XIX. Physiology ki ina hana like. Ke kumuhana Ke a me physiology o ka pilikia

E ike i ka hiʻona o ka functioning o ke kino, o kela hapa o ka mea, ke 'ole, e e hiki ke makaikai, a kilokilo loli a me ka maʻi ahulau - he nui ka hakaka ana no ola' Oihana. Aia mea he 'epekema i epa me ke ao o ka poe pono na ninau. Ua Ua kapaia physiology. He He 'epekema no ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana e pili ana i maʻamau functioning o ke kino. Ke kahe o ka lōʻihi manawa, Hippocrates hoike mua i ka hoihoi i loko o ka functioning o ke ola nenoai. I kēia lā, aia nō heʻano o kāu kiʻina hana no këia i ka physiology e kōkua hoakaka maopopo kēia mau 'ole' ē aʻe maomeka a me nā 'ano o ka meaola.

Ke mau manaʻo o ka physiology

E pono e hoʻomaka me ka mau manaʻo. Physiology - ka 'epekema o ka nui hana o ke kino ola, kona pilina me ka mawaho? Aneie olelo, i ko lakou hopena ma luna o ka moku'āina o ola kino a me ka maʻamau functioning o nā loko, a nenoai. I mau, ke kiʻi i ka manaʻo o kēia 'epekema - e kuhikuhi i ka hp'pnphp maomeka o ke kino ola, e maopopo ana i kona ka pakiko, a me nā mea a pau'ē aʻe keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

Physiology o ke kumuhana o ka meaola ola, no ka mea, mea ai hiki ke kuhikuhi i na kanaka a pau hoihoi i loko o nā kānāwai o kona 'ole a me ka functioning. koʻikoʻi 'Nä Pahuhopu hiki ke Hahai I loko o ka ho'ākāka' ana pono.

Penei, i ke kumuhana, Pahuhopu a me kāu kiʻina hana o physiology - na eiiiiiaiou ekolu o kaʻimi naʻauao kumu o ka 'epekema. He nui nā kānakaʻepekema i i na manawa a pau ho'āʻo e puliki i ka pā like i loko o ke kino, a me ke kanaka, hoʻololi. Naʻe, ka mea, i loa e hiki i ua me ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o kēia manaʻo a me ka pono,ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka ulu kūpono 'ana o ka' epekema i wale e hoomaka ana me ka XX kenekulia wale.

Kēia i pale ia mai ka lilo ana, e lilo i kekahi o nā luna i waena o ka liluwelo sciences. Physiology,'anatomia a me ka lapaʻau - ekolu pono interconnected ka hoʻopaʻi 'ana i mea i ke kahua no kekahi i kekahi. Nolaila, ki ina hana like o ka 'anatomia a me ka physiology ma kekahi hihia e like.

physiology mai nā hālāwai

E iho, i kēia 'epekema i kekahi mau pili ma waena o ka hoʻopaʻi' ana. No laila, līkaia physiology:

• nohona ma;
• mau;
• pilikino.

Total Ua këia i ke ola keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o mau. Ia mea, e noonoo pono i ka regularities o na reactions i mea na hoikeana o ke ola. No ka laʻana, no kou kino, ka hanu, excretion, rula hooponopono, loli o ka hiamoe a me ka wakefulness, a me na mea e ae. Ua hoʻi ka loaʻa o ka pauku, ke kelepona hele physiology, i epa me ka piha study o nā mea a pau kona nui hoikeana.

Mau physiology hoʻohālikeʻana i ke ola keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka ia a me kekahi mau laha 'o ka meaola i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka ontogenesis. E like me ka hopena, e like me ka pono ia 'ano apau loa he okoa lala - evolutionary physiology.

A pilikino epa a me kekahi wahi paiki kekahi noiʻi. No laila, eia kekahi mau koho no ka hoʻopaʻi 'ana me ia ma keia pae.

1. kanaka physiology, a Pilikanaka epekema mākou e noʻonoʻo hope.
2. Physiology o kanaka pūʻulu o ola meaola (nā mea kolo, manu, mammals, mea kolo, a no laila, ma luna).
3. Kanaka nā loko a me nā'aʻaʻa.
4. Systems o ke kino (physiology o digestion, holo, ka hanu, etc.).

No nui kūpono 'ana i loko o nā makahiki i loaa i kekahi kanaka i loko o study hua'ōlelo o ka' epekema. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i kona kino i ka loa luna '' ole. Nā Papahana O Ka kanaka physiology e loa e lauwili pono, a, e hōʻike i ka pono no ka hoʻomaopopo i ka pā like o nā mea a pau. kilakila:

• Makahiki physiology;
• mana;
• hana;
• haʻuki;
• makahiki;
• pathological;
• lapaʻau.

