i ka loli pele. A me ka mea hope ke kahua - ka hoʻonuiʻana. Kēiaʻeleu aeea ka hoʻonuiʻana a me ka'aʻaʻa e noho (e noho).

wela

Typical pathological keʻano o ka hanaʻana i nā hoalaia ana wela a me ka anoxia. Oe ke hoʻomaka me na mai kuni. Ua Ua wehewehe aku ma ka paakiki kuni ma muli o ka loli ma ka thermoregulatory nenoaiu. Evolutionarily keia naoh ua hana e hoʻopale ai i ke kino, mai infectious konohiki i make ma lalo o ka hana o ka wela.

A mau o nā kenekulia aku nei, a pau na maʻi i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka? Acaeoey i hoala mai i ka wela, i kapaia "kuni." Kēia manawa i hiki mai i keia la ma ka inoa o kekahi maʻi nāʻoihana, akā,ʻaʻole na wahi a pau.

Ke ae pā o kēia kŰia moe i loko o ka mea ana i ke kino ma hope o ka pa a ke ku ma ka pathogen produces he mau 'waiwai - ka popo. Mau Nine Inch lakou aloha ia i ka thermoregulatory oaio, a hoʻololi i ka setpoint mahana a eia i mea kiʻekiʻe ma luna o mau. Akā, e thermoregulatory maomeka aua i ko lakou kuleana pili i. Kēia kumu koena unuhi kuni mai hyperthermia, ma a he mea he hemahema o ka uku 'maomeka thermoregulation.

hypoxia

Hypoxia - he typical pathological kaʻina e ia lŘlŘ ma muli o ka muli o ka oxygen i loko o ka lewa paha no ka 'aʻe' ana o kā lākou haawi i nā loko a me nā'aʻaʻa.

hoomaopopo:

- hypoxic hypoxia (oxygen puʻe kulu i loko o ka Ambient lewa);
- naehana hanu ole naehana (hihia hoʻi amo ana o oxygen ma ka'ākeʻakeʻa mai gematoalveolyarny);
- hematic i ole ia Blutwurst (hoemi nona iho i ke koko a hiki i o oxygen nā lātoma);
- circulatory (hoemi holo kōmi);
- he lole (ka ho'ēmiʻana i loko o'aʻaʻa oxygen ma pokole);
- overload (membranes hui, aeee functionally overloaded);
- hui;
- (Aey? Acaeoey? Ina i ke kino o ka manawa lōʻihi ma me kiʻekiʻe ka polalauahi he 'ia) ke kanaka-i.

Most ikepili koʻikoʻi i ka muli o ka oxygen e na ko mākou hopohopo'aʻaʻa, cardiac Muscle, ake a me nā konāhua keena. No ka iaea o hypoxia ka hoʻohana 'ana ai' e hoomahuahua i ka haawi ana o oxygen i nā'aʻaʻa a emi i ke kino o ka pono no keia kinoea.

allergy

Ka manaʻo o typical pathological keʻano o ka hanaʻana hiki ole ke hana me ka hai ana mai i allergies. Kēia hypersensitive pane o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana o ke kino a hiki i ke ano o ke kino o ka antigens. Aia mau eha ke ano o ka hypersensitivity:

1. Anaphylactic. Ma ka hui 'mua i ke kino ua hanaʻia me ka antigen nui IgE, a ua pili i mau kia keena, a circulates i loko o ke koko. Hou hui 'ana me ka antigen, e luku kia keena, ke koko a me ka'aʻaʻa haule hoʻoʻino uao a i systemic reactions.
2. Cytotoxic. Antigen aia ma luna o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi, ¶ Hele aku la, e luku pio immunoglobulin paahana M a me G. na keena ma ka phagocytosis, a ma lalo o ka aoao o ka hoʻokō nā polokina, a me maoli kai keena.
3. Immunocomplex. Nā mea'aʻaʻa i paʻa i pili i na antigens, a paʻa ia lakou iho i na paia o na moku koko. e lukuʻia nā'ūhū hoʻokuʻu Vascular endothelial keena.
4. Hoolohiʻano hypersensitivity (DTH). Ke antigen komo i ke kino, hana me macrophages a me ka mea nana e kokua T keena ma ka noho haumāna kahi e hoʻonele.

stress

Ka hoʻonaʻauao - he like manaʻo me ka pili-kekahi ka hoʻololiʻana maomeka o ke kino i ka mea i komo ma lalo o ka aoao o kela mawaho, a na aʻe. Līkaia maikaʻi stress - eustress a me ka io - pōpilikia. Byʻano waiū hoomaopopo neuropsychic, wela, ka malamalama, etc. Golodova. Aʻo nui.

Physiological stress ua i kapaʻia ka mea mau ka hoʻololiʻana maʻi pale (OSA). Physiologist Hans Salle loaa i, i mawaho i ka uku no ka moku'āina o stress, a me he mea kekahi poino i ke kino hehee wale: ka ho'ēmiʻana o ka thymus gland, mahuahua ka adrenal cortex, ulcers o ka gastrointestinal'āpana.

ʻO ia ka poʻe puni hoʻonaʻauao Ua hōʻike 'kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao ekolu o ka CCA:

- pū waikaua (mobilization o ke kino me ke koe);
- ka mea e kū'ē'ē mai;
- depletion.

