La o Etera. hiʻona

La o Etera i ke aloha waiwai, na nā lātoma o i pihaʻi me hydrocarbon radicals pili ana i ka ka oxygen'Ātoma. Record Ua like penei: R'-O-R ", kahi R" a me R 'i'ālike a me kekahi mau radicals.

La o Etera i manao like nā mea loaʻa o ka waiʻona mai ke kino. Mau hui i hui inoa. Ua hoʻohana i ka inoa radicals (pii hakakino kaumaha) a, ma ka mea, i ka hua'ōlelo "ea" (dimethyl Etera SN3OSN3, meto'eto me Etera S2N5OSN3, a no laila, ma luna).

Symmetrical hui R-O-R i loaa mai ma ka intramolecular dehydration o ka waiʻona. I kekahi lātoma, kahi o ka palapala ia lŘlŘ OH nahā i, a me ka mea 'ē aʻe - ka C-O. Ke naoh hiki ke noʻonoʻo me ka nucleophilic hakahaka HO-pae (i loko o kekahi lātoma) hui RO (o kekahi lātoma).

Asymmetric hui R-O-R 'i hanaʻia i loko o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o alkoxide a me ka galogenouglevodoroda.

La o Etera (e like kā lākou isomeric waiʻona like 'ole) i haʻahaʻa ka heheʻe, a baila aʻela i ka papa. Me ka wai i pili ai kokoke mai e hui. O ke kumu ho i ka mea i na la o Etera mai e hana i hydrogen paa ana aie a hiki i ka wa e kaawale aku i loko o ka lātoma Polar O-H paa ana.

Hui i emi kaila. Ka mea, i ka haʻahaʻa hiki i ka pane ma mua o ia ka waiʻona mai.

La o Etera i pinepine hoʻohana me he'ūheheʻe no o ko lākou hiki, e hoike mai i na mea he nui ke aloha waiwai.

Ka mea nui i huiʻia nā heterocyclicʻakika waiwai: dioxane a me ka epoxide ('etolina'okesaside).

Ka mea mua o ka'ūheheʻe maikai. Dioxane mea miscible me nā hydrocarbons a me ka wai. No ka mea, o keia mau ano, keia hui ua i kapaia "ke aloha ka wai". Dioxane meaʻawahia, akā, kona nui weliweli ho halogen dibenzoderivatives.

kelulose nā mea kemika i nā huahana o ka hakahaka o ka hydrogen'Ātoma i loko o ka hydroxyl hui o kelulose macromolecules i alakaila aʻakika moieties. Ua hoʻololi kemikala ua lawe mai, e haawi hou waiwai o ka waiwai, i loko o pau ka solubility a me ka thermoplasticity. I ka hookomoiaʻakika residues hana eiiieaen, ma ka hakahaka me ka alakaila radicals - na mea i huiʻia.

Mua makaukau ma ke kaʻina hana o ka acylation a me ka esterification - ka wā reacting kelulose me'okanikaʻole a me ke aloha nāʻakika, kā lākouʻakika chlorides a me anhydrides. Ka nui he mea hiki mea nui ksatogenatam. e hoomakaukau mau i huiʻia ma ka reacting me'okanikaʻole nāʻakika a me kā lākou mau hana i loko o ka hana o ka cellophane a me ka viscose olona. Hanalima nui a me ka kelulose nitrates. Ka mea, i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o lacquers, Film, smokeless ka pauka.

Mawaena o na hui loaa mai ma ka naoh me ke aloha nāʻakika, ma ka hana hoʻomano hoʻohana kelulose acetates. Ka mea, i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka wa hoomakaukau ia no kemikala olona, Ka lula ea Ke a me ka ho film.

Aia mau no hoi i hui kelulose nā mea kemika. Ka mea, iloko o kaʻano o ka acyl a me ka alakaila substituents.

Waiwai o kelulose la o Etera hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke ano o ka'ano'ē. Value a i keʻano o ka hakahaka a me ka polymerization.

Simple haʻahaʻa-hookomoia hui i wailana ma koʻana koko kona'ākilikai pāʻoihana a me ka wai. Ua apono 'kā lākou hoʻohana like thickeners a me stabilizers ma emulsions i loko o ka aila, pepa, lole, ka ai, a me ka mea lāʻau lapaʻau' ē aʻe na hana. I aloha hookomoia nā mea kemika (eiiieaena a me ka hemahema hoi) i hana maʻalahi i plasticizers. Ka mea, i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka hana o nā lula a me nā pena loaa.

Crown la o Etera i polyesters i loaʻa ka oi o oxygen i loko o ke apo nā'ātoma. Technically, ka mea i manaoia me huahana o ka'etolina'okesaside tsiklooligomerizatsii. A me nā waiwai o kēia mau huina lakou o ka hiki i ka lilo pono a pau o ia me nā paʻakai o ka mekala 'åkilikai ke hooheheeia. Mau pono a pau o ka mea, i hanaʻia ma muli o ke electrostatic AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN.