Byzantium: ka moolelo o ka ala, a haule

Ke Roman aupuni a pau, i kekahi o ka mea nui loa kahiko moku'āina me ka ho okumu, i loko o nā kenekulia mua o ko mākou au i hele ai i loko o hoole mai oia. luku lehulehu ohana, ka haʻahaʻa kahua o ka noho maikai ana, he nui o ka hooilina o ka honua kahiko. Akā, i ka mau loa City i ole destined e make: ka mea, Ua ola ae la ia ma luna o nā kapa o ka Bosphorus, a he nui na makahiki weliweli wā a me kona nani.

lua Rome

I ka moolelo o ka hanana o Byzantium pili ia i ka waena o ka III kenekulia, ka wā Roman Emperor lilo Flaviy Valery Avreliy Konstantin, Constantine I (ka Nui). I ia manawa i ka Roma moku'āina i haehaeia e na hakaka a me ka precipitated e mawaho poe enemi. Kūlana o ka hikina, i nā'āina he nui Pomaikai, a me Constantine hoʻoholo e hoʻoneʻe i ke kapikala i loko o kekahi o ia mau mea. I ka 324, ma ke kahakai o ka Bosphorus Constantinople kūkuluʻia hoomaka, a ma ka 330, oia i kūkala me ka hou ai i Roma.

Mai ka hoʻomaka o kona ola ka Byzantine aupuni a pau, a i ka mōʻaukala o ka umikumamakahi kenekulia.

O ka holo ana, e pili ana i i kūkākūkā i kekahi hale lio moku'āina palena i ia manawa. A hiki i kona ola loa, i ka mana o Constantinople ua hoʻonāwaliwaliʻia, ka mea, i akāka ai ka mana.

Justinian a Theodora

Ma na aoao, o ka moku'āina o na mea ma ka aina kaukaʻi ma ka pilikino ano o kona alii ana, i ka mau mea ano o Hawaii me ka piha aupuni mō'ī, i pili i Byzantium. I ka moolelo o kona? Acaeoey ua inextricably ua hoʻopili i ka inoa o ka Emperor Justinian I a me kana wahine, o ka Empress Theodora (527-565.) - wahine i loa kekahi, a apparently loa ia i ka manawaleʻa.

Ma ka hoʻomaka o ka V kenekulia aupuni a huli i ka meaʻuʻuku Kaiwaenahonua moku'āina, a ua i pulakaumaka no ka hou Auguseto me ka manao, e hoola i ka mua nani:ʻo ia lanakila nui nā panalāʻau e ma ke West, ua loaʻa i pili i ka malu a me Peresia ma ka Hikina.

Mōʻaukala o ka Byzantine moʻomeheu ua inextricably ua hoʻopili i ke au o ka noho alii ana o Justinian. He mahalo i kona mālamaʻana i kēia lā, he kia hoʻomanaʻo i ka wa kahiko kuhikuhipuʻuone, me ka Hale Pule Isalama Hagia Sofia ma Kou, a me ka Ekalesia o San Vitale ma Ravenna. Kekahi o ka loa pepeiaohao nui e piʻi like o ka Auguseto kakaolelo manaoio i ka codification o Roma kānāwai, a lilo iho la ia i ke kumu o ka loio i nenoai o nā'āinaʻEulopa he nui.

medieval oi aku

? Ieoaeunoai a me ka pau ole kaua koi, alahula mau hoolilo. Emperor endlessly kukulu hou auhau. Ke kaiāulu kanaka, Ua ulu eha ma ka naau. Ma Ianuali 532, iloko o ka hanana o ke Auguseto ma ka Hippodrome (ka mea like o ke kahua pâʻani, a hiki lawa 100 tausani. People), haunaele wawahi mai, nui i loko o ka nui-me ka unahiʻole haunaele. Ua kauoha aku e uhi i ka kaua kipi o ka launaʻole brutality: na kipi e hoohuli e hele mai i ka Hippodrome, me he mea no ke kūkā ', laila, ki i ka puka, a pepehi iho la kela mea keia mea.

Prokopiy Kessariysky mau moʻolelo e pili ana i ka make ana o 30 tausani kanaka. Ua mea noteworthy i ka lei o ka Auguseto i kana wahine Theodora, i iho la hoomaopopoia Justinian makaukau e holo i pakele ai i ka hoʻomau i ke kaua, i ka i ana ia i ka makemake o nā make, e pakele ai, "i ke alii mana -. He nani lāʻau malumalu"

I ka 565, ke aupuni a komo pū māhele o Suria, ka Balkans, Italy, Greece, Palesetine, Asia Minor, a me ka'ākau kahakai o Africa. Akā, pau ole, kaua loli i ka moku'āina o ka aina he kūlana. Ma hope iho o ka make ana o Justinian hoomaka i ka mokuna hou, e emi.

"Teselonike i pakebona"

Ka 867 a hiki i ka mana Vasily I, i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka Teselonike i nohoaliʻi ai, i ola a hiki i 1054. Kēia au moʻolelo i kapa aku ai i ka "Teselonike i pakebona" a ua manaoia i ka kiʻekiʻe flowering o ka medieval moku'āina o ko ke ao nei, a ma ka manawa i ka Byzantine aupuni a pau.

i kekahi o ka loa ano hiʻona o ka kuwaho o Constantinople kekahi mikionali: Ka moolelo o ka holomua moʻomeheu a me ka haipule? anoe o ka hikina mai Roman aupuni a pau, maopopo loa ai i nā mea a pau i ka Huiia o Hawaiian Eulopa. He mahalo i ka aoao o ka Byzantine aupuni a pau ma ka Hikina aku a hiki i ka lālā o ke Karistiano, a, ma hope o ka ekalesia mahae i ka 1054 lilo orthodoxy.

