Alkaloid - He ... Mea Maluna o alkaloids, ano

Mai ka wā kahiko, kanaka i hoʻohana lāʻau lapaʻau nā mea hoʻohui, e hooluolu aku au i ka eha a me ke kiʻi pohaku uinihepa, o ka maʻi a me ka maʻi puʻuwai. Naʻe, ke kuka nei lakou i ka ke keʻena haku mele 'ana, ka mea e auaaeaiea o ka poe i huiʻia i ke ano o kekahi kanawai, ua hiki i ka palahalaha a me ka papakaukau? Acaeoey o kemika like me ka' epekema wale nō,ʻo ia hoʻi, mai ka XVII kenekulia.

laila ka mea, ua i loko o ka hohonu o ke kanu meaola, a me keia la, a ma kekahi holoholona, 'ike akula' naikokene-i loaʻa ke aloha i huiʻia, a haawi aku ia i ka akea pākōlea hopena. Mai ka 1819 i ka pono inoa o keia pae ana o waiwai - alkaloids. ? Aaei V.Meysnerom, pharmacist a me kauka.

He aha mea he alkaloid?

Currently maliuia mai ia alkaloid - he cyclic hui na aha ka apo oleʻaoʻao kaula i kekahi a me kekahi mau naikokene nā'ātoma a me Nine Inch ano o ka ulu waiwai o ka poe ikaika ole alkalis, e like me ammonia. Hōʻike muaʻia aʻe ka wehewehena o kēia mau waiwai me ka naikokene kumu nā mea loaʻa o ka pyridine. Eia naʻe, he helu o nā hui o keia pae i hope ike, i hoike mai ia ia i ka hoolike ana mea ole loa oiaio, a 'aʻole i uhi i ka pauʻano o alkaloids.

No ka mea manawa mua keia mea ua loaa, a hoʻokolokolo i ka 1803 ma kānakaʻepekema Dersonom. Ka mea, ua ka Morphine loko mai o ka opiuma. A laila, kū kaʻawale o kekahi i kekahi, i loaa nui kānakaʻepekema i ka helu o ka luna ' heterocyclic i huiʻia , mai kanuʻia. No laila au i ka manaʻo i kēia waiwai alkaloid-ʻano nui o maoli kumu. Ua ua hua mai la wale i ka mea kanu.

Ke Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o nā nā lātoma

Ma kā lākou mau Nine Inch ano, i kēia mau waiwai - ka naikokene-i loaʻa ke aloha i huiʻia i pihaʻi me naikokene nā'ātoma ma na heterocycles luna ', interconnected ma nāʻano o ka mea paa a me ka hana kūleʻa.

Mai kanu, ka mea, e ku mai i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ka paʻakai o kekahi nāʻakika.

• malic;
• ka waina;
• oxalic;
• acetic a me na mea e ae.

Inā hoʻokaʻawale maemae waiwai mai o ka paakai, e mea hiki ke loaa i ka alkaloid like me ka mea pōaka pauka, a me ia mea hiki ke hana i ke kinowai 'ole (nicotine i). Ma keia, a ma kekahi hihia - Ua'ākilikai hui hoike kūpono Nine Inch waiwai.

Ia mea, i ke kemika o alkaloids ike a me ka hoomaopopo. No ka laʻana, ka mea i ho'ākāka 'epekema ma i ka mea hiki ke kaʻawale mai kanuʻia. Ka mea, i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka solubility o ka paʻakai o ka alkaloids i loko o ka wai, e like me ke gula i huiʻia i kokoke insoluble i loko o ka wai, akā, pono e hana ia i loko o ke aloha nā'uheheʻe.

A helu o reactions i ana ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka hoʻokaʻawale a me ka hoʻopaʻa' ana o ia mau hui i kapaia alkaloid.

1. Ke kimu ole. No AiON, me ka nānā 'ia ma ke kahua o ka insoluble paʻakai o ka alkaloid, i precipitates. Ua hiki ke hooko aku ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i nā kēia eiiiiiaiou: tannin, picricʻakika a phosphotungstic molybdicʻakika.
2. Ke kimu ole. No AiON, me ka nānā 'ia ma ke kahua o ka luna' paʻakai me ka alkaloid i huiʻia. Reagents: mercuric koloriside, potasiuma iodide paha bismuth.
3. I hookohu aku i. A pau kēia mau reactions i keia ano o ka alkaloid loli, a ia i kekahi 'i loko o ka nohona ma haku mele' ana. I ka rula o ka hana - hopena ma luna o nā heterocycles keʻano o ke kala like 'ole. Reagents: nitricʻakika, sulfuricʻakika, keleawe hydroxide, keleawe (II) -precipitated.

