The Golden Bulla Karla 4 o 1356. Kau hana ana o ka Uhane Roma aupuni a pau

Czech ka pua me ka hōʻeaʻana mai o King Charles IV. O ka holo ana, ke Gula bipi - ia mea he mea nui hana, akā, ia mea,ʻaʻole ka mea wale nō kekahi.

Ua Ua superbly hoʻonaʻauao kanaka. He aloha poetry, pili mau hoa me Petrarch, poeko i ka elima Europa, 'ōlelo. I mea no ke aha la Charles IV kokua mai, e hookupaa i loko o Palaka archiepiscopal noho, a wehe i ka mua kulanui i loko o kēia wahi oʻEulopa.

Mark ma ka moʻolelo

Czech Repubalika Ua piha o Ewa, kahua pili i na hana o Charles IV, - ke alii o Bohemia, ka mea i lilo ia Auguseto o ka Uhane Roma aupuni a pau. Kēia a me ka mea kaulana Spa kūlanakauhale Karlovy lauwili, a me ka hale käkela ma Hradcany a me ka Charles Bridge ma ka Vltava a me ka hale käkela Karlštejn.

Koa paipai aʻo kai eʻe kokoke i pono, a hoonani aku la lakou i ka Auguseto i ole destined ia ia me he aokanaka aʻe a kūkulu o Laielohelohe ia ia i mea 'ē aʻe. Ka inoa o ka haipule o nā mea noʻeau, a me nā sciences hookamaia Gold bipi oiaio palapala me ka gula palapala i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke ao nei.

e hoomaka ana

Carl i hānau i loko o kaʻohana aliʻi i loko o Palaka. Kona makua kāne - John i ka Wa - i waho, mai ka Lukemapuka aliʻi hale, a me kona makuwahine - Eliška - ke kaikamahine a ke alii Vaclav II. He ulu i loko o ka lewa o ka mea i aloha ai, neʻeʻana, smyshlonym, 'ike.

Karl ua laki i ka noiʻi i loko o Farani ma ke alo o Philip VI i loko o ka wā e hiki mai Pope Clement VI - he loa hoʻonaʻauao ke kanaka, he devotee nui o ka mōʻaukala, a me nā mea noʻeau, sciences. I ka makahiki o ka umikumamalima, Charles i mua hoomaka e hoomalu aku i ka moku'āina, mua makua ao mai ai ia ia Lukemapuka, laila Moravia, a ma hope o ka make ana o kana keiki haʻalele i ka holoʻokoʻa Czech Repubalika.

E like ma mua o ka poni ana o Karl ana no, a ua pono hoi ia i ka hoʻokumu o ka hou Crown,ʻikeʻia ma lalo o ka inoa o St. Wenceslas. ʻO ia ka lawelaweʻia, a hoʻokumu i ka hou - ka mea, hoomaka iho la ia ma Visegrad, a laila, i ka huakai hoʻoneʻe ikaika akuʻoe ma ka Old Town Square ma Palaka Castle ma ka Vltava. Ka ahaaina ua pau na kanaka i deservedly a puni pepehi i ka hou ke aliʻi, ma hope kapa ana ia ia i ka makua kāne o ka motherland. 'Aʻole wale nō o ka Lepupalika akā, i ka pau ana o' Eulopa Czech i manao ai i ka lokomaikai o ka noho alii ana o Charles IV.

hanaia'na

Iloko o ka noho alii ana o Charles ua hiki ke uku aku i nā mea a pau ka oihana o onei i literally i loko o ka mohalaʻana, a no ia mea, i ole ole i ke kaua i ke aliʻi loa e lawe ka mana i loko o ko lākou mau lima. Peacetime - lokomaikai no hoʻokiwikā kūpono 'ana, i ke kulanui o ka hoʻokumuʻo, kūkuluʻia o nā hale a me nā alanui, e hooho ana i ka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka Mahiai (French Lorraine hua waina, a plums i loko o ka Lepupalika Czech - ia mea loa i ka makaʻu o Charles).

Eia hou,ʻo ia i ka Vltava navigable haumāna loko iʻa no ka iʻa mahiʻai. A pau i Karl i hana ai, a hiki paʻakikī i kēia heluna o. Eia naʻe,ʻo ia heluhelu wale i ka hailona, i kākau i ka moʻolelo pono'ī nova iho no ka moʻolelo.

Auguseto

Mawaena o Europa mō'ī Charles nanea ke kiʻekiʻe kaulana me ka pāʻoihana, a he pono alii kiaaina,ʻaʻole combative. A ina paha e hana aku ia ia ia Auguseto? Sacred Roman aupuni a i ole kū'ē. A, o ka mea manaʻo paha i hele mai ai me kāna kumu aʻo - Pope Clement, ua noho ma luna o ka noho aliʻi ma Avignon. Kēia haumāna nei i ka hewa,ʻaʻole i kākoʻo.

