Animals i loko o ka lepo. lepo poʻe e noho ana a me kā lākou ka hoʻololiʻana i ke kaiapuni

I ka Honua i hana eha ka papa kuhikuhiE leho: lewa, hydrosphere, biosphere a me ka lithosphere. A pau o ia i pili loa interconnected like lunamakaainana biospheric honua wahī - holoholona, mea kanu, microorganisms - hiki ole nei me ka ho okumu i 'ona e like me ka wai a me ka oxygen.

Like pono me ka lithosphere, lepo uhi, a me ka hohonu papa, hiki ole nei ma ka hoʻokaʻawale. I loko nō o ka mea i hiki ole ke ike ia me ka maka kapa ole, o ka lepo ua hoolahaia'ku [na kanaka loa densely. I wale nō mea e noho ana i loko o ka mea, aole ia e ola! Like kekahi meaola e noho ana, ka mea hoi e pono ai ka wai a me ka lewa.

He aha holoholona e noho i loko o ka lepo? Pehea ka mea, he aha ka mea kona ho okumu, a pehea e ke hakuloli i keia kaiapuni? Ma kēia mau a me nā nīnau mākou ho'āʻo e pane i loko o kēia 'atikala.

He aha nō i ka lepo?

Lepo - ia mea wale nō i nā lālā luna, loa pāpaʻu, ahu iho aha i ka lithosphere. Kona hohonu, hele a puni 1-1.5 m. A laila, hoʻomaka he loa okoa, ahu iho i loko i ke kahe groundwater.

Ia mea, no ka luna momona, ahu iho o ka aina - ka mea, o ka loa wahi e noho ai o kekahi mau ano, nui like 'ole a me nā hakakā o ka ai meaola a me nā mea kanu. Lepo o ka kaianoho koholā o na holoholona ka nui loa kona waiwai a me ka nohona.

Kēia mall hapa o ka lithosphere loli aʻe. Ho okumu ana o ka lepo, ahu iho hilinaʻi nui ma luna o na mea he nui aʻe, kuhikuhi ma ka Ambient olelo o ke kaiapuni. No laila, i keʻano o ka lepo (topsoil) kekahi OAOOUIEeE:

1. Podzolic a me ka ho'āno-podzolic.
2. Black honua.
3. Ho'āno.
4. Bog.
5. Podzolic-bog.
6. Malts.
7. Floodplain.
8. Salt wahi lepo wai.
9. Oho nahele-hehi.
10. Salt palu ai nā'īlio.

ua haawi wale i ka wahi o Rusia kēia Mea Maluna. Ma nā'āina, âinapuni, māhele o ke ao nei ma laila i nāʻano o nā soils (one, palolo, Artic tundra, humus, a no laila, ma luna).

Nō hoʻi, a pau o ka lepo lauwili i loko o Nine Inch haku mele 'ana, a me ka ona mau ea saturation. Mau nā hoailona ĸokoĸa ana nä pane a hilinai ma ka helu o nā kūlana (no ka laʻana, ka mea e loli ai i na holoholona i loko o ka lepo, a e e kūkā mai ma lalo nei).

Pehea nō i ka aina a me ka mea kokua ia i loko o kēia?

Nā kêia kanaka a ke kamaaina e alakai mai i ke ano o ke ola ma luna o mākou Honua. He ke kahua o ke ola nenoai, a hoomaka ae la i ka lohi, ana ho okumu a me ka hoʻoponopono '-ano hou ana lepo substrates.

Ma muli o kēia ike, hula ola meaola kekahi kūlana ma ka lepo ho okumu. He aha ka mea? Holo nōhie, i kēia kūlana ua kaupalena i ka aaioee o ke aloha 'ona na i loko o ka lepo, a me kona enrichment me ka mea pōhaku kumu mua. Ua mea i ka hemohemo, a hoʻoikaika aeration. Loa maikai e pili ana ia i ka 1763, ua palapala M. V. Lomonosov. Ua i ka mea nana mua? Aaeaaaaony i ka māmala'ōlelo no ka pono o ka lepo ua hanaʻia ma muli o ia i ka make o ka poe ola mea.

Ma waho aʻeo ia na hana lawe ma luna o na holoholona a me nā mea kanu ma ka lepo ma luna o kaʻili kai, he mea nui ololi i loko o ke kahua o ka topsoil ka pōhaku. Ua mea, mai kā lākou mauʻano likeʻole, e nui hilinaʻi ma luna o ke 'ano o ka lepo.

pāʻani nō hoʻi i ke kūlana a me abiotic aʻe :

• malamalama;
• humidity;
• ana wela.