Pinepine i hookohu aku i reactions mai e haawi pololei hualoaʻa, e like me ka māhele o ka heterocyclic alkaloids like me ka poe o ke kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma. A haawi aku la lakou i ka ia hopena.

Mea Maluna o alkaloids

He aha nā waeʻano i māheleʻia nā mea a pau i ka ike i huiʻia o kēia pae, hoʻoholo i ke 'ano o nā alkaloids, kona Nine Inch' ole. Kēia Mea Maluna Ua hana academician AP Orekhov a me ka mea moe ma ke kumu o keʻano, a me nā hale o ka heterocycle me ka naikokene nā'ātoma maloko.

1. Pyrrolidine, pyrrolizidine, a me nā mea loaʻa a pau. Kēia hui e like me alkaloids e like me platifillin, Sarrazin, senetsifillin a me na mea e ae. Ke kumu 'ole o ka luna' elima-Aupuni Lālā a heterocycles hui i kekahi i kekahi, i 'ole ka loaʻa o ka naikokene'Ātoma.
2. Piperidine a me ka pyridine nā mea loaʻa a pau. Poeikohoia anabasine, lobeline. Kumu - eono-Aupuni Lālā a luna 'pōʻaiapuni me ka naikokene.
3. Quinolizidine a me kona hui. Kēia pūʻulu nā: pahikarpin, termopsin a me na mea e ae. Nine kumu ma luna 'eono-Aupuni Lālā a heterocycles, interconnected a me ka naikokene.
4. Quinoline - quinine, echinopsine.
5. An nui pūʻulu o alkaloids ka loa, he pono ole - isoquinoline i huiʻia. Salsalin, Morphine a me ka papaverine - e hoʻomano hoʻohana i laau lapaau. Ua hiki no hoi loaʻa i nā alkaloids i kanu barberry, Maçka a me celandine.
6. Chemically loa eiiieaena i loko o nā hale a tropane nā mea loaʻa - hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine. Ke kanu'ōiwi poe pilikia fused, intertwined pyrrolidine a me ka piperidine apo.
7. Indole a me kona hui - reserpine, strychnine, vinblastine, a me na mea e ae. A luna 'me ka hui pu ana o five- a me eono-Aupuni Lālā a me ka apo naikokene nā'ātoma i loko o ka' ole.
8. I ka papa kuhikuhiE alkaloid i loko o ka meaʻai a me ka hana lapaau - caffeine mai kī lau a me ka anoano o ka laau pahu. Ua pili i ka purine nā mea loaʻa - luna 'i huiʻia o kekahi mau heterocycles a oi naikokene nā'ātoma i loko o ka haku mele' ana.
9. Ephedrine a me kona hui - sferofizin, colchicine a me ka kolhamin. Ke Nine Inch ka inoa o ka ephedrine, hōʻikeʻana kona luna '' ole, fenilmetilaminopropanol - he luna 'ke aloha onaona ka waiʻona.
10. Ma nā makahiki, ka mea hoʻoholo i ke kālā līkaia no i kekahi mau waiwai alkaloids pae o steroid - corticosteroids a me ke keka hormones.

physical waiwai

I ka papa kuhikuhiE ano o keia pae nā ka hiki, e hoike mai i mau ke kinowai, a hoʻopiha moku'āina ma maʻamau ana.

I mehana ka mau alkaloid - he mea pōaka paa. Kala like 'ole a me nā dudima, like me ka rula, mai i. Ma ke kīleo, ka hapanuiʻawaʻawa, astringent, kaʻawaʻawa loa. Ho'āʻo'ōnohi ha awina ma ka pāʻoihana.

Kekahi o kēia mau ia waiwai kinowai ma maʻamau rula - Ua anoxic alkaloids ma kahi o 200? Ueo. No ka laʻana, nicotine i, pahikarpin, coniine.

Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ka solubility i loko o ka wai, e hiki ke hana pela wale loa caffeine, ephedrine, ergometrine. Kekahi poe lala o keia ano o ka hui wailana wale i loko o ke aloha ke kinowai (nā'uheheʻe).

Hana ma luna o ke kanaka kino

Alkaloid - he waiwai i loaʻa i ka ikaika ia ma luna o kanaka a me ka holoholona. He aha ka i ka hopena?

