Alana Vezaly a me kona makana i ka lapaau

Alana Vezaly - hoʻokumu o ka 'epekema'anatomia. Kona puke nui De humini corporus fabrica, hoʻokumu i ka 1543, lilo i ka mua maopopo ia manaʻo'anatomia o ke kanaka kino. Ua Ua nānā 'ana i nā loina o nā kānakaʻepekema, i hana aiʻo ia i ka puka, a hōʻole na tausani he nui o nā makahiki o ka hewa i loko o kēia wahi o ka mākaukau. Alana Vezaly - he haumāna o ka pakebona. He ua he Kumu o ka'anatomia ma ke Kulanui o Padua a me kekahi kauka o Hemolele Roman Emperor Charles V.

Alana Vezaly: he pōkole Kawaihae

Vesalius Ua hānauʻia ma 31 December 1514 ma Palukela. I ia manawa, i ke kulanakauhale i kekahi hapa o ka Uhane Roma aupuni a pau. I kēia lā ka mea, o ke kapikala o Pelekiuma. Andrew i kekahi o eha keiki - ka mea, he mau hoahānauʻelua a me ke kaikuwahine. Kona makua kāne, Anders van Wesel, ua aha mea kaʻawili lāʻau i loko o Margaret o Austria. Mother, Isabel Crabbe, hoala keiki i loko o ka hale waiwai, Aia i loko o ka respectable kaiāulu kokoke i ka hale Koudenberg, kahi āna i hana e like me he keiki makuakāne.

Vesalius hele aku i ke kula ma ka makahiki eono. Paha, ka mea, ua i ke kula o ka Hui fraternity ma Palukela. No ka 9 makahiki ka mea, ua E ke Kumu makemakika, he Roma, a me ka 'ōlelo' ē, e like me ua nānā aʻo i nā loina o ka Hui hoomana. Kona makuakane ua pinepine nalo ma ka hana. A me ke keiki, hoʻoikaikaʻia e kona makuwahine, e lawe na wawae o ka Pope i ka, ka pono piha o ka luawai-i ke kumukūʻai waihona o ka 'ohana.

kula nui

I kona makahiki 15, Alana Vezaly hele aku la i ke Kulanui o Louvain. Ua Ua ke aupuni '30 kilomika ka hikina o Palukela. Ua ua i ka manawa o ka ohana haʻaheo: i kona makua kāne i papaia e loaa i ka hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe, no ka mea, i ole hānau i loko o ka mare ana. Pehea, laila, ka mea i i Vesalius aʻo nō a me ka Roma. He pū E ke Kumu i ka Hebera a me ka Helene. Ma hope o hoʻolimalima i ka Haku o Arts i ka 1532,ʻo ia i hoʻokomo i ka 'ihiʻihi' inikua kula ma ke Kulanui o Paris.

Paris Lapaʻau School

Alana Vezaly hoomaka ae la i kona 'inikua haʻawina i loko o 1533, i ka makahiki o ka 19 makahiki. Great keiki ma ka hana ana i loea i nä haumäna i ka kahiko Greek kauka Klavdiya Galena, kākau 1300 makahiki ma mua o kona halawai me ia. Mau aʻo Ua kuhi loa a me ka hemolele oiaio. Ka hapa nui o ka anatomical loina o Galen i i ma ka puka o ka holoholona,ʻano nui primates, e like me ka mea i 'ae' ole i ia manawa, e dissect kanaka.

Alana Vezaly me ka anatomist aie nui i kona kumu o ka'anatomia Guinteru Johann av Andernach, ka poe i unuhi i ka kahiko Greek ölelo Pelekänia i loko o Lakina Galen. Like ka mea kahiko Helene kauka, aole ia i manao i ka hana a me ka nānāʻana i ka maikaʻi ala e loaaʻi anatomical ike. Most kanaka autopsies ana i mālama 'ia wale nō ke no ka mea, e Mālama i nä haumäna i nā mea a pau i kākauʻia e Galen a me Hippocrates ua i ka oiaio.

