Carbide: haʻilula, Noi a me ka waiwai

Ke ao nei i ike i kekahi wahi lihi iki o okoa Nine Inch i huiʻia: no ka mea o ka haneri o ka miliona. A ka mea makemake e nā mea a pau, e like kanaka, i kanaka. He mea hiki ole i ka imi waiwai elua i i, e like loa me ka Nine Inch, a physical waiwai oʻano o ka hoohalike.

Kekahi o ka loa hana hoihoi'okanikaʻole waiwai? Ueony i loko o ka malamalama keʻokeʻo i carbides. Ma keia 'atikala, e kūkākūkā mākou i kā lākou' ole, a me ka physical Nine Inch ka waiwai, i ka pono o ka iki, a ike i ka subtleties o ko lākou loaʻa. Akā, mua, he iki e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala o ka loaʻa.

moʻolelo

mea hiki ke hooheheeia carbides o ka haʻilula a mākou i hāʻawi aku ai lalo, i ole maoli i huiʻia. O ke kumu ho i ka mea i kā lākou nā lātoma kamaʻilioʻana, e decompose i ka hui 'ana me ka wai. Nolaila, e pono ke kuai ana, e kamailio e pili ana i ka hoʻololi kemikala mua o carbides.

E hoʻomaka ana mai ka makahiki 1849, aia nō i maopopo nä haumäna i ka hoʻololi kemikala o silikone carbide, nae, kekahi o keia mau hoao ana koe unrecognized. Nui-unahiʻole, i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, hoomaka ae la i ka 1893, o ka American chemist Edward Acheson iaoia i i hope kapaʻia ma hope ona.

Mōʻaukala kalipuna carbide hoʻololi kemikala mea no hoi i ka puu o kekahi 'ike. I ka 1862, ua loaa i ka German chemist Fridrih Voler, paio hahana maoli nō ka fused kiniki a me ka kalipuna me ka lanahu.

Ano, e ka neʻe ma i ka oi hana hoihoi kumuhana: Nine Inch a me physical waiwai. Ua mea i loko o ia ke moe i ka pā like o ka pono o keia ano o ka waiwai.

physical waiwai

Loa i ike okoa ia ka carbides a pau ma ko lakou paakiki. No ka laʻana, kekahi o nā puaʻa hiwa ma ka Mohs unahiʻole, i mea tungsten carbide (9 mai o 10 hiki kumu). Ma waho mau waiwai i loa refractory: hauneneʻe wela o kekahi o ia mau tausani degere ihoiho.

Ka hapanui o carbides chemically inert a pāʻani aku me kekahi poe he uuku o ka waiwai. Ka mea, i ole wailana i loko o kekahi nā'uheheʻe. Naʻe, i ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN hiki ke noonoo ma ka mea hoʻoheheʻeʻia me ka wai, i ka make ana o ka mea paa a me ka ho okumu ana o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia hydroxide a me ka hydrocarbon.

About ka hope naoh, a he nui nā mea hana hoihoi Nine Inch reactions pili i carbides e e kūkākūkā i ka lalo nei.

Nine Inch mall

Aneane pau carbides pāʻani aku me ka wai. Kekahi - hoopuni, a me ka paio hahana maoli nō (no ka laʻana, kalipuna carbide), a me kekahi (e laʻa me, Karbid Kremniya) - wai ka ohu, i ka wa wela i ka 1800 degere. Reactivity pela hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke 'ano o ka' ōlelo i loko o ka mix, a mākou e kūkākūkā hope. Ma ka naoh me ka wai, e paka kekahi mau hydrocarbons. Kēia ia lŘlŘ no ka mea, o ka hydrogen na i loko o ka wai, ua pili i ka kalapona ma o ka carbide. E maopopo mea hana hydrocarbon (e like me ke hiki mai i ka ke kaupalenaʻana, a me ka unsaturated hui), he mea hiki, ma muli o ka valence o ke kalapona na i loko o ka hoʻomakaʻia. No ka laʻana, ina mākou i ke kalipuna carbide, nona ka haʻilula o CaC _2, ke ike i ka mea loaʻa ka C ₂ ^2- ion. Nolaila, he mea hiki ke paʻa mau hydrogen ion me ka uku ole +. Pela, ua loaa i ka hui C ₂ H ₂ - acetylene. Ma ke Pela no hoi, mai ka hui e like me Aluminum carbide, nona ka haʻilula Al ₄ C _3, ua Ch _4. No ke aha la i C ₃ H _12, e noi aku ai? Ma hope o ka ion i ke kauoha o ka 12. Ka mea i ua paa ka manao o ka i kā mākou helu o ka hydrogen nā'ātoma ma ka haʻilula 2n + 2 kahi N - helu o ke kalapona nā'ātoma. Nolaila, wale i ka hui o ka haʻilula C ₃ H ₈ (propane) e nei me ka ion me ka uku ole 12 Falls i loko o ekolu ion me ka uku ole 4, a paka, ka wā hui me protons methane lātoma.