Hana hoʻokahi wale nō maluhia mea, Karl ua steadily hoʻonuiʻia aku ona. Ma ke kūʻaiʻana i ka waiwai ma Silesia, Thuringia, Saxony, oia hoʻoikaika i ka mana ma ka ai pili aku e pili aina. Pela no ia mea a ua hoʻowalewaleʻia maiʻo Luzatsiya Margravate Brandenburg. Ka hihia i hele ai a pau akā, i nuku mai: ke kūʻaiʻana, aelike, mare.

Ke aupuni uaʻike piʻi ka aneiai mea hoʻonui i neia wa ÿole ÿia hoÿi ikaika. Ku ae la a ka pua i ka waina, a me ka eanie? Koʻa, kalepa a me ka akamai. Ka mana aliʻi i hoʻoikaika, a me keia ua steadily. Eia naʻe, Carl, a laila, i ole makemake e e hanana lawe lākou mau papa.

ka Golden bipi

I ka papa kuhikuhiE Pahuhopu o ke alii Czech ua e hooikaika i ke aupuni ma ka pili ana hou kanawai. Golden bipi kāne i ka 1356, a lilo iho la ia i ka palapala i ke kālā no a manawa hana i loko o ka palena o ke aupuni.

Ma kekahi, ka mea, ua ho'ākāka 'ia ma ma ka succession: ka nohoalii mau hele ana i ka makahiapo a ke aliʻi, i nā wāhine hiki ke loaa ka mana wale nō i loko o ka wa e kaawale aku o ka elele o ke kane ano. Inā ka lāhui ua papani iho la no kekahi kumu, o ka pāpale aliʻi loaʻa i ke koho ana o kaʻai. Loa sensibly a pragmatically noʻonoʻo. i hoopaa Suffrage no ka Sejm, a i ho'ākāka 'ia i loko o au mamuli o ka Golden bipi kāne i ka 1356

A hou kumukānāwai mua ka'āponoʻana kūkā mai, a alii iho la oia lōʻihi, a paakiki ma ka Reichstag ma Nuremberg a me Metz. Ua hoʻonaniʻia Finalization o ka palapala a me ke gula, a me ka sila gula hihia. Nolaila i ka inoa - ke Gula bipi. No ka mea, ua hoʻomaka iholaʻo ia ka maʻiʻo ma keia palapala waiwai ma luna o nā makahiki. He malama no a hiki i ka hopena o ka nani German aupuni a pau (a 1918!) Ke kumu kānāwai o ka hui a me ka hana ana o keia Central Europa aupuni. Kēia proves hookahi hou ana i ke Gula bipi mea maikaʻi loa.

Pono o ka mea hou kānāwai

Papal komo i loko o ke koho ana i ka luna o ka aina ua pau eliminated. Mua, i luna i ole hana mai la ia i ke kuleanaʻanuʻu, e hookaawale i ka naita ma, a ecclesiastical mana. Ua i ke Gula bipi. General ano o kona kānāwai hōʻike i HOU lawe mai i ke ola i ka hailona o ke kamaaina. Ua hoopa iho la i na aina a pau a me nā papa o ka heluna o ka medieval aupuni a pau.

Ke apono ana o ke Gula bipi i hoʻouna 'ia mua o ka hoʻokumu oihana o ka Emperor koho. Initially, ka ehiku aliʻi-koho i loko o nā koho (ekolu ecclesiastical a me ka eha naita ma) kauwahi.

The Golden Bulla Karla 4 hoʻike i ka inviolability o nā luna o ka pono a hiki i ka lani kiekie loa Aha. Aliʻi wale hiki ulu hoʻouku nā minelala hao, e dala ke kālā, e lawe i ka aoao dute a me ka hiki 'aelike ma ke kaua me nā hoalauna. A he mau koa i wale ole pono e hana aku i kona haku. Me nā mea a pau o keia kulanakauhale, ua pololei papaia e komo i loko o kekahi kuikahi. Pela States e ole conspiracies.

Koho i kaupalena i ka pono i ka ia kenekoa mahele o ka electorate, a me ka mea, ua koi 'hookupaa iho la ia i ke Gula bipi. General ano o ka palapala ma ka nīnau hōʻike i oi ma mua pono lawe malama ana o Charles IV o Bohemia maoli, i ka mea, ke Czech aupuni: ka mea nui na pono e pili ana no kēia mau aina a me ko lakou mau mea nona.