E like me ka hopena, e hoʻokō 'ia ma lalo o ka aoao o abiotic aʻe i nā pōhaku, a ola microorganisms ma ka lepo decompose holoholona, a koe kanu, hoʻololi' ana i ke aloha 'ona i loko o ka mea pōhaku. Kēia hualoaʻa ma ka kekahi ahu iho la ka momona lepo type. Ma kēia hihia, na holoholona e ola ma lalo o ka honua (e like, ilo, nematodes,ʻiole) i kona aeration, 'o ia hoʻi, ka oxygen saturation. Kēia Ua hooko ma ka hemohemo a me ke ana aaioee o ka lepo (particles).

Animals a me nā mea kanu a pau e hāʻawi aku i ka lepo ke aloha ia mea. Microorganisms, protozoa, a me unicellular fungi līoho mea ua hoʻokō 'a ua hoohuliia mai i loko o ka makemake ke ano o ka mea pōhaku kumu mua. Ilo, nematodes a me nā holoholona hou i hooholoia ma ka lepo (particles), ma ia ho okumu i ka ke aloha mea hoʻomomona - vermicompost.

I ka hopena o ia i hana soils mai pōhaku i ka hopena o ka lōʻihi mōʻaukala wā o ka manawa ma lalo o ka aoao o abiotic aʻe, a kōkua i hoʻolako 'ia i nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu e ola i loko o ia mau mea.

Lepoʻike makaʻole honua

A nui kūlana ole wale i loko o ke kahua o ka lepo, akā, i loko o ke olaʻana o nā mea a pau nā mea ola pāʻani he wahi mea i lilo i ka pauʻike makaʻole honua o ka lepo. ʻO wai lā e ka mea e komo i loko?

Mua, ka mea hookahi-aa? Līoho, a me ka fungi. Fish hiki ke hōʻike 'Chytridiomycetes oihana, Deuteromycetes a me kekahi' elele o ka Zygomycetes. Limu E e kaulana fitoedafonov no ko ka omaomao a me ka uliuli-uliuli līoho. Ka huina kaupaona ana o kēia mau mea ma luna o 1 aa, ec eioi o ka lepo mea ma kahi o 3100 kg.

Ka lua, ka lehulehu anakahi iki-meaola, koʻohune a me kēia mau holoholona i loko o ka lepo, e like me ka mea simplest. Ka huina nui o ke ola nenoai ma 1 aa o ka lepo mea ma kahi o 3100 kg. Ka papa kūlana o ka hookahi-aa? Meaola ua hoemi ia i ka aaioee a me ka decomposition o ke aloha residues o ka mea kanu a me ka holoholona kumu.

Ka loa, he pono ole o kēia mau meaola nā:

• rotifers;
• na lepeta;
• amoeba;
• centipedes symphyla;
• ProTour;
• springtails;
• diplura;
• uliuli-omaomao līoho;
• uliuli unicellular līoho.

He aha holoholona e noho i loko o ka lepo?

I ka poe i noho ma ka lepo invertebrates i na kēia:

1. Small crustaceans (Crustacea) - ma kahi o 40 kg / Kai
2. Nā mea kolo a me kā lākou larvae - 1,000 kg / Kai
3. Nematodes a me roundworms - 550 kg / Kai
4. E ikuwa ana, a slugs - 40 kg / Kai

Ia holoholona e noho ana ma ka lepo, he mea nui. Ko lakou waiwai me ka nānā 'ia e hana, e hele ana oukou ma ka lepo popo palaoa, a kūhohonu loa ia lakou me ke aloha waiwai, ho okumu i ka vermicompost. Ko lākou kūlana mea i hemohemo ka lepo, ka hoʻomaikaʻi i ka oxygen ma saturation a me ka pili ana voids i i piha me ka lewa a me ka wai, ai ka hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono a me ka fertility o ke keena aina, ahu iho.

mea holoholona e noho i loko o ka lepo e noonoo. Ka mea hiki ke maheleia i mau hoailona ia mea:

• paʻa nā kupa;
• manawa e noho ana.

No ka paʻa nā kupa o vertebrate mammals, no ko ka ka holoholona ao o ka lepo, e kameleona iole, kameleona voles, zokor a me marsupial iole. Kā lākou mea nui mea e malama i lako na kaula, no ka mea, ka mea e paʻa kūhohonu loa lepo nā mea kolo, e ikuwa ana, clams, slugs, a no laila, ma luna o. A me ka lua o ka manaʻo - Ua eli ana i ka lōʻihi, aʻanuʻu ala, i hiki i ka lepo pulu loa a me ka lako me ka oxygen.

? Aiaiiuie kamaaina., No ko ka na? Aaoa o ka lepo, me ka hoʻohana 'ia wale no ka manawa pōkole puuhonua, e like me ka rula, me he wahi e kau i ko lakou larvae a me ka pūnaewele Mau holoholona nā:

• jerboa;
• squirrels;
• ili;
• 'ūhini lele me;
• cockroaches;
• nā rodents.