Five makahiki ma hope o ka lehulehu ākea o kona kumumanaʻo, i ka 1938,ʻo ia kona makemake nui i ka kumumanaʻo Salie makahiki ka hoʻololiʻana.

thrombosis

Typical pathological keʻano o ka hanaʻana pili me kāna hana o ke koko holo - ka hypoxia a me ka thrombosis. Hope o ke kahua o clots loko o na moku ke koko i loko o kanaka ola. Ma hope o arterial poino, aa koko, capillary moku 'ole kekahi' ē aʻe ia i hoounaia'ku ai i ke kahua o ka rupture o platelets i pili pu, a hana i ka iniiaiie fibrin clot. He pani ka kina, a pau ana i ke kahe o ke koko mai ka vascular kahi moe.

Ua maikaʻiʻaoʻao kaʻina. Eia naʻe, ma lalo o kekahi mau rula (papakaukau koko lilo, e hemahema o ka hoʻololiʻana maomeka, ke kiekie koko lipids), ke koko clots ke hana, a me ka poho i ke koko. Clots kūhōhō ma ke koko, a hiki clog liʻiliʻi (a nui) na moku, ma o na la ischemia a me ka hui, necrosis.

Aia nā kumumea ekolu e paipai thrombosis, m. N. Virchow ka triad:

- hypercoagulation ole thrombophilia (kekahi ano, kena ae la ia e aaiaoe mā a mahuahua makemake o ka e hoʻonele);
- mucosal poino vascular aeee (trauma,ʻoki kino, maʻiʻaʻai);
- he 'aʻe' o ke koko a hiki i ka paena o ka eha (koko stasis ma muli o ia mea'ōnaehana mānowai koko mai).

ʻeho

Lapaʻau 'epekema hiki ke noʻonoʻo me kaʻeho hāpana pathological kaʻina. Definition o kēia manaʻo o kēia: o ka'aʻaʻa mea i hanaʻia me ka hopena o nā loli i loko o ka aaiaoe nakeke o ka halepaahao. Mau loli Ua alakai aku ai i ka hoʻohuikau 'o lākou ka ulu a me ka differentiation.

All hikoko, ua māheleʻia i loko o nā pūʻulu: benign a me ka malignant. Aia nā hiʻona elima i meaʻole i nā mea a pau hikoko:

- atypia ('aʻaʻa ole aeea);
- organoid 'ole;
- holo nei;
- kū kaʻawale;
- kona palena ulu.

No ka benign kali e ulu ana. Ka mea, e i hana metastases a me ka ole i ka hopena maikaʻi keiki ma luna o ka meaola like me ka a pau. Akā, ma ka confluence o ka pōʻino ana e hiki malignantʻeho.

atrophy

Typical pathological keʻano o ka hanaʻana nā atrophy a me ka degeneration. Atrophy - he ka ho'ēmiʻana i loko o ka nui o nā loko, a nā'aʻaʻa aie i kaʻahaʻaina kāna hana. Ma atrophy malama emi ka mānoanoa o ka Muscle olona, ka ho'ēmiʻana o ka actin a me ka myosin, ea waiwai. Ma ka myocardium ikea necrosis mau mea, a ma luna o ka opu naʻau - he ulcer. Atrophy e hoʻomōhala ana i loko o ka manawa i ka wa a ke kanaka i ka ho'āʻo 'ia e ka hooloihi ae i maʻi ai puʻe wale akula kēlā, e like me ke kanana' moe koena, e like me ma hope o ka fracture a me ka naau hoouka.

Ka hopena o ka atrophy oluolu e koho, ina manaʻoi hoʻokoe 'e hoihoi Hawaii hope. No laila, e hoʻoholo e hoala mai i ka hoʻomanawanui i kaʻoki kino i loko o ka postoperative wā i loko o ka mālama nui malama pa alima - e komo i loko o physiotherapy a me ka hanu kino.

I 'ole-inikua hua'ōlelo, i kēia hua'ōlelo ua hoʻohana' ia, i ka wa a ka mea makemake, e kālele ana ma luna o ka lilo ana o kekahi ano a akamai.

dystrophy

Dystrophy - he typical pathological kaʻina, he metabolic kāna hana wehewehe aku ma ka'aʻaʻa pae, i hiki aku ai i kā lākou mau mall loli. Ma ka naʻau o kēia kaʻina mea he 'aʻe' ana i ka mana keena. Maomeka o trophic'aʻaʻa a me nā loko, ua māheleʻia i loko o intracellular a me ka extracellular.

Intracellular maomeka nā:

- amo o metabolic huahana ma ke koko a me ka lymph;
- intercellular mesenchyme;
- neuroendocrine hooponopono.

'Aʻe' ana o kēlā me kēia loulou pākahi, a me nā mea a pau i kahi hookahi i kekahi ano o ka malnutrition. Pee i ka kumuʻiʻo, momona, carbohydrate a me ka mea pōhaku dystrophy, e like me maʻi.

atherosclerosis

'Aʻe' ana o lipid pūnao mea hoi ma ka typical pathological keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Ke pathophysiology o keia kulana mea i hai aku ai i ka pūnao o nā mea momona, a me kā lākou palapala moʻopane i loko o ka ipu pa. Lipids mea haʻahaʻa a me ka loa haʻahaʻa-pa apŘ impregnated endothelial keena ho okumu i ka atheromatous plaques. I ka mea e hiki mai ana ke kahua i loko o kā lākou wahi ulu connective'aʻaʻa e imbibiruetsya kalipuna Ion. mea ino, ololi moku pa, a hiki e loa liiiU. Ua hiki aku i ka ischemia a me ka hui, dysfunction.