Hoʻopihaʻikepili o kēia mau no ka hoʻopaʻi 'kōkua e apo i ka boundless a pau na keʻano o ka hanaʻana lawe wahi i loko o kekahi kanaka, a loaʻa komo i ka hooponopono ana.

Research Nā Papahana ma Physiology

No ka mea, he mea mau. Aia i Hawaiʻi nei i ka i ua hoʻohana i loko o ka wa kahiko. I kēia hana a me ka mea hou, ma muli o ka hope akeakamai e piʻi like i loko o ka mahinaʻai o ka uila no, i ka study o electromagnetic a pāhawewe.

Aia nō i ke kēia mau ano o ka physiology.

1. Extirpation - kekahi o na aoao kahiko i ka hoʻopaʻa haʻawina. Ua komo ai i ka wehe 'ana o ka hui, i loko o ka poʻe e ola ana i me ka hou kilo o ka naoh o ke kino a me ka fixation hopena.
2. Fistula hana. Kona kumu - i loko o ka pōkole i loko o nā kino me ka lua paipu o ka metala paha ea, a pela e hoʻopunipuni ana i liluwelo fluids. Loaaʻikepili ma o ka Nine Inch 'ano o ka loli o ka waiwai, oa hoʻokolokolo i ka secretory hana o ke kino.
3. Catheterization iaoia - i ka hoike ana o ka lahilahi Tube i loko o nā loko a me nā ipu o ka kūikawā ai 'i i loli i loko o ka hana. No laila, ua hoʻopaʻa haʻawina no ka hana o ka naau, ipu koko, glands o na, a mawaho secretion (i pau).
4. Denervation hana. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia e noiʻi ana i ka pilina ma waena o nā aʻalolo a me ka hana kino. No keia mea, he ano o ka stimulation me ka hope fixation i nā hualoaʻa.
5. Nā Papahana O këia ka physiology, ma muli o ka pono o na mea paahana, a me ka lako a pan. Kēia nā ka implantation o na nā loko a me nā'aʻaʻa o macro- a me micronutrients, kakau o nā aʻalolo impulses, pāhawewe waiū,ʻikepili o ka naau a me ka lolo, a no laila, ma luna o.

Kekahi ki ina hana like o ka noiʻi i loko o physiology, ke lawe i ka pilina nana ia. Ka mea,ʻo ka loa pinepine hoʻohana a me ka mea nui.

e kiai ana ia

Mau physiological ano i hoʻohana 'ia i loko oʻAigupita kahiko, Rome, China, i loko o ka Kahiko Hikina. Oia laila, he mau noiʻi poe i hoihoi i loko o ka hoʻololi 'ia ma ke ola meaola. No ka laʻana, i loko oʻAigupita i mummification o Paraʻo a me ko lakou mau ohana i ka hanaia autopsies a paa loli ma ka maloko kaiapuni. Auhau ia aʻe e like me:

• Kala like 'ole ka pono a me ka liluwelo fluids a me ka nuipa a;
• 'ia nā pōpō kino;
• waihoʻoluʻu maka sclera;
• ka pono a me ka ano o ka sputum;
• haanou ana mai o ka ili, kona 'ole a me ka turgor.

Ua like kēia mau 'ano a me ka poe o ke ola kanaka, a hoʻoholo i ka hopena. Malia paha ka mea, ua hooku e au i, i kekahi hihia i ke kumu o ka make ana o ke kanaka.

I keia la, kilo ua i lilo kona pilina, o ka oi aku ka wā e hele mai i ka psychophysiology. Kanaka hana, i kona mau Emotions, temperament, mawaho hoike ana o ka tremor, sweating - a pau kēia mau hiʻona i ho'ākāka 'ia i ka hoʻopaʻa' ana o ka bele. Ka mea, e ho'āpono i ka pilina o ka 'ole, a mawaho hoike ana mai o kekahi mau nā hoailona o physiological oihana, keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ke kino.

Ke ao ana o ka temperament o ke kanaka i hoʻokumu nä känaka 'epekema Pavlov ua nānā' ana ma luna o ke ao o ka inhibition a me ka excitation, a mawaho hoike mai ai ia ia iho i loko o kekahi mea naʻau overtones ma ka hana a me ka reactions i kekahi mau hanana, olelo, hana. He ho'āʻo ai i ke kumu o ka heahea, sangvistichnogo, melancholic a me ka phlegmatic hoike ana i kaʻoi loa neural keʻano o ka hanaʻana pili me ka noʻonoʻo haʻawina o ka lolo, kona reactions.

