Donatello ka equestrian kiʻi. Nā sculptors o ka pakebona. kia i Gattamelata

Ke au o ka Italia pakebona ma na mea he nui ka mahalo i ua e like me ka hanu o ka hou lewa ma hope o ka ehaeha a me ka pouli o ka Middle Ages. Ke aupuni, ka mua hoʻoilina no ka Hemolele Roman aupuni a pau, i hiki maopopo hoaponoia mai keia lākou kūlana, e haawi ana i ke ao nei he nui loa o ka maikaʻi loa Artists. Na Italia pakebona i ka manawa o ka pomaikai no o na mea akamai a pau, mai ka kuhikuhipuʻuone i ka mele. Kekahi o nā alakaʻi o kēia kaʻina hana ma ka akau o ke kiʻi kaula. A ka papa kuhikuhiE Mea Hana i, no ka nui makahiki, paa i ka hooulu ana o ke kiʻi kaula i ka Donatello nui. Akā, mua na mea mua.

Ana mai ma hope o ka lōʻihi hiamoe

Ma ka Middle Ages, ke kiʻi kaula ua he integral hapa o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone, a i hapai me he kaʻawale nō. Mai ka hoʻomaka o ka pakebona ua hoʻololi: e hoʻomaka i ka hana i loko o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone Ensemble i mea manuahi, akā, aka kaawale hehee wale. Kekahi o ka mea mua i waena o ka nui lala o ke akamai o ke kiʻi kaula huli i ka maka i ka ike maopopo a me na ola o maʻamau mortals, neʻe aku mai haipule maʻiʻo. O ka holo ana, ke Karistiano Halaman i ka pulakaumaka o na Artists, akā, increasingly ka mea, e haliu ae la ia i ka wā.

Aia i hou Huli i ulu kiʻi, equestrian kiʻi ma laila. Kiʻi kaula i kekahi kikowaena hapa o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone Ensemble, hoʻololi i keʻano, a hoʻokau makau kuhohonu ana - e haʻalele i ke kūlana kākoʻo mai. Aia i hou mea. Ma ka laau auou caiaiai me ka pōhaku keʻokeʻo, a keleawe. In Hawaii Italy i nui na mea i lawe terracotta kiʻi (i ka pūlehu akula i ka lepo). Mai waiho Lorenzo Ghiberti hoomaka hoholaʻano hana glazed terracotta. Koke iho la i loko o ke aloha a me na luna a me ka keleawe, a me kona kilakila e kū'ē i ka pono ma luna o nā pono hana.

Nā sculptors o ka pakebona

Ua kapaia ka inoa o Lorenzo Ghiberti hana i loko o ka XV kenekulia, a ua i waena o nā Artists mua ka poe i huli i ka realism. Ke kikowaena wahi i loko o kona hope ma ke ola (1378-1455) Hana me ka pilikia o ka pili ana nani monumental ke ola. More ma mua o ka iwakālua o ka makahiki Ghiberti hana ma ka puka akau o ka Baptistery o Florence. Ke kokua ia mele, i hanaʻia e ka haku ma ka hoʻoilina o ka Kokika kaila: ka angularity o nā mōlina a: wahi a lakou i ka pāpana o ka haku mele pili kaʻoi loa i keia moolelo. I ka Ia manawa, aia no ma ka hana, a me ka hou hihiʻo o ka lewa, ano ua pakebona.

ʻoia iʻo kela ano keia ano me ka piha ikaika, huli i baptistery hikina ka'īpuka ma a Ghiberti hana kekahi iwakalua makahiki. Depicted kanaka hoʻomaopop 'ana i ka maikai a me ka kuikawāʻeleu: he huahelu hapaʻauhau i ka panorama piha o nā lāliʻi, i palapala pono, a me ka laina hanohano hiehie. Hawaiian Trail o ka Baptistery i manaoia e lilo kekahi o na Hawaii o Florence, aʻo keʻano o ka hōʻailona o ka lanakila o ka mea hou i loko o LIKE kiʻi kaula ma luna o ka hoʻoilina o ka hala.