Mea mau carbides'okesaside naoh. Ka mea, ke'ākoʻakoʻa like me nā nā mea huihuina ka wā paku ole ia i ikaika oxidizing konohiki, a ma ke ano o aa ana i loko o ka ka oxygen lewa. Inā na mea a pau i maopopo i o oxygen: loaa mau okisda, laila me nā oxidants hana hoihoi. A pau hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke ano o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia aha ka carbide, i pono like ma luna o ka 'ano o ka oxidant. No ka laʻana, Karbid Kremniya, kona haʻilula ili, ma ka reacting me ka läÿau, o ka nitric a me hydrofluoric nāʻakika, 'ano apau loa hexafluorosilicicʻakika me ka o carbon dioxide. A i ka mea hookahi naoh akā, me kekahi o nitricʻakika wale, ua loaa i ka silikone'okesaside a me ka o carbon dioxide. Ma ka oxidizing konohiki i nā halogens a me chalcogens. Ka mea, reacted kekahi carbide, naoh haʻilula hilinaʻi nui ma luna o kona 'ole.

mea hiki ke hooheheeia carbides haʻilula a mākou hookolokolo aku la ia - i wale 'elele o keia ano o ka hui. Ano, ke lawe i ka pilina nana ma kela a me keia o industrially nui i huiʻia o keia papa, a laila,'ōlelo e pili ana i kā lākou palapala noi i loko o ko kakou mau ola.

He aha e na carbides?

Ua huli mai, carbide, nona ka haʻilula mea, no ka laʻana, CaC _2, i kekahi me ka nui loa i loko o nā hale a mai ka ili. A me ke koena unuhi o kuhikuhi i loko o ke 'ano o nā mea paʻa ma waena o nā nā'ātoma. Ma ka hihia mua mākou i Hana me ka paakai-e like carbide. Kēia papa o ka huina lakou ua inoa no laila, no ka mea nae hoi e like me ka paakai o ia mea, i ka mea hiki ke dissociating i Ion. Kēia ionic hoopaa ka loa nawaliwali, a me ia mea e oluolu e hoʻomaka i ka hydrolysis naoh a me ka huli ana o na mea he nui na mea e ae, a me ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o ka Ion.

Kekahi, paha hou nui industrially Views covalent carbides i carbides: e like me, no kekahi laʻana, ili a WC. Ka mea, i wehewehe aku e kiʻekiʻe nuʻa a me ka ikaika. A hoi inert a me refractory e dilute Nine Inch.

Aia i kekahi mea hiki ke hooheheeia-me carbides. Kaupalena naʻe, ka mea hiki ke manaoia ma oka a pau o ke hooheheeia me ka kalapona. I waena o kēia mau mea hiki ke hōʻike ', e laʻa me, cementite (hao carbide, nona ka haʻilula hiki e kekahi, akā, ka mea, o ka hola o ka awelika: Fe ₃ C), a me ka hao. Ka mea, i ka Nine Inch hope waena ma ka degere ma waena o ionic a me ka covalent carbides.

Kēlā me kēia no kēia mau iiaciiie? Ueo mākou e kūkā ana i kekahi papa o Nine Inch i huiʻia i kona pili ana. No ka 'ike ma luna ana, a ma kahi e, e hana kela mea keia mea o lakou, e kūkākūkā mākou i loko o ka lalo nei.

E pili ana o ka carbides

E like me mākou i kūkākūkā, covalent carbides i ka laulā oi aku o ka mea hiki noi. Kēia abrasive aʻoki kumuhana, a me ka lua mea i hoʻohana i loko o nā kula (e laʻa me, me kekahi o na mea ec i ke kino kapa kila), a me ka kaʻa māhele, a me ka uila mea, a me ka paio hahana maoli nō hehee wale, a me ka nukelea ikehu. A me keia mea i ka i ka papa inoa o ka palapala noi o kēia mau superhard carbide.

Ke narrowest palapala noi i ka paakai-ho okumu i carbides. Lākou naoh me ka wai, ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me ke keʻena hoʻokolohua ano no ka loaa ana hydrocarbons. Mea, e like me ka mea hana, ua ua kūkā mai nei ma luna.