I loko o ka typical h ÷ ike ike ana o ka butcher a me ka surgeon e e i ka mea e pono aiʻoki a me na kumu, e noho kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ke kino, aʻu i heluhelu mai i ka pili āhua, mai ka wa kahiko hana ana. Hope kōkua i nā haumāna, e kuhikuhi ana i na kino kūkākūkā. No kahiko hāʻina o nā haʻawina hiki ole no i kekahi hewa, i ole ae i nä haumäna e noi nīnau a kükäkükä i ka dissection. Nā hana hoopaapaa e ana i hana ai me ka pololei unuhi o kahiko hana,ʻaʻole'anatomia.

Guinter av Andernach i kekahi ke nānāʻano o ke kumu i loko o ia mau lā. Ia i kuu mai i kona mau i nä haumäna e dissect ia iho. Oiai keia mea ua hoahewaia e ka hapanui kulanui. E like me ka rula, e lawe mai i ka autopsy o ka hana karaima, a ua manaoia nei ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hoʻonaʻauao aku i kanaka e hana i kēia mau hoʻowahāwahā ia specimens.

Tālena Vesalius Guintera no laila, pīhoihoi lākou eʻike i ka mea, noi aku la ia ia, e kōkua i ka puke ma luna o'anatomia galenovo Institutiones anatomicae. Ke hana i paʻiʻia ma ka 1536. It Guinter hoonani aku la i kona 21-makahiki-kahiko haumāna: "He He olelo mua iaʻi kanaka opiopio ka mea he poʻokela ike o ka lapaau, mea poeko ma Roma a me Helene, a ua mākaukau loa i loko o ka'anatomia."

Louvain Lapaʻau School

Ua haʻakoi Alana Vezaly e haʻalele Paris i ka 1536, e like me ma waena o Palani, a me ka Uhane Roman aupuni a pau, kaua wawahi mai. hoi aku la oia i ke Kulanui o Louvain, e hoʻokō 'ia i kona' inikua haʻawina. Kona hoao ana i ka'anatomia i koke ike. Soon Vesalius Ua aoia mai no ia e malama, a me ke kākau manaʻo ma luna o ka autopsy, make koke 18-makahiki-kahiko noblewoman. Anatomia o ka bipi wahine i ka manawa ua he rarity. Vesalius Ua outraged e ka surgeon ka inexperience a i ma luna o ke autopsy.

I loko nō o ka huʻi kaʻike o ko lākou ulu ka ho'āʻoʻana,ʻo ia nō ua i hauʻoli i kona ike ana i kanaka'anatomia. Vesalius hoʻomaopopo i nā haʻawina oi ma mua o kekahi mea,ʻaʻole ia e e hiki ke ao aku. Ano, Andrew i, e hoohiolo no ia i nā pale kaʻa i ike i kukulu ia e ke Kumu kahiko o ka oihana lapaau, ka poe hauʻoli e hoomana aku i ke Galen a Hippocrates. No ka mea noiʻi ia i nele i ke kanaka kino.

Soon ma hope o kona hoʻi i Louvain Alana Vezaly a me kona mau hoa i ka aneane piha kino o ka hana karaima, koe ma ka hamama. i ka wa pono imua o kekahi iʻoi aku ka pono e e ia paheʻe aku. Ia po iho Vesalius snuck i ke kino, kidnapped a dissected mea, e hoolilo ana ia i ka iwi, a ua laila, hoʻohana me he kākoʻo kiʻi. I mea,ʻaʻole i ho'āla e hoʻohuoiʻia,ʻo ia i hele mai ai me ka moʻolelo e lawe mai iā ia, mai Paris. Ma ÷ autopsy no nā haumāna, Vesalius ma Louvain lilo ka Mai de facto ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa lecturer ma ka'anatomia. I ka 1537, i kona makahiki 22, oia loaa he kēkelē ka degere i loko o ke kula o ka laau lapaau.