Kēia mau mea, ua ulu Ua ua pinepine ae la oia Hoʻohui lā e kekahi mau kānakaʻepekema, a psychologists, noiʻi. No laila, i kēia mau physiology ano kanaka e like kilo hoʻokolohua, a, a e e kūkākūkā hou ia, a he mau pili, nui a me ka mana.

hoʻokolohua

Hoʻokolohua epekema no ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka physiology i nā paepae a me Hawaiʻi nei i ka loa kahiko a me ka mahaloia. Ua, pehea'ē aʻe e aʻo, ina oe e ole ike? Nolaila, a me ke kilo 'ana i mālama a me nāʻano likeʻole o nā ho'āʻo ma, ka hapanui ma luna o na holoholona. Ka mea, Ua haawiia maiʻaneʻane hemolele result i ka haʻawina, e loaa i ka loa ike loea ikepili.

Aia mau mana ano no këia'anatomia a me ka physiology, hoemi ia i ka papa kuhikuhiE hui elua.

1. Huʻi ho okolohua. Oia ke ano o ka hana noiʻi i hoʻohana 'ia a hiki i ka hopena o ka XIX kenekulia, i ka wa a ka Lūkini nä känaka' epekema Ivan Petrovich Pavlov i i loaʻa kekahi koho. He aha i ka pā like ana o ke 'ākeʻakeʻa i loko o ke kino? I ka hoʻokolohua Ua lawe mai ma luna o ke ola holoholona kino, i ua nākiʻi i kekahi mīkini. A laila, alakaʻi vivisection i ka makemake hui, kēia haʻawina, a pela i kakauia i ka nānā mau hopena o kana hana. Eia naʻe, he helu o ka nui hewa e keia iaoia inefficient. Ma waho o ka mea ana i ka hapa o ka pono ka 'aʻole hoʻi a me ka lokoʻino, no ka mea, i na hoopai ana i ka weliweli hoʻomāinoino' o ka holoholona, a me ka hoʻomāinoino 'ka loa olaʻoki kino, i ole kōkua i ka anesthesia, no laila, hou a me ka' ehaʻeha o ka ehaeha, physicalʻeha ua hoano e ia e ka luahi o ka hoʻokolohua, me ka nui loa ka nānaina i ka hopena. He He vicious hoa kanaka. E kiʻi ai i kou kino, ka mea e i hoomanawanui. Lakou, ma ka huli, paha ka nānaina ka maʻamau papa o physiological keʻano o ka hanaʻana, a me ka hopena ua ole loa ka hoʻokō.
2. Maʻi hoʻokolohua. He kēia iaoia a? Aaei Pavlov. ka mea, ua ku e huʻi ho okolohua, no o ko lākou lōʻihi lokoino, paha keia alakaʻi iā ia i ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ka oi humane koho. O ka hoao ana meaola ka mea, ua i ka holoholona. Naʻe, i ke kaʻina hana i kahi kokoke okoa. Mamua o ka hana, keʻoki lāʻau lapaʻau ano o ka qualitative anesthesia. A laila, ma ka makemake hui, pa implantable fistula - he Tube o ke ea a me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia i ua sutured i kaʻili, mai ka waho. Ma hope o ia, na holoholona i haawiia manawa e hoola, e hoola i kaʻeha a me ka hana e hoopau ai i ke normalize na keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ke ola. Pela i loaa ma ka fistula ike e pili ana i ka papa o likeʻole keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ka hoʻokolokolo 'ana o ke kino, oiai ka mea, ua loa ai pololei, mai ke kino kuleana pili i maʻamau. Haʻawina i lawe mai ai no ka lōʻihi manawa, me ka hoʻokaeʻili i ka holoholona ola, a ma kulike ai me na rula a pau o ka maoli ola.

Pela ka walaʻauʻana physiology o ka hana 'epekema, ke aho i loko o kekahi hihia, a hiki i kēia lā. Oiai, o ka papa, i ka laekahi oaoieei-HOU ke kiʻekiʻe loa pau ka i ke 'ākeʻakeʻa' ana i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka. He manawa hiki ke kiʻi i ka 'ike e pono ai loa okoa, emi eha, oi pololei a me ka pono no kanaka aoao.

Kimia kakau

Nā Papahana O Ka kanaka physiology ma muli kaʻoi loa ma ka hoʻohana 'ana o kekahi mau lako a pan. Iwaena o na manao maalea hoopiha nui i wahi like penei.