1. Alahula mau hopena mea i loko o ka'emi'ōnaehana, i ka pau ana o ke aʻalolo keena, synapses, neurotransmitter keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Ma ka ikepili mau mea o ke kino okoa pūʻulu alkaloids hana e like kiaha dala, psychotropics, reflex ano, antitussives, stimulants, narcotic, analgesics. Wā hoʻohana pono no ka 'inikua hana ua pololei dosed a me ka pololei, i kēia mau' ole i pono. Naʻe, ka mea liilii loa overdose ke alakai i ka mea nui a me ka lono kaumaha hopena.
2. I ka hana ma luna o ka mea'ōnaehana mānowai koko'ōnaehana - Anati-arrhythmic, iaono? Ienoai koko holo, antispasmodic, hypotensive, choleretic.

Inā ma ka muli o alkaloid ai 'i hoʻohana inappropriately me kaʻaeʻana i ka mea e pono laʻau heluna paha, hiki i ka mea kēia:

• hoʻopōʻino hihiʻo a me ka hālāwai hoʻolohe manaʻo;
• naehana hanu ole, umauma tightness;
• pōniuniu, nausea, ka luaʻi;
• kahe ana ke koko;
• maloo waha;
• he oi mahuahua ana a me ka emi ana i loko o ke koko,;
• loa kaʻapu kōheoheo make.

A nui loa o na alkaloids i loko o kā lākou physiological 'ole ma luna o ke kanaka o ka make, ikaika, ma o na la convulsions a me ka make (strychnine, Morphine, belladonnin). Kekahi hapa - narcotic i huiʻia i mea 'ino. Manaʻoʻike, a me ka mea naʻau physical (nicotine i, caffeine, cocaine). No laila, i kēia mau huina lakou pono, e hele me ka lōʻihi mālama nui, a hoʻohana wale i ka'ōlelo aʻo a me ka kuhikuhi.

Ke hoʻohana i ka lapaau

Ma keia wahi mea kanu i loaʻa ka alkaloids - o ke kumu no na mea he nui laulā-pae ai ', a, ma ka mea ku ole, mahalo hana kūikawā. Ma ke kumu o ia heʻiʻo maka nō nā mea makaukau suppositories, infusions, papa, pāʻoihana ampoule. Ke hana ua nona ma ka iapaau ana o ka mea'ōnaehana mānowai koko maʻi, naehana hanu, ko mākou hopohopo nenoaiu, a hāʻule pahū wale ihola o ka noʻonoʻo 'kāna hana. No hoi no ka lapaau ana i ka digestive oihana, e like me contraceptives, oncological illnesses, e hoʻopau ka lama, a he nui 'ē aʻe like.

Iloko ona i kakauia alkaloids ma maoli?

I vivo alkaloids iloko lāʻau lapaʻau lau nahele a me nā mea kanu. I kēia ka mea, uaʻike okolo10000 inoa o kēia mau waiwai, a kokoke a pau o ia i extracted kaʻoi loa mai ka ia maka mea.

Ma māhele o ka fungi, mea koʻohune keena, līoho, echinoderms alkaloids i loaʻa. Ua extracted alkaloid i huiʻia, mai ke ano o kekahi holoholona keena, akā, ka mea, uaʻuʻuku lākou.

Penei, eia kahi mea akaka i ka iniiaiie wale mai ana, inexhaustible kumu o kēia mau waiwai no ka 'inikua hana, kanaka ke ola, ka hana - e kanu i loaʻa alkaloids.

lāʻau kanu

He aha nō kēia mau mea kanu? Ka mea, eia, ma ka mea, he nui ka hōʻike a pau. Eia naʻe, e hiki inoa i ka loa, he pono ole, a pinepine ia ma ka ke kanaka.