Europa moÿomeheu kapikala o ke ao nei

Ke Art o ka hikina mai Roma aupuni a pau i pili loa aku i ka hoʻomana. Eia naʻe, i loko o kekahi mau kenekulia o ka pili a me ka hoʻomana waiwai hiki ole ae ina (i kapaʻia ai ka neʻeʻana iconoclasm) i ka hoomana ana i kapu kiʻi o ka hoomanakii. I ke kaʻina hana i lukuia i ka nui helu o nā kiʻi, a me nā frescoes mosaics.

Loa ka pilikia moʻolelo aupuni a pau Arts Byzantium ma kona ola ana, ua heʻano o ke kahu o ka moʻomeheu kahiko, a ka pilina i ka laha ana o kahiko Greek moʻokalaleo ma Italy. Kekahi mau moʻolelo manaʻo i ka mea pili no ka mea, o ke ola o ka New Roma, i hiki i ka pakebona.

Iloko o ka noho alii ana o ka Teselonike i nohoaliʻi o ka Byzantine aupuni a pau e hoʻokele i ka neutralize i ka papa kuhikuhiE poe enemi elua o ka moku'āina: ka Arabia ma ka hikina, a me Pulakalia i ke kūkulu'ākau. Mōʻaukala ma luna o ka mea hope lanakila mea kilakila. E like me ka hopena o ka haohao kaua ma luna o ka enemi a hiki i ka Auguseto Basil II e hoʻokele i paʻa 14.000 pio. He Ua kauoha e hūnā ai ia lakou, a koe no kekahi maka wale na haneri, alaila, e hele aku ana o mutilated kanaka i ka hale. Ike ana i kona mau makapo poe koa, i ka Bulgarian Tsar Samuil waiho wale aku no i ka hahau ana mai a ka mea, aole loaa hou ai. Medieval oi aku, he mau nō loa.

Ma hope iho o ka make ana o Basil II, ka hope Luna o ka Teselonike i nohoaliʻi ai, i ka moʻolelo o ka haule ana o Byzantium, i lilo ai.

hai mai la i ke aumoe

I ka 1204, Constantinople mua hookuu mai ai ia ma lalo o ka hae o kaʻenemi: huhu pomaikai ole oe kai eʻe ma ka "aina i olelo mua iaʻi", ka Crusaders komo i ke kulanakauhale, hai ka hanaia'na o ka Roma aupuni a pau, a ua maheleia ae la na aina Byzantine ma waena o ka Palaniʻo Baron.

New ka hoʻonaʻauao ola lōʻihi July 51 1261 Constantinople me ka kaua i Michael VIII Palaeologus, ka mea i hai mai i ka hou o ka hikina mai Roma aupuni a pau. He hoʻokumu i ka Byzantineʻana alii iho la oia a hiki i kona haule ana, akā, ke papa ia ua nani walohia. I ka pau ana o ka moana i Emperor noho ma luna o handouts mai ka Genoese a me Venetian kalepa, a me ka hiki a he hao i ka ekalesia a me ka waiwai.

Hopu o Constantinople

Ma ka hoʻomaka o ka XIV kenekulia mai o nā panalāʻau e noho kahiko he wale Constantinople, Thessaloniki a me ka meaʻuʻuku, hoʻopuehuʻia enclaves ma ka hema Greece. Ka,ʻAʻole eʻole ho'āʻo o ka hope Byzantine Auguseto Manuel II enlist koa kākoʻo mai Western Europe he ole holomua. May 29, 1453, i lanakila ma ka lua a me ka hope manawa Constantinople.

Ottoman Suletana Mehmed II Kapa hou i ke kulanakauhale o Kou, a me ka papa kuhikuhiE Karistiano luakini o ke kulanakauhale, i ka Hale Pule Nui o St. Sophia lilo i ka Hale Pule Isalama. Me ka nalowaleʻana o ke kapikala o ke Byzantine aupuni a nalowale, a me ka mōʻaukala o ka loa mana medieval moku'āina papani iho la i ka wa pau ole.

Byzantium, Constantinople a me New Roma mai

He He hana nui, e hoike ana i ka inoa "Byzantine aupuni a pau" i waho ma hope o kona'opi: ka mua manawa ia ia lŘlŘ ma Ieronima Volfa ao mua i ka 1557. I ka manawa maopopo, i ka inoa o ke kulanakauhale o Byzantium, Constantinople, ma ka paena a i kūkulu ai. Kupa kapa ia,ʻaʻole wale nō me ka Roma aupuni a pau, a ia ia iho - Roma (Romeo).

Ka nohona ole o ka Byzantine aupuni a pau i loko o ka Europa, aina East hiki ole ke overestimated. Naʻe, ka mea mua Lūkini nä känaka 'epekema nana i hoomaka i ka noiʻi i keia medieval ana, ua Yu. A. Kulakovsky. "History o Byzantium" i ekolu puke i paʻiʻia wale nō i loko o ka kakahiaka nui iwakālua kenekulia, a uhi i ka hanana a me 359 o ka 717 o ka makahiki. Ma ka mau makahiki hope o ke ola, i makaukau e hoolaha i ka ha o ka leo o na hana kānakaʻepekema, akā, ma hope o kona makeʻana o ka puke, e loaʻa ka mea, he mea hiki ole i ka 1919.