Alana Vezaly: i Kawaihae o ke nä känaka 'epekema

Ka mea opiopio medic makemake e lilo i kauka. E hana i kēia, ia i nele i ke kiʻi i ka koi 'ia makahiki. No ia pau,ʻo ia i helu i ka Kulanui o Padua ma ka'ākau Italy. Kumu hoʻomaopopo koke ihola nō ia Vesalius i ka loaʻa kekahi haumana. Kokoke koke, e ae ia ia e hele i ka hope me kŰia. A i ka manawaleʻa iā opiopio kanaka pono ma ka manawa no kona iwakalua-kolu o ka lā hānau loaa i kona doctorate. Kumu koke wae ia, e like me ke Kumu o ka'anatomia, aʻoki kino.

Alana Vezaly kona papa hana e kākau i loko o Padua. He ua ke hākilo loa ike o ka pono no nā kiʻi a me ka pelaha i hiki ke kōkua i nä haumäna ike i ka'anatomia. Vesalius hoʻohana iā lākou i loko o ka autopsy. I ka makahiki mua o kona professorship, i ka 1538-ka m, oia paʻi Tabulae anatomicae ke keka -. «Eono anatomical papa" Ke kākoʻo hoʻi ke kaha kiʻi pū 'oe me memo i i i i kona mua lehulehu e komo ai i loko o Padua Alana Vezaly. Na makana i ka'anatomia o ke nä känaka 'epekema mea C. Brewer. Ka mea, ua diagrammatic wale ake, arterial a me venous'ōnaehana, a me ka iwi. Ka puke koke lilo loa mahalo. Ua hilahila ole mānewanewa kanikau.

I ka 1539, i kokuaia e na lunakanawai o Padua Vesalius ka anatomical haʻawina. He lilo hoihoi i loko o ka hana o nā kānakaʻepekema, a hoomaka ae la e hoolako ia ia i na kino o ka hoʻopaʻi hewa i ka dissection. Ma keia manawa, Vesalius lilo ka nohoaliʻi i ka'anatomia o Galen ua pololei ole. Naʻe, ka mea poses he refutation o ka manaʻo - ia mea paakiki a me kekahi manawa pilikia loa. ʻO ka nui nā manawa nui pinepine, hou manaʻo i ke kaua no kona pono, e ola ana, a hiki loa ina e kākoʻo ka mea, ma ka hoike ikaika. Vesalius no hoi ia, e hōʻoleʻia kāna i ka Orthodox manao e lanakila no 1,300 makahiki.

Ma "ʻEono anatomical papa" kahi e wehewehe i ko lakou mau kilona ma ka papa o ke kālā no ka noiʻi, ke nä känaka 'epekema hele ma concessions una. Alana Vezaly hooku iho la ia i ke akepaʻa, i loko o ka medieval palapala - i loko o ka palapala o ka quintuple pua. He i kākauʻia i ka naau a me ka aorta me ia i ho'ākāka 'ia e Galen ia - kēia he kino o monkeys,ʻaʻole kānaka. Naʻe, i loko o ka iwi ka mea, ua hiki i ka paka hoʻokahuli aupuni, eia nae maalea hou. Vezaliy hoike kanaka ā, oia no kekahi, aole i mua o nā iwi i koi Galen incorrectly.

Palapala ma bloodletting

Eia hou kekahi, no hoi i ka ieie-kipi Vesalius kuleana i loko o ka hoopaapaa ana venostomy paha bloodletting. Kēiaʻano hana ua mea maʻamau ka hoʻohana 'ia e hana' ole alleviate na symptoms o nā mea maʻi. Kauka ua kūkākūkāʻia e pili ana i kahi e e ka incision aa koko - kokoke i ka paena o ka ino a ma kahi loihi aku, mai ona aku. Ka hoopaapaa ana flared i no ka mea, ua hilinai kauka ma ka Apapika unuhi ana i na hana o Galen - i kana mau palapala hana ma Greek, ua loaʻa i loko o Europe mai Roma manawa. Naʻe, i ke kahua o ka haule ana o Constantinople hoʻololi. A hou i ka hana o Galen hiki e aʻo i loko o ka palapala. Kauka i ike i ka olelo Helene, o kikokikona mea kekahi manawa ma paʻewa me ka Apapika unuhi, a lakou i keia manawa, no ka ai lōʻihi.