Kekahi kaulana sculptor o ka Italia pakebona ua Andrea del Verrocchio (1435-1488). He ua ka mua kumu Velikogo Leonardo ka Vinci, ka poe i hoike mai i kona haumana nui 'ana i kūpono i kiʻi kaula a me ka pena. Eia naʻe, Verrocchio pena aneane i ole ola,ʻaʻole hiki e mai la oia i kona mau sculptures.

Kekahi o ka loa kaulana o kana mau hana - i ke kiʻi o Davida, no ka mea, e like me ke kaʻao, ke kükohu ua he maikaʻi loa haumāna o ka haku. Kēia assertion, nae, o hoomaikai kanalua. Oiaio no kekahi - David Verrokko maopopo hōʻike ma ka ka Vinci i na mea he nui o ko lākou mau punahele i kūpono: lush angelic curls, he hana kino kulou, a me ka kaulana hapa-minoʻaka.

O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o Verrocchio i ka equestrian kiʻi o condottiere Bartolomeo Colleoni. Ke kiʻi lewa nui ololi o pakebona nō: i ka makemake e hoolilo aku i ke ano i loko o kona olelo e lilo, o ka hopena o ka'anatomia o ke kiʻi kaula, ka mea makemake, e lawe Emotions a me ana i loko o ka paʻahau huahelu.

Primus i waena o pares

Nā sculptors o ka pakebona me kona huli no ka hou mika a me ka hoopii a hiki i ka aneane hoopoina kahiko nō makemake i nana me ka kāpili kiʻi, mai ia i waena o ia Donatello. Ke kupua nui, e hiki kanalua e kapaʻia he paionia, no laila, ua he wahi lihi iki o ka HOU ma kiʻi kaula, no ka mea. Me ia, he nui makemake e nele o ka pakebona: Donatello loaʻa ka pāʻoihana a hiki i ka hale hānai hoʻomanaʻo o ka pilikia i nā kiʻi, aʻoʻia, e hele i ka umekaumaha, ke kaupaonaʻana, a me ke kino ano hoopono, ka mea mua mai ka haku kahiko i hana mai i kekahi nude kiʻi, a hoomaka ae la e ho okumu ana i sculptural kiʻi. He Ua ike like me ka mea nāna i hana i kona wa e ola ana, a alakaʻi ai i ke kūpono 'ana o ke akamai o ka'āina.

e hoomaka ana mai o ke alanui

Donatello, kona Kawaihae 'aʻole i apo ia i ka kiko'ī lā o ka hānauʻia (presumably i ka 1386), i hele mai, mai ka ohana artisan hulu hipa carder. He Ua hanau presumably ma Florence a me kona outskirts. Full inoa Donatello - Donato Di Niccolo di Aloha Betti Bardi.

I ka wā e hiki mai kaulana Italian sculptor i aʻo i loko o ka Workshop o Ghiberti i kekahi manawa, i ka wa ia i hana ma ka hanaia'na o ka puka akau o ka Baptistery. Paha ia meaʻaneʻi Donatello halawai mai me ke kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone Brunelleschi, a me ka mea aloha i hoopaa iho la ma ke ola.

Ke kokololio kūpono 'ana o nā mākau i alakaʻi ai i ka mea e ia i loko o 1406 ka opiopio Donatello ua he kaʻawale pono. He Ua aoia mai ia e ke kiʻi o ke kaula, no ka nū o Florence Hale Pule Nui.

kinikini o Davida

Donatello, nona ka hana i loko o ka makahiki mua o kona hana lewa i ka huali kanaka o ka mea kākau, koke ma hope o i hou i ke kauoha. I 1407-1408 makahiki hanaʻo ia ma luna o ke kinikini kiʻi o Davida. Ke kiʻi kaula mea,ʻaʻole i hemolele e like me ka mea ma hope kiʻi o ka Mea Paipala meʻe, i e ka haku, akā, e Hōʻike 'i ka pono kīvila a me kona manaopaa maker. O Davida ua i depicted ma ka panina palapala Mellow ke aliʻi lyre a me ka pepa. Akā, e like me ke kanaka opiopio nana i e luku Golia, a me ka haʻaheo o kona feat. Ke kiʻi ke hoole i ke kiʻi o kahiko meʻe:ʻo Dāvidaʻanuʻu kekahi lima ma luna o ke ki kala, i kona mau wawae e kau mai ana poʻo hoa paio o, kino wahiia pahee pā kapa. ʻOiai ua kinikini kiʻi no kekahi mau Keia o Kokika, ka mea e pili ana i ka pakebona mea C. Brewer.

