Nā pūnaewele hōkū: nomenclature a me ka ho'ohui'ana

'O ka pūnaewele hōkū (Greek heteros kekahi,'o ka hope'elua) he papa o ka pūnaewele kālaika olapili kahi e ho'opili'ia ai me nā kumulā'au carbon, a he mau'ano kekahi o nā mea'oko'a'ē a'e, i kapa'ia heteroatoms: oxygen (e like me ka furan a pyran), ka hauumoku (pyrrole a pyridine) ), Sulfur (thiophene, thiophenaldehyde, thiopiran, thiazole), selenium (selenophene), etc.

Ho'okumu'ia nā kinipōpili e'elua a'oi a'e paha o nā kumuma kalapona, a me nā heteroatoms. Wahi a ke kumu o Bayer, hiki ke kau'ia nā heterocycles mauka i ka wā o ka ho'ololi'ia'ana o nā hilahila o nā ohua ke holo kekona,'o ia ka mea li'ili'i loa mai ke kihi 109 ° 28 '. Eia kekahi la'ana,'o nā kaheterocyclic composite me nā tétéomial heterocycles me ke kahe nui'ana o 24 ° 44 '(ethylene oxide, ethylene oxide a me ethyleneimine) ka mea ma'a'ole.

Ho'onui ākea nā'ano kuhihewa. 'O kēia mau mea kēia me nā amino acids (tryptophan, carnosine, histidine), imino acids (proline a hydroxyproline), purine (adenine a guanine) a me pyrimidine (thymine, uracil a me cytosine) kumu, mea waiwai biologically o mea ola (heme, hemin chlorophyll), alkaloids caffeine a me ka atropine), antibiotics (penicillin, gramicidin C, streptomycin), lapaʻauʻia (norsulfazol a me ka caffeine), sulfonamides (norsulfazol, streptocid), ke aloha nā'uheheʻe (pyridine), carbohydrates, nukelea nāʻakika, nā polokina, hormones, nā wikamina, a me na mea he nui 'ē aʻe Nā mea nui.

Ka ho'olaha'ana o nā pūnaewele ho'ohui

Na Mea Maluna Ua ma muli o ka 'ole o heterocycles i loko o kona lātoma a kalapona nā'ātoma i palapala hoopaa i ka heteroatom (hetero) a me ka hydrogen nā'ātoma. Ho'oka'awale'ia nā hua'ōlelo a me nā mea ho'ohālike i nā hui ma muli o ka helu o nā mana e ho'ohālike i ka'ōlohelohe ('ekolu-,'ehā, elima, aono mau helu, a pēlā aku). I kēlā me kēia hui, aia nā pū'ulu like'ole me ho'okahi,'elua, a'ekolu paha heteroatoms.

Ua kapa'ia nā pūnaewele hōkū i ka nui o nā mea e like me ka inoa o ka inoa (pyridine, pyrrole, acridine). Mai ka mōʻaukala inoa i hanaʻia inoa kā lākou nā mea loaʻa (pyridine-4-carboxylicʻakika methylpyridine). No ka hō'ike'ana i ke kūlana o nā mea like, ua helu'ia nā mana o nā heterocycles. Helu ua lawe mai ma ka hetero nā'ātoma a Kû ka Greek palapala o ka Hawaiʻi, e hoʻomaka ana mai o ka kokoke kalapona'Ātoma me ka heteroatom -, alpha, Hoʻokolohua, gamma, etc.

'O ka pūnaewele hōkū: nomenclature

Ke ho'oili'ana i ka pūnaele heterocyclic e like me ka IEPAC nomenclature,'o ka helu o nā mana ma ka heterocycle, kona'ano, kahi ho'okomo o nā mea like'ole a me nā mea'ē a'e (e like me ke'ano o ka furfural i kapa'ia'o furan-2-carbaldehyde). Kapa'ia nā inoa o ka pūpū heterocyclic i ka wehewehe'ana i nā'ano no ka ho'omākaukau'ana, nā waiwai a me nā waiwai.

No nā'ano heterocycles e komo ana i nā'ōpiopio (e like me ka mea, ethylene oxide), nā anhydrides o ka waipa'au'onika carboxylic i ho'opa'a'ia, a pēlā aku. 'O ka pa'a o nā heterocycles i'ike mua'ia ma muli o ka helu o nā mana kalapona ma ka mole o ka heterocycle, ka heteroatom iho a me kona wahi ma ka heterocycle. 'O ka mea li'ili'i loa he heterocyclic composite,'o ia ho'i nā'ekolu a me'ehā mau huaka'i, a hiki ke'oki'ia a lilo i mau pū'ona acyclic. He nui nā pūtele heterocyclic, he mau pa'a nā holokū o kā lākou mau molecule, e like me ke kahe o ka pūnene benzene. 'O lākou nā kumumana'o nui o nā'ano bio-composite i'oi loa i ka waiwai, ka lā'au lapa'au a me nā lā'au lapa'au.

Ke komika o ka waehu heterocyclic

'O nā kinikō'au o nā mea'elima (thiophene a me nā mea ho'ohālike) heterocycles no ka hiki'ana o kahi pūnaewele koho pilopes i ko lākou mole, kahi e ho'onui ai i kā lākou mea hi'ona. Ke ho'ohālikelike'ia me benzene,'o ka thiophene ke komo aku i ka ho'ololi'ana i ka ho'ololi.