I ka 1539, i kona makahiki 24, Vesalius kakau laua i palapala no bloodletting. 'Aʻole e hana ma kaʻaoʻao o kekahi hoʻokahuli aupuni loli, kue hou oia i ka nui maliuia hana, e kamailio e pili ana i kā lākou mau loina aho ma mua o quoting ka Classic ölelo Pelekänia. Vesalius ua manawa manao e imi i ka oiaio ma luna o lākou iho, ma kahi o ka hilinai ana i ka hana o ka 'ē aʻe.

Ka muli o ka hou'anatomia

I ka 1540, i kona makahiki 25, Alana Vezaly hoomaka ae la e hana ana ma luna o ka kahaki ii ka puke haʻawina'anatomia De humini corporus fabrica ( «Ma ka 'ole o ke kanaka kino"). Kēia puke i kona loaʻiʻo hana. I ka 1543-ka m Vesalius i kekahi sabbatical ma ke Kulanui o Padua. He hele aku la ia Basel, Kuikilana, e hoʻopiha i ka makaukau ana o ka puke no ka paʻi.

"Ma ka 'ole o ke kanaka kino" ua he kilakila hana ka leo o ka 700ʻaoʻao i loko o ehiku puke. Kona pilikia makapō hopena - oi ma mua o 270 pīhoihoi ki - ka mea, ua nui. Ma ka lua o ka leo, e laʻa me, a hooku iho la amazingly piha nā kiʻi o nā kanaka i loko o ka moʻo o ki io e hoike ana i ka ahu iho-ma-, ahu iho Muscle 'ole o ke kino. Mau huahelu paha lilo i ka loa kaulana i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ka 'inikua kiʻi.

He paʻakikī e overestimate i ka nui o ka buke, i mea i kākauʻia e Alana Vezaly. Na makana i ka lapaau ua alahula mau. Eia hou, i ka huina hoonui mea nui i milestone i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke akamai. Eia naʻe, i ka inoa o ka artist, ka mea i hana me ke nä känaka 'epekema, koe IKE OLE IA. Nā kiʻi Ua pu ma ka hōʻike o nā nāʻiʻo.

Ia mea i kahaha ko oukou naau i, haawi mai i ka waiwai o ke ki, a he nui ka leo, i ka puke i ka pipiʻi kuai. Ua Ua manaoia no kauka, nā hale waihona puke a me nā aristocrats. Kona hoʻomaopopo i na mea e ae i e hoihoi i loko o kāna hana, i ka mea kākau kuu ka poʻe mea hiki, oi ho'āmana puke me ka poʻeʻuʻuku nō i kapaʻia Epitome. Alana Vezaly ma ka "epitome" o ki io hoʻohana no ka hailona oi kane kino ma mua o nā wāhine, paha no ka mea, i ke kane o ka hana hewa, he nui nui ma mua o ka wahine.

Fabrica lilo i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o nā laekahi 'epekema o kanaka'anatomia. Ua decisively wawahi iho me Galen a me Hippocrates. Alana Vezaly wehe kona ma muli wale nō ma luna o ka mea maoli ike i autopsy, aʻaʻole ma ka mea i manaoia. i kekahi o kona mau māmala'ōlelo e hōʻike ana iʻaneʻi:

• Ma ke kumu o ka naau aʻole 'oe i iwi. Kona hōʻikeʻano o Galen maoli pili i ka cartilage ma ke kumu o ka naau kia a me nā holoholona, a solidified like me ka holoholona o ka poe oo hoi.
• Ke sternum ninoieo o ekolu kahi o ka ehiku aina i koi Galen, ma muli o autopsy monkeys.
• Ke septum o ka naau mea ole porous. I ka mea, ma laila nōʻaʻohe puka.
• Vena Vienna helu kuhi puke i loko o ka naʻau, aʻaʻole i loko o ke akepaʻa, me koi Galen.
• Aia mea i mea kino me ka rete mirabile - «kupaianaha plexus" na arteries, i allegedly alakai mai i ka naau a hiki i ka lolo.
• Na kanaka a me na wahine i ka like ka helu o nā iwi aoao. Na elele o ka ikaika keka ua i nalowale iwi, e like me ia mau manaoio.
• Na kanaka a me na wahine i ka ia helu ana o na niho. Galen kekahi koi i ka mua, ua nui.