A i 'ole San Michele

Donatello imi iho la e hana i kā lākou mau hana e lawe i helu ole wale ke aloha o huliāmahi kēia, a me ka nohona ma kukulu o ka huahelu, akā, i ka kūikawā wahi kahi i ke kiʻi e e waiho ai. Kona hoʻokumuʻiaʻana nō i ka loa mea eʻoi aʻe nana pono i kahi a lakou i kau ma hope o ka pau. Ua hana ka manaʻo i ka mea, he mau mea, a me ka mea. Ma keia hana e Donatello me ka holomua o ka talena increasingly kolo ana aku, mai ka canons o Kokika a me medieval depersonalization. kiʻi i hanaʻia e ia, e loaʻa iā olinolino kanaka hiʻona, expressiveness ua pinepine ma o kā ole hiʻona.

A pau kēia mau nuances o ka haku ka punawai akaka no ka puka i loko o nā kiʻi o ka poe hoano, ka mea āna i hana ai no ka ekalesia o ke A San Michele. Nā kiʻi Ua hoʻouka kekahi ma niches, akā, ua pau hana nona iho sculptures kupono harmoniously i loko o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka ekalesia, a me ka mai e hilinai aku ma luna o laila. Pakahi aku la ia iwaena o lakou i na kii o St. Mark (1411-1412) a me St. George (1417). Ma ke kiʻi o ka Donatello mua e hoʻokele e hoolilo aku i ka tireless hana a me kaʻino manaʻo ma lalo o uhi o ka huina mawaho maluhia. A hiki aku oe e hana i kekahi kiʻi o ka haku huli i ka iaoiaeii kahiko o ka hale lio okoʻa no ka manawa huahelu. Halala ka torso a me na mea kaua, e like me ka wahi o ka loko o ke kapa - a pau ua subordinated i keia? Eaia.

St. George depicted like me ka wā'ōpiopio, ma ka kapa kila, me ka nānā 'ia ma ke billboard, he uhane, manao paa au e he maka. Kēiaʻano mea maikaʻi ano, a e like pila hāpa i loko o nā ana nou a me ka hapanui Donatello.

ke keleawe o Davida

All haumana pili no hoi i kekahi o nā puke i haku ai nui loa o ko Donatello ka Davida i, kiʻi kaula, hoolei aku i loko o ke keleawe (presumably 1430-1440-ies). Vasari, ka mea mua moʻolelo nō, kakau iho la ia ia, i kauohaʻia Kozimo Medichi, akā, nā ikepili e hookupaa aku ana keia mea, he mea.

Davida - hana mau kiʻi kaula. Hoomau ana i keʻano o kona manao, waiho iho hoʻi i loko o ke kinikini o Davida, Donatello depicts he opiopio Mea Paipala meʻe me ka poo pono i luku mai Goliath ma kona mau wawae. Aʻo Kīwala'ō, nae, ma keia a me ka welau. Ke keleawe o Davida ole wale opiopio, oia ka'ōpiopio. Donatello i kākauʻia ia i ke kapa ole, malama noonoo i na Kai o ka ikaika, akā,ʻaʻole i maopopo i hanaʻia i ke keiki i ka kino. Hair kahu hipa wale chap me ka Pohon lei a me kamaa me ka pale. E kau aku ke aka o ka haku hoʻohana contrapposto? Eaia. Ka holoʻokoʻa ke kaupaona ana o ke kino hoʻoneʻe i ka uha mua akau, ma ka hema o Davida hehi aku i ke poo o kaʻenemi ka. Pela i? Eaia ua loaʻa manaʻo nei ke nanea wale kulou, e kau mai ana ma hope o contraction. O naʻano pono'ī nona huahelu, oluolu e heluhelu i ke aloha a hiki i ka haiahū kūmau o ke kino, mai ke kikowaena (axis) o ke kiʻi kaula, a me ka wahi o ka pahi kaua.