A me ka covalent metala-carbides i ākea palapala noi i ka hana. E like me mākou i mai la ia, i kēiaʻano o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia-hui 'o ka mea paha i huiʻia i ke kila, hao a me nā mea hiki ke hooheheeia i huiʻia me ka kalapona inclusions. Nō kāu, i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia i loko o ia mau waiwai pili ana i ka papa o ka b-ke hooheheeia. Ia mea ke kumu e mālama, e lilo covalent paa ana hana ole, e like me ka mea a pau, i hoʻolaunaʻia ma loko o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia 'ole.

I ko makou manao, he mea hiki palapala noi i loko o ka luna i huiʻia Ua oi loa aku ke kalekale. Ano, ke hoike nei nānā i ke kaʻina hana no lākou hoʻomākaukau.

Kaniak carbides

Ka mua nā 'ano o nā carbides a mākou, noonoo iho la, o covalent a me ka saltlike hoomakaukau loa kekahi ano ala: ma reacting'okesaside o ka hehee ai a me ka Coke ma kiʻekiʻe mahana. Ma keia hapa o ka Coke, mele o ka kalapona'Ātoma ua pili i ka hehee ai haku o ka'okesaside, carbide a me nā 'ano apau loa. Kekahi hapa o ka "E koho i i" ka oxygen ma, aʻano kalapona monoxide. Oia ke kaʻina ka loa ikehu hokii, no ka mea, pono ka malama ana i ke kiʻekiʻe ana wela (o ka mea o 1600-2500 degere) i loko o ka naoh ciia.

No kekahi 'ano o ka hui ka hoʻohana' ano like reactions. No ka laʻana, ka decomposition o kekahi hui i ultimately haawi carbide. Ke haʻilula o ka naoh hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka hana i huiia, no laila, kūkākūkā ia mākou e makemake ai ole.

Mamua o ko makou manao mākou 'atikala, e kūkākūkā mākou i kekahi hana hoihoi carbides a kamailio e pili ana ia i loko o au mamuli.

hana hoihoi 'hui

paʻakai carbide. Ke haʻilula o ka hui C ₂ Na _2. Ua hiki e na poe hou me acetylide (a laila i ka huina hoonui o ka hakahaka o ka hydrogen nā'ātoma i loko o ka acetylene ma paʻakai nā'ātoma), aole i ka carbide. Ke Nine Inch haʻilula Aʻole i hiki maopopo noonoo mau subtleties, no laila, e pono e nana i ka 'ole. He He loaʻeleu waiwai, a no kekahi hui 'ana me ka wai ka' Imi hana me ia, e hana i acetylene a me alkalis.

makanekiuma carbide. Haʻilula: MgC _2. An hana hoihoi 'ala o ka loaa ana i kekahi i lawaʻeleu hui. Kekahi o ia komo ai ka sintering o makanekiuma fluoride me ka kalipuna carbide ma kiʻekiʻe ana wela. Kēia hualoaʻa i loko o nā huahana: kalipuna fluoride, a me kou makemake mākou e carbide. Ke haʻilula o keia naoh ka loa ai na mea, a me 'oe hiki ina oe e makemake e heluhelu ia ma ka hana kūikawā moʻokalaleo.

Inā 'oe e ole ka oiaio o ka waiwai o ka mea i kakauiaʻi ma ka' atikala, laila, i ka lalo nei mea ia oe.

Pehea la e hiki ai keia e pono keia mau mea i loko o ke ola?

Ua pono, mua, ka ike o ka Nine Inch i huiʻia hiki loa ia e hana wale. Manawa maikaʻi ia e makaukau ike ma mua o noho ole ia. ʻO ka lua, o ka oi oe ike e pili ana i ke ola ana o kekahi mau hui, me ka maikaʻi, e maopopo i nā maomeka o ko lākou ho okumu a me na kanawai e ae ia e nei.

Mua oe e hele ai i ka hopena, au makemake makemake e haawi aku i kekahi mau'ōlelo aʻo ma ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i kēia mea.

Pehea e aʻo ia?

Loa noonoo ole. O pono kekahi hapa o kemika. A aʻo ka mea, penei ka heluna o nā puke o ka kemika. E hoʻomaka me ke kula 'ike a me ka neʻe i i ka hou nui, mai ka kulanui heluna o nā puke a me nā Akanahe.

ka hopena

Kēia theme like mea,ʻaʻole like na mea a manakā me ia mea i mua kilohi. hiki mau Nine Inch e ka hoihoi ', ina e loaʻa ia i kekahi mea.