1. ECG. Ke i hoʻomākaukauʻia hoʻohana no ka hoʻopunipuni ka cardiac hanaʻia. E like me ka hopena o ka auoiaea o ka mea i unuhi ia ma ka electrocardiogram pepa, ka ike ana i ka 'inikua hoʻomalu decrypts a manao e pili ana i ke ola ana o ka naau a me ka circulatory kahua. I ka lā, i kēia mea i hoola mai i ke ola o ka miliona o kanaka. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, me ka 'eleu ka loaʻaʻana o ka pilikia - ka ki i ka holomua lapaau.
2. Microelectrodes. Ka uuku 'ole i hiki ke kanu pū' ana i loko o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi, a, e koho i ka hanaʻia. I kēia lā ka mea, o kekahi o ka mea nui E hana 'ia ma ka lolouila o i epa me ka physiological haʻawina o ke kanaka kino. Mau nā uila aʻa lolo hiki ke hoʻolauna a hiki i ka kanaka lolo e leie aku iā mākou i ka malama a me ka mooolelo loli ma ka psychosomatic moku'āina o ke ola kino a me ke ola.
3. Radionuclide physiology epekema - hoʻohana 'e loaa laupaʻi ano o physiological keʻano o ka hanaʻana.
4. Kula Kaiapuni 'o nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo e hoʻokuʻu akula nä hawewe electromagnetic. Nana e hoole ai i nā pane i loko o ka palapala o ka pou lāʻau ikiʻai wale ua paa ma ka kūikawā mea - oscilloscope - a laila pū i hiki ai i ke kamepiula no ka aaioee. Aia ka mea, ua hanaia piha aaioee o ka 'ike a me ke ano hopena. Pela ia mea hiki ke hooku i ka Nine Inch lehulehu o likeʻole Ion, i ka dala o ka puʻe, ka mahana, ka noi a me nā mea kiko'î).

Penei, ka laekahi 'epekema o physiology ki ina hana like ka nānā' ana ma o ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka mea,ʻo ka loa pololei, painless,ʻepekema, a informative o nā mea a pau a mākou i kamaʻilio nui ma luna.

Nine a me biochemical ki ina hana like

'anatomia a me ka physiology epekema mea i like wale i kekahi i kekahi. Ka mea, i kekahi i pili i nā sciences. No laila, he mea he liluwelo physiology, biochemistry, physiology a me physical. Kēia mau 'epekema këia keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ke kino, mai kona wahi o ka ike, a laila me ka Nine Inch, kino ai a me ka liluwelo.

Penei, ka hoʻohana 'ana i kēia mau kiʻina hana ka mea, ua kukuluia kanawai o ka waiwai (neurotransmitter, hōmona,'ūhū) ma luna o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana' ia i loko o ke kino. Kemika kōkua i kukulu i ka waiwai o keia hui, ke kālaikūlohea hōʻike kona thermodynamic kiko'î i hiki i ka hopena ma luna o ke kino. Physiology pono ai ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i ka hopena, aole wale ma luna o ka mea i ho'ākāka' kaʻina hana, akā, no hoi i mau ma ke kino, i ke kino a me ka lākou o ka mawaho aku ana. Together, e hui mau ka hoʻopaʻi 'ana ma lalo o ka inoa liluwelo kemika.

Nā Papahana Pathological Physiology

Ke kumuhana epekema a me ka physiology i pili loa, a interdependent ma kekahi i kekahi manaÿo. Eia naʻe, maʻamau 'epekema e Pilikanaka ke ola i ke ola meaola - ia Aloha ole a pau. Aia ka hoi ka pathophysiology, a pathological, i noiʻi 'aʻe' ana o ka nui keʻano o ka hanaʻana, i ko lakou ala, i ka ia ma ke kino, e like me ka okoa a me kela mea keia mea o kona mana, a no laila, ma luna o. Nolaila, ua hahau mai kona huapalapala iho o ka aoao ma i ia mea hiki ke noiʻi i hōʻike 'nīnūnē.

He aha nō kēia mau ano o ka physiology?