Ke keleawe o Davida i hanaʻi me ke kiʻi, a hiki ke noʻonoʻo ma nāʻaoʻao. Ka mea, ua ka mua nude kiʻi mai ka wa kahiko. I ka hoʻoilina o ka poʻe luna o ka wa kahiko Greece, a kahiko Rome ua ikeia ma ka huahelu o ka meʻe. I ka Ia manawa hiʻona hoʻomaopop 'ana i kiʻi kaula, ua piha oia i ka kanaka ikaika, a ua hiki iaʻano pakebona ideals.

Hooeueuia lakou e ka loa City

Hemolele kona mau mākau haku alakaʻi mai ma ka holo ana i Roma. Mai ke kūlanakauhale i paʻa i ka hoʻoilina o ka aupuni a nui, Donatello lawe mai i ka hohonu, pau loa o na canons kahiko a me ka stylistic manaʻo. Nā hualoaʻa rethinking o kahiko Helene a me Roma oe Donatello hoʻohana ma ka hanaia'na o ke Keʻena o ka 'Aha o Florence, a i ua hana mai ka 1433 1439. Paha ia mea i loko o ka mau loa City kipa i ka hou manaʻo Donatello: ka equestrian kiʻi o ka condottiere Erasmo o Narni, ma ka manao o na mea he nui noiʻi, Ua hapai ma hope o ka halawai ana me ke kia kahiko o Mareko ke Aurelius.

meʻe

Erasmo o Narni ua he Venetian condottiere, he hoʻolimalima luna. Kona hoʻopaʻi mea,ʻaʻole loa'ōlohe wiwo kuka Kai, i lana e Donatello. Gattamelata (a 'o ia hoʻi "me ka meli popoki") - he inoa kapakapa loaa i kekahi koa o ka waiwai i ke ano o ka palupalu, a me ka i ka wā hoʻokahi malama a me ka hooiaio, reminiscent o ka hana ana o ka popoki ma ka prowl. He hoʻomaka 'ana o kona' oihana, mai ka loa lalo, a pono ana Florence, au e hoʻokele e loaʻa ai i ka hailona. Ma nā makahiki, Gattamelata mālama lākou i luna o ke koa o ka Venetian Repubalika. Ma hope o kona make ana, koa o ka pomaikai e e kanuʻia i loko o ka Basilica del Kana ma Padua. Gattamelata make i ka 1443.

Lanakila Donatello: ka equestrian kiʻi o Erasmo o Narni

Venetian Repubalika, hoʻomanaʻo no ka pono o ka oihana koa, Ke aeia'ku nei ia i kana wahine a me ke keiki ma kona mau lilo, e hoʻouka condottiere kia. Ka epitome o kēia manaʻo, a hoʻomaka Donatello. Equestrian kiʻi i hana ia no umi makahiki, mai 1443 a hiki i 1453 makahiki.

Ka ekolu-mika kiʻi o ka haku kumumanao i hoʻonohoʻia ma ewalu-mika pedestal. Ke Ana o na sculptures he i ka hopena o ka manaʻo ma Donatello: ka equestrian kiʻi ua ia e waiho aku i ke kāʻei kua o ka nunui Hale Pule Nui a wale ina kona iho impressiveness ke nana aku me he integral a kuokoa hana. Ke kia hoʻomanaʻo Ua waiho ia ma ke ala i haawi mai i ka manaʻo i ka mea haʻalele i ka Hale Pule Nui a me ka mālie wehe aku.

Ua hoʻonaniʻia ke pedestal me nā kiʻi o nā puka, hookaawaleiaʻe la ia mai kaʻaoʻao hikina a hiki i ke komohana, a me ka Palekana. Keia ano i kekahi mau 'ano: ma ke aupuni o ka poe make ke komo, akā, hiki i kiʻi mai o ia. Nā puka i reminiscent o ka palapala kumu o ka kia hoʻomanaʻo, ike i ka Donatello. Gattamelata ma luna o ka lio i ke ala hou ana i ka pā ilina o ka Hale Pule Nui. Ke kia hoʻomanaʻo i ka palapala cenotaph gravestone - aʻaneʻi Donatello hoike mai i kona propensity no HOU.