Adaptations o ka aina e noho ana

E noho i loko o ia o ka pilikia 'ia, ka lepo, na holoholona pono i ka helu o kūikawā adaptations. Ma hope o nā mea a pau o ke kino ai 'ano o ka meakino manoanoa, uaua a me ka malokislorodnaya. Eia hou kekahi,ʻaʻole loa he malamalama, he mea he lōpū nui o ka wai. Maoli ai, e pono e e hiki ke hakuloli i ke ia ana.

No laila, na holoholona e noho i loko o ka lepo ma manawa (i loko o ka papa o evolutionary keʻano o ka hanaʻana) ua loaa ka penei hiʻona:

• loa ke olonā nui like 'ole, e hoʻopiha wahi hakahaka ma waena o ka lepo (particles) ihola i laila a me ka oluolu manaʻo nei ke (koʻohune, protozoa, koʻohune, rotifers, crustaceans);
• 'ōlewa ke kino a me ka loa ikaika musculature - ia e pōmaikaʻi ai no ka holo i loko o ka lepo (a Hoʻohana a ilo);
• hana e ka hoʻokemu o oxygen mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka wai a me ha ma ke kino 'ilikai (koʻohune, nematodes);
• ola kalapona oia hoi o ka larval ke kahua, ma ka mea pono a me ka malamalama, aole hoi ona mau, aole hoi ka mana (insect larvae, likeʻole'ūhini lele me);
• nui na holoholona i adaptations i loko o ka palapala o ka mana burrowing lala me ka ikaika manamana e ka mea oluolu i hemo mai ma ka lōʻihi, aʻanuʻu tunnels lola honua (iole, shrews,ʻili, a laila, ma luna o);
• ma mammals ua pono ulu ano o ka honi akā,ʻaneʻane kaawale hihio (iole zokor, kameleona iole, spepushonki);
• Hoʻoponopono kino kinona, he anuanu,'opihia, me ka paa-pono pōkoleʻoʻoleʻa für.

Pau kēia mau mea i hana 'ano kūpono no laila, i nā holoholona i loko o ka lepo haha aku iʻoi aku ma mua o ka poʻe e noho ana ma ka honua-lewa i hoʻolilo' ia, a malia paha he maikaʻi.

Ke kūlana o ka? Aneie pūʻulu o ka aina e noho ana ma ke ano maoli

I ka papa kuhikuhiE? Aneie pūʻulu o ka aina e noho ana manaoia e e.

1. Geobionty. Me ka Poeikohoia o keia pae - i na holoholona no i ka lepo o ka loa e noho ai wahi. Ua hele a pau o ko lākou ola kalapona ma ka huipūʻana me ke kumu o nui keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike: earthworms, mnogohvostki, tailless, diplura, protura.
2. Geophiles. Kēia pūʻulu nā holoholona no i ka lepo kūpapakū ka paa i kekahi o nā kūlana o kona ola pōʻaiapuni. No ka laʻana: ka pupae o nā mea kolo,'ūhini, he nui'ūhini lele me, weevils, makika.
3. Geox. ? Aneie pūʻulu o na holoholona no i ka lepo -? Aiaiiuie e malumalu ai, he puʻuhonua, he wahi o ke kau a me ka? Aneii. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike: nui nā'ūhini lele me, nā mea kolo, a pau burrowing holoholona.

I ka ohi ana a pau na holoholona i loko o kēlā me kēia pūʻulu mea nui i kekahi hapa o ka pono lako kaula. Eia hou kekahi, i ko lakou ikaika, e ola e hoʻoholo i ka mea e like ai o ka aina, i ko lakou samoobnovlyaemost a me ka fertility. No laila, i ko lākou kūlana mea nui, o ka oi aku ma keia la o ka honua, kahi e mahiai kumu lepo ulu ilihune, leached a kapiia lakou a pau mai ma lalo o ka aoao o Nine Inch fertilizers, pesticides a me herbicides. Animals lepo he hoʻonui i oi kokololio, a ma kona ano maoli e noho ana o momona, ahu iho ma hope loa me mechanical a me ka ho'āhewa wale Nine Inch ma ka aoao o ke kanaka.

Palapala o nā mea kanu, nā holoholona a me ka lepo

'Aʻole wale nō i ka lepo holoholona i interconnected e hana i ka hoʻomaopopo like biocenosis me kā lākou mau lako hou kaulahao a me? Aneeo niches. I mea, a pau o ka na mea kanu, holoholona a me nā anakahi iki-meaola komo i loko o ka hookahi kaiapili o ke ola. Hehe, like ka mea, hai aku ai i nā mea a pau habitats. Eia ka he mea hoʻohālike e kahaki i kēia pili.