1. Ragwort ploskolistny - alkaloid platifillin a me ka senetsifillin - kiaha dala a me ka spasmolytic ia ma ke kino, hoʻohana 'ia no ka ho okumu ana e like medicaments.
2. Belladonna sylvestris mai o ka ohana Solanaceae. He nui loa no ka lapaau mea kanu. Belladonna alkaloids - atropine a me ka belladonnin. Hoomakaukau nānā 'ana i mea uliuli a pau nā mea hoʻohui hoʻoulu i ka Central ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana, hoʻoulu ka noʻonoʻo a me ka physical haʻawina, hoonui i ka hana ana a me ke ahonui. Lilo spasmolytic a analgesic hopena. Ma ke kumu o ka extract o keia mea kanu ua hookupaaia lāʻau lapaʻau kulu, tinctures a me ka ihoiho.
3. Belemʻeleʻele. Loa niho mea kanu, a pau kona wahi i noho pilikia. Alkaloids - hyoscyamine a me ka scopolamine. Hoʻohana 'ia no ka iapaau ana o neurological maʻi puʻuwai a me ka noi mai.
4. Celandine. He nui loa, he pono ole i loko o kā mākou'āina mea kanu. Naʻe, inā loaʻa alkaloids Quinolizidine, pahikarpin, saponin, termopsin a me na mea e ae. Loaʻawahia ina i hoʻohana improperly.
5. Alkaloids i mea kanu papaveraceous helu elua kakini. Keia opiuma, Morphine, narcotine, papaverine, thebaine, codeine, a me nā isoquinoline nā mea loaʻa. Lākou mau kanawai a me ka waiwai manaoia kaawale.
6. Passionflower myasokrasnaya. Ua loaʻa i ka helu o alkaloids, indole nā mea loaʻa. Ua loaʻa he ikaika kiaha dala ia.
7. Ergot. Pela i hana mai i ka moʻomeheu o keia parasite fungus e pepehi kanu o ka rai, e hoʻohana i ka paka i ka alkaloids ikaika. Ua ergotamine a me ka ergometrine, a me kekahi 18? Ueo. Hoʻohana 'ia ma ka lapaau (oi loa aku hoi ma ka gynecology).
8. Rauwolfia serpentine - na aa o keia mea kanu no oi ma mua o 50 alkaloids, hoʻohana 'ia no ka iapaau ana o ka mea'ōnaehana mānowai koko maʻi, me hypertension.

Lau nahele a me nā mea kanu - he mea nui 'āpana o kēia lapaau. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ka hapanui o nā huahana synthesized ua nānā 'ana ma luna o maoli maka mea. Ka mea, i ua hoʻohana hope kahiko, aʻaʻole i lilo lākou pilina i kānaka i kēia lā. Ma ke kue, ma manawa, kanaka he nui eager e ike, a makaikai i ka ke keʻena haku mele 'ana o ia mau mea kanu i ka mea ia ia kekahi mea nui, i kekahi mea e kōkua ke hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia ana o na mea he nui maʻi ka maʻi, e loaʻa.

Ka loa, he pono ole alkaloid

Ka poe manaoia e e he derivative o ka opiuma - codeine. He hiki ke kālā līkaia no kūikawā Nine Inch reactions o Morphine. Ke hoʻohālikelike i ka la mahope, ia mea i pakele i ka hana, me ka pahee hana. Eia naʻe, ma ka laulā me ka analgesic, antitussive, kiaha dala lāʻau iʻoi aku ma mua o ia o ka Morphine a opiuma iho.

Nolaila, codeine-ka nānā 'ana ai' i nui loa, he pono ole ka laau lapaau, a ua hoʻohanaʻia e kanaka o nā'āina. Na wale i kaupalena '- ia Aloha laʻau heluna. It E e hoʻohana wale ma luna o ka'ōlelo aʻo, a ma lalo o 'inikua hooponopono.

Opium a me kona alkaloids

Opiates - me ka laau lapaau a me ka kemika kapa a pau i ka opiuma alkaloids, a hiki e mai o ia kaʻawale, a synthesized ka nānā 'ana ma luna o laila. He aha ka pilina o ka? Eia naʻe, ka mea, i kēia manawa aneane kela kanaka keia kanaka i ka lehelehe, a me ka mai i mau i ke kaulana maikai, a me ka poe pono, ka pololei noi. Mau mea alkaloids, e like me:

• Morphine;
• papaverine;
• heroin;
• codeine.

I ka lapaau, e hoʻohana i kēia mau waiwai like antitussives, analgesics, kiaha dala. Codeine-ka nānā 'ana i hana mai i ka helu o ka lapaʻauʻia no ke anu i loko o nā keiki.

Eia naʻe, i huiʻia e like me ka opiuma, a heroin, e hoʻohana ole wale no ka lāʻau lapaʻau hana, akā, no hoi me ke kaumaha wai ai '. Ka mea, i mea weliweli kaukaʻi o ke kanaka kino, a ma manawa hiki i ka poino nui e ola, i na ola o kanaka.