Location helehelena Golden bipi

E like me ke kapikala o ke Hemolele Roman aupuni a pau, Rome ua wale nominally, a me ka Auguseto hou aloha, e noho ma ko lakou aina - ma Palaka, Karl ua wae mai i ke kulanakauhale o Nuremberg, kahi ana i hoolilo i kona nui imperialʻai - ka ohi ana o ka mea kiekie loa hanohano ma CentralʻEulopa.

Ma laila i loaʻa i ke Gula bipi i apono ia i ka 1356. Ma Kelemania, ka mea i ole nalowale kona ikaika a hiki ma hope o ka noho male 'ana o ka Uhane Roma aupuni a pau i ka 1806. Nuremberg lilo i kekahi kikowaena kūlanakauhale i loko o ka Roma aupuni a pau: Charles IV kipa kona poe he kanalima-mau manawa, a ia ua mau he aupuni Holiday. Komo ka lawelaweʻia ua hana hoihoi a me ka lei nā mea hoʻonani o kekahi play, a noho loa Emperor a me kona alo i loko o ke kūlanakauhale kupaianaha iaʻi iho me ke ola o ka poʻe e noho ana.

I ka mea, hoʻokahi wale nō nā wahi hoihoi i pili i ka hanana e like me ua aponoia e ke Gula bipi. It Männleinlaufen - "holo Men" - delightful hola ma ka Frauenkirche, e wehe ae i kela lā i ke awakea. Mai ka puka laila hea, i nā mea hoʻokani pila, ka Auguseto, a me nā koho ehiku kaulana, a holo alaʻokoʻa ka Auguseto kulou ekolu manawa. Hana hukiʻino maila koʻokoʻo,ʻelua na kii watchmakers hoonawaliwali ai ke awakea, a me ka mea a pau huakaʻi ma ka po e huna ana ia i loko o ka huahelu. Kēia mau Hawaii a me ka manawa o Charles IV ma Nuremberg ka mea, ua nui loa na mea he nui.

Feudal fragmentation o ke kānāwai

Palena enshrined hookahi, a no ka mea a pau, i ole i ka Hemolele Roma aupuni a pau i loko o ka XIV-XV kenekulia, no ka mea, ua loli ke kaua, dynastic ka mare, a me ka hana pio e ano laulea ka oko ao variability. Akā, ia mea kaʻoi loa kēia mau kenekulia lilo i ka mea maikaʻi manawa no ka uluʻana o Kelemānia kūlanakauhale no ka ulu a me ka pomaikai o na mea a pau i ke akamai a me ka kuai.

Kulanakauhale paka nā huahana wale nō no ka iho i nā wahi kanaka. Ua, akā naʻe, he mau mea-oaio? A, o kona mau huahana e kūʻaiʻia ma ole wale i ka aina, aka, i kahi e. A lohe o Charles IV artisans i waho oi aku mamua o ke kanalima na hana, me typographic a me ka manufactory. Viticulture a me ka holoholona loaa kaumaha i loko o ka universally kupu mahiai.

concessions

Ke pili kūpono 'ana o ke aupuni a pau i loko o ka Middle Ages ke hoopaa mai kekahi luna, ka mea i hilinaʻiʻole i ka hoʻoikaika' ana i ka imperial mana, a me ka ole i ka manao o ko lākou kuko i ka hoao ana, a me ka centralization loko o ka uuku wahi.

Carl, ke kūkākūkā o ka Ahaolelo hana mua i hoʻolaunaʻia ma, o ka papa, ka mea i loko o ka mooolelo o ka makemake o ke kanaka. He paa ana i ke aupuni a pau i loko o nā lima paa, akā, mālie, i kuikahi me na Pope, a me ka lani kiekie loa aristocracy. A no kona manao kuhikuhi e pili ana i ka waiwai a me ka nohona pomaikai o ka aina waihoia mai ai ia ia. Mua - ka Czech Repubalika, a laila, i ke koena. Pela ka mea, mea loa kūpono no ka mea, ua hana na koho Kelemānia o ke Gula bipi. A mau ano o kēia wā: ka kālai'āina a me ka ia kenekoa fragmentation loaʻa i loko o ke kānāwai.

Olioli ole i ke kūlana politika o nā aupuni a pau, o ka papa, ka mea, ua. German polycracy ulia, no kekahi laʻana, i kapaʻia Gold bipi FK Schlosser. Akā, ma ka makeʻe kulana koʻikoʻi a hanohano a me ka ia hoʻomaikaʻi wehewehe i ke Gula bipi. I ka ho'ākāka 'ana ua maopopo, a kūlike loa: ka mea, o ke kumu kānāwai o ke aupuni a pau, i ae ia e ulu nui. Kekahi, a hiki aku la i keia mea i ka mua Kelemānia kumukānāwai.