Ua halawai ikaika loa heluhelu o ka puke. Ua Ua lilo i pili i loko o ka anatomists kaumaha a me na kahuna lapaau. Naʻe, i kekahi kauka a me nā kānakaʻepekema i manao ai hooweliweli no ka mea, ua kukulu ka mea, i ko lakou mau 'oihana,' ma o ka hana o Galen, a me Vesalius hooukaia mai.

No ka laʻana, Yakob Silvy, ka mea i ao mai Andrew ma Paris, i ho'ākāka 'ia i kona mua haumāna me arrogant a me ka naʻaupō calumniator mea hoʻopunipuni hooukaia mai i kona kumu me kaʻano pākīkē moe, ma a ma hou paha ka nānaina i ka oiaio o ke ano. I aku la keia, ka mea, ke i pela hoopai aku au i kona mau haumana, ka poe i olelo mai mamua aku nei e aʻo epekema Ioana, mea e nana i ke kupapau o nā pōpoki, a ilio kahi o kanaka i mea ole hiki ke alakai i ka holomua ma ka 'epekema o kanaka'anatomia.

Alana Vezaly 'Ma ka' ole o ke kanaka kino "hoolaa i ka Emperor Charles V. He i haawi mai ia ia i ke kope o ka kūikawā paiia ma parchment. A Epitome Vesalius laʻa keiki Charles - Prince Philip.

'aha kauka

A ike ka Auguseto i ike ai i ka puke, mea nana i hookumu ua Alana Vezaly, ke Kawaihae o ke nä känaka 'epekema i kekahi huli - ua hoonohoia oia i kumu ao o ka imperial ohana. Ua haʻalele nō naʻe me ke Kumu i Padua, e lilo ana i ka lima o ka mamo aliʻi 'elele Vesalius, ka mea i loko o ka hana o ka' aha hoʻokolokolo. I kauka-kahuna lapaau, ka mea, he e lawelawe i loko o ka poe koa. A hiki aku i ka kaua, hoomaka ae la, Ua hoounaia mai ia i ke kahua kaua, me ka surgeon Vesalius. Maʻa i ka hana me ka kupapau, oia Oni e hana i käna ola nā mea maʻi. An inā pilikia ka haumāna surgeon Daza Chacon kōkua mai pehea e koke hana i amputation ia aʻo.

Winter 1543 Vesalius hele mai i Italia, e hana i loko o ka dissecting lumi, a laila, i loko o ke kupulau o 1544 i ka hoi mai i ka kaua hana mua. He lilo i maikai loa surgeon. Kekahi o na hana o ka 'aha hoʻokolokolo Vesalius i iʻaloa ana ke kino make o ka waiwai aliʻi, ka mea i make i ka hakakā. Ua ae ia ia e hana hou anatomical noiʻi, lawe memo a e loina.

Ma ka waena o 1544 ka mea, ua haiia mai ke ao nei. A me Alana Vezaly, surgeon, hoi aku la e lawe mālama ana i ka Auguseto, a me kona alo i loko o ka oi oluolu kaiapuni. Kona mahaloia e hoʻomau i ka ulu like ia i loaa ia palapala, mai na kumu ao maʻEulopa, e haawi aʻo i loko o ka loa pilikia hihia.