1. Nā kauoha. Maheleia i mau pūʻulu: ma luna o ka mea ola o ke ao, a ma ka lūmaua, oaʻimi hoʻopunipuni physical kahua. E ho okumu i kekahi kumu hoʻohālike o pathogenic kaʻina o ka hoʻohana 'ana i ke kamepiula a makemakika hoʻomaulia ma luna o ka pepa. Ua Ua hoi pinepine hoʻohana 'ia no kēiaʻike mau kūpili i loaʻaa me nā hoʻoholo'. Ke kükohu Ua ana kūkulu ma luna o ke kumu o kaʻimi naʻauaoʻikepili no kekahi kumuhana.
2. ʻimi naʻauao Ka Ikepili. Ma muli o kaʻikepili loaa ma ka keʻena hoʻokolohua haʻawinaʻia (e noho ana me ia), kūkulu kumumanaʻo. Ua nā He tentative pane i ka nīnau: "He aha ka hewa a me ka hoʻomanawanui Pehea ua ka maʻi kaʻina He aha ka kona kūlana a me ka laulā o ke keiki aha hooponopono ana i kūpono i keia hihia, e hooki aku i ???"
3. Lapaʻau haʻawina. Ka paa hana, i mea nui i ke ola ana o nā mea a pau na mea e ae. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, he mea kaʻimi naʻauao ike ma ke kumu o ka hoʻomanawanui ka? Aaieou. No keia hana hoʻohana i ka helu o nā 'ana i kūpono.

• biochemical;
• Nine Inch;
• physical;
• histochemical;
• morphological;
• ana helu a me ka 'ē aʻe.

Wale nō ma luna o ka muli o ka mea i loaa mai ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i nā mea a pau i nā kiʻina hana, i ke kauka ke hana i kaʻike, a me ka hoakaka lapaau.

nō physiology

He ka 'epekema o ke ola aayoaeuiinoe (functioning) o ke kanu meaola. Mākou e kamailio ana a pau ano o ke ola, mai unicellular a hiki i ka lani kiekie loa, me ka līoho. Nā Pahuhopu o Plant Physiologists e like penei:

• noonoo a kuhikuhi i na maomeka o ke kanu hana;
• hookupaa i kaʻimi naʻauao kumu o ka manawa kūpono o ka kāʻamaʻai iʻimi hoʻopunipuni ana;
• e kūkulu i kekahi ÷ e Hōʻike 'o ka pā o nā kiʻina hana o ka loaa ana kiʻekiʻe e haawi i ko o ka nui ulu.

O ka holo ana, ke hana nei i maʻalahi. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, mea kanu - kēia mau meaola e noho ana, ma i na lua, e like me ka kanaka, haneri o biochemical reactions ana. Physiologist E hoike kela mea keia mea o lakou. Mea kanu hanu, eʻai, e lawe mai i ke kaʻina hana o ka kāʻamaʻai, hoonui, ulu a me ka Hawaiʻi - e maʻamau ano o ke ola no nā mea e noho ana. I ka like o nā mea a pau kēia mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana - i ka hana o physiologists.

Wehewehe i ka pilikia o ka kāʻamaʻai iʻimi hoʻopunipuni ana - ka mea, 'o ia hoʻi, e hāʻawi kanaka ke kōkua o ke ka nui Loaʻaʻia kumu o ka mana. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ina i ka pololi i loko o ke ao nei, e nalo, e mahuahua nunui i ka pono o ke ola. Akā, no laila, ma kahi lōʻihi loa ole e hoʻoponopono i kēia pilikia, eia nae na mea he nui o nā nīnūnē i ua hoʻonā i loko o ka mahinaʻai o photochemical, ao ke ano o ke kaʻina hana.

Nā Papahana O keia 'epekema

Plant physiology ua pili loa ka i kokoke ma ka hahai ana i kēia 'epekema:

• biotechnology;
• hakakino kālaimeaola;
• aaiaoe 'enekinia,;
• biophysics;
• Cell 'enekinia.

Maoli ai, keia i ka lewa ma ke ala ma a alakai aku ia i ke ao o ka mea kanu meaola. Penei, nā kiʻina hana a ka physiology o kēia mau mea kanu.

1. Mahi.
2. Nā Papahana no ka malamalama, a me ka huina'ine spectroscopy.
3. Electrochemical.
4. Opto-acoustic.
5. Chromatographic.
6. Spectrophotometric.

Ka mea, ua maopopo ia a pau o ia mea, nona i ana i ka laulā nā hoailona: productivity, ke kaupaonaʻana, ulu, ulu, hopena o ke ea a me ka ikehu pūnao. I hiki ke hoʻoponopono i na ki ina hana like? Loa nui mahiʻai hana, e like me:

• mea kanu? aneii;
• loaa heterosis 'ano apau loa;
• 'ōlelo hoʻolauna;
• acclimation;
• oa ??ʻano likeʻole;
• ʻimi hoʻopunipuni, nicaaiea;
• Plant kanu makahiki.

Penei, kanu physiology - kekahi kahua liluwelo 'epekema, a Radio nui he kūlana i kanaka ola.