Mauu o ke kula mauʻu a me nā mahinaʻai i kaʻai no ano honua kahi holoholona. Ka poe, ma ka huli, malama me ka ai kumu no ka Moana. I koe o ka mauu a me ke aloha 'ona mea i loko mai o ka neoneo nā huahana o na holoholona a pau, i loko o ka lepo. Eia, no ka mea, i ke kumu o ka maliuʻia microorganisms a me nā mea kolo, a nō ka detritus. Ka mea,ʻo nā mea a pau koena o decomposed, a hoohuliia mai i loko o nā minelala hao, pono no ka omo ka mea kanu. Penei, mea kanu e ko lakou mau pono eiiiiiaiou no ka ulu a me ka ulu ana.

Ma ka hapanui soils i loko o kēia anakahi iki-meaola a me nā mea kolo, rotifers,'ūhini lele me, larvae, ilo, a no laila, ma luna o lilo ai no kekahi i kekahi, a nolaila ka nui loa o ka holoʻokoʻa lako i ulanaʻia.

Penei, eia kahi mea akaka i na holoholona e noho ana ma ka lepo, a me nā mea kanu i ka noho ma luna o kaʻili kai, i ka na wahi o ke kuʻina, a me ka launa pū 'ana me kekahi i kekahi, e hana i hookahi mau lama' ana a me ka mana o ke ano.

Ilihune soils a me kā lākou poʻe e noho ana

Kapaia ilihune ka lepo, a pinepine waiho kokoke ana ma ke kanaka. ? Ieoaeunoai, kanu, nōkahea, aina reclamation - a pau keia e ho'ōla hiki aku ai i ka impoverishment o ka lepo. He aha e hiki ke ola i loko o ia mau rula o ka poʻe e noho ana? Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole he nui. Ka loa hoi i hoomanawanui i lola honua poʻe i noho ma nā koʻohune, kekahi protozoans, nā mea kolo, a me ko lakou larvae. Mammals, ilo, nematodes, uhini, punawelewele, crustaceans i loko o kēia mau soils hiki ole ola, no laila, e make paha haʻalele.

No hoi i kapa i ka ilihune ka lepo, ma a ka haʻahaʻa ka maʻiʻo o ke aloha a me ka mea pōhaku waiwai. No ka laʻana, aeʻalo one. He He kūikawā 'ia i loko o i kekahi meaola noho me lākou mau manaʻo. A i 'ole, no ka laʻana, ikaikaʻakika a me ka Saline soils hoi apo ia i ho'ākāka' wale poʻe e noho ana.

I ka like o ka lepo holoholona ma ke kula

School o Zoology papa, aole ia i hoomakaukau no ke ao o ka lepo holoholona i loko o ka kaʻawale haʻawina. Loa pinepine, ka mea, ke like ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ke theme like.

Naʻe, i loko o ke kula haʻahaʻa he mea e like me ka mea i "waho honua". Animals i loko o ka lepo e aʻo i loko o ka? Aieao o keia kumuhana i loko o nui au mamuli. Ka 'ike ua hōʻike mai iā ia e like me ka makahiki o ke keiki. Kids olelo e pili ana i 'ano, kūlana ma ke ano maoli, a kanaka oicyenoaaiiie aayoaeuiinoe, pâʻani' o ia e na holoholona i loko o ka lepo. 3 aʻo papa - ka loa e pono no keia makahiki. Children i hoʻonaʻauao lawa e aʻo i kekahi terminology, a pela i ka oi aku makewai no ka ike, i ka ike ana o na nā wahi, i ke ao o ke 'ano a me kona poʻe e noho ana.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE mea mea e e haʻawina hana hoihoi, ole-hae, e like me ka pono me informative, a laila, e alohaʻia mai lākou i nā keiki ike e like me ka huahuakai, me e pili ana i ka poʻe e noho lā ma ka lepo kaiapuni.

Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o na holoholona e noho ana ma ka lepo i hoʻolilo 'ia

E hiki anei ka hopena i loko o ka pōkole papa inoa, i Hōʻike 'o ka papa kuhikuhiE lepo poʻe e noho ana. O ka holo ana, e hana ia i piha pau, no ka mea, ua ai nui loa! Naʻe, i ka papa kuhikuhiE 'elele ho'āʻo i ka hea mai.

Animals lepo - he papa inoa o ka:

• rotifers, lepeta, koʻohune, protozoa, a me crustaceans;
• punawelewele, na uhini, nā mea kolo,'ūhini lele me, millipedes, woodlice, slugs, e ikuwa ana;
• earthworms, nematodes a me nā roundworms;
• iole, kameleona iole, kameleona voles, zokor;
• jerboa, nou, ili,ʻiole, chipmunks.