makahiki ke kanaka

Condottiere hōʻike Donatello - paulele a me ka piha o ka ikehu, akā, he kanaka kahiko. Ma kona lima hema maile akau, ua paa i ka opu. He embodies i ke kiʻi o ka meʻe o ka pakebona:ʻaʻole hoolapalapa kuko, akā, reinterpreted ola - he koa-poe akeakamai, paha ke kemu a me kāna moʻolelo o Donatello. Kiʻi condottiero Gattamelata i ka ia manawa mea he laʻana maikaʻi o ke kiʻi sculptor akamai. Kona maka hiki ole ke pioloke me 'ē aʻe: he Hook ihu, he laina akaka o ka waha, e kū mai ka poe liilii, a me ka chin cheekbones.

Aahu luna - hoike o ka makemake, e hāʻawi aku ia i nā hiʻona o ka meʻe kahiko. Gattamelata kahikoia no,ʻaʻole i loko o ke kālā no Donatelloʻaʻahu, a me nā mea kaua Roma manawa. Presumably, ka mea, ua alualu māhele i ka lole ia, mai ka haku loihi manawa. Naʻe, i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka e pili ana i ke kia hoʻomanaʻo no Donatello Kū aʻela i kekahi wahi lihi iki o ka pilikia: ka mea, ua pono, e hana i kekahi harmonious hoʻololi mai ke kii o ka lio condottiere, makau kuhohonu ana e hana i ka makemake manaʻo. Mau a me nā nīnūnē i manawa. I ka hopena o ia ka noʻonoʻo a me ke ana ana i halawai a pau koina.

Donatello hoonani aku i kana hana, i ia, a me kona wā. Kēia Ua e hoikeike ai ma ka inoa o ka haku, oia ke i koe ma luna o kana mau hana a pau. Kapaau condottiere Gattamelata hooeueu ae la i na mea he nui sculptors, a (ua olelo ia ma luna e like me Andrea del Verrocchio) mahope manawa.

Iehudita

Kekahi hoopai mamuli o ke akamai ma Donatello ua i ke kiʻi "Iehudita a me Holofernes", hanaia i loko o 1455-1457 makahiki. Hana noʻeau wehewehe i ka moʻolelo kauoha kahiko o ka wahine kāne make, mai Bethulia, bravely pepehi i ka Asuria mau Holofernes, e hoola ia i kona kūlanakauhale, mai naʻi aupuni. Frail wahine me ka kaʻawale nānā aku, a me ka helehelena piha o ka ehaeha, paa i loko o kona lima i ka pahi kaua paʻa kiʻekiʻe, makaukau e oki aku i ke poo hilinai ana limply ma kona mau wāwae ona Holofernes.

"Iehudita a Holofernes" - he Lolina o ka mea mahaloia imua o na mooolelo pakebona o ka wahine heroism. Donatello i loko o kēia hana a pau o kona nā mākau, a ua hiki i ka kekahi, e like me ka laulā o ka naʻau, Iehudita, a me ka symbolism o ke kiʻi me ka a pau. Ka loa expressive loa o ka haku mele 'ana - i ka maka o ka wahine kāne make. Ua hana mai no laila, pono i ka mea e ola ana. I ka nana ana ma Iehudita, i hanaʻia e Donatello, loa oluolu e maopopo mea Emotions ike iho la ia. Maalea akamai kaao maka expressive hiʻona ano o ka haku, me ka piha i noi Donatello mea i loko o kēia kiʻi kaula.

Donatello make nui loa i ka 1466. Ma nā makahiki, ka ola o ka manaʻo, akä, o ka elemakule, ka make a me ka hoomanawanui maopopo Kīwala'ō i loko o kāna hana. I loko o kēia wā, ua Mariya Magdalina ma Donatello -ʻaʻole hikiʻana mai me ka nani a me ka piha o ka ikehu kaikamahine, akā, ho'āʻo 'ia e hookeai ana au, a haha aku i ke kaupaonaʻana o nā makahiki o ke ola i ka luahine. Eia naʻe, i loko o kēia, a ma ka hana mua o ka uhane o ka mea maikaʻi loa sculptor mea ola, a mau, e hoopiha i a ka naita.