I ka 1556, Emperor Charles V haawiia ma ka mana i kana keiki Philip. I ka mahalo, Vesalius, ka poe i huli 41 o kona mau makahiki, no kona malama pono hana, Charles haawi ia ia i ka wa e ola hoomau, a me ka aristocratic inoa o ke Kauna-Palatine. Aha kauka hoʻomau i ka hana, e ma o ka hana o Pilipo.

noho malihini

Alana Vezaly pū Pilipo ma Madrid, akā, ma laila ia i ia i ae nanea ana ke ola. Spanish kauka hana maʻi, e hilinai ana ma ka noi o ka Honua ma ka. Dissection a me ke kino i papaia. Ka mea, a pau uaʻano hope lākou. Eia hou kekahi, Pilipo nui ia i ka kahiko 'inikua ohe., I kēia akeakamai. Vesalius i maopopo i ka mea e, aole lilo i ka luna kauka o ka luna.

I ka 1561, he Kumu o ka'anatomia Gabriele Fallopian, ka mea i paʻa i ka mua wahi a Andrew ma ke Kulanui o Padua, hoouna aku la ia ia i ke kope o ka puke, i palapala mai i kapaia o Observationes Anatomicae. I ka mea, i mai la ia, "Ma o ka 'ole o ke kanaka kino", he launa kuhikuhi ana mai kekahi oko ao ma waena o ka hana o Vesalius, a me kona mau hope loina. He pū i mea akaka i ka seriously mai.

I ka 1564 Fallopian make. Keʻena o ka'anatomia ma Padua lilo hakahaka. I ka hookahi makahiki Vesalius haʻalele Spain, hele aku la ia ma ka noho malihini ana i Ierusalema. Ke Kula Kaiapuni 'extant kumu koi ana oia i hoounaia mai e Pilipo, e hana i ka noho malihini ai me ka hoailona o ka mihi. Ka Emperor supposedly i keia olelo hooholo ma hope o kaʻohana aliʻi i haiia ma ka'anatomia o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni i loko o ka hoʻokolokoloʻia Spanish autopsy ka mea, ua aliʻi lā kona naau ua nō ko lakou pepehi ana.

I mau hoike i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka hookahi kahi - i ka palapala, allegedly i kākau i loko o 1565 e Hubert diplomat splints. Ua hoʻoneʻe 'ia paha e ua ua fabricated i loko o 50 makahiki ma hope o ka make ana o ka anatomist. Alana Vezaly, kona Kawaihae ua ole tainted ma ka kūʻiʻo (palapala iniiaiie e hookupaa aku ana i ka hewa ana i hoopiia e ku e ia ia, i), paha aku la i ka liana a me ka noho malihini ai, e uku ole ia mai haʻalele Philip Aha ma Spain, a laila, e hoʻi i Padua.

Personal ke ola a me ka make

I ka 1544 Vesalius mare i ke kaikamahine o ka waiwai Kuhina ma Palukela - Anne van Hamme. Ka mea, he hoʻokahi keiki, he kaikamahine, ka mea i hanau ma ka 1545. I nā mākua o kona mau Anna. Ka 'ohana Noho iho la ka hapanui o ka manawa. Akā, i ka wā Vesalius ma luna o kona noho malihini ana i Ierusalema, me kana wahine a me ke kaikamahine a hoi aku la i Palukela.

Ke nä känaka 'epekema la i Ierusalema, kahi ia i loaa mai oia i olelo kono palapala i ka noho o ke' anatomia, aʻoki kino ma ke Kulanui o Padua. Eia naʻe, Alana Vezaly, he pōkole Kawaihae i i tragically keʻakeʻa, aole loa hoi i Padua. Kona hele ana, mai Ierusalema aku iʻino ihola nō ia e ikaika ai ka makani ino. Ma ka manawa o ka moku i ke awa ma ka Helene mokupuni o Zakynthos, Vesalius ua desperately mai. He make i kekahi mau lā ma hope. Alana Vezaly, i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka 'epekema'anatomia, ua make ma ka makahiki o ka 49 makahiki. Ua hiki mai Okatoba 15, 1564. He ua kanuʻiaʻo ia i loko o Zakynthos.