E hoomakaukau ai i eliiaʻi a me kā lākou palapala noi

I loko nō o ka mea i nui a me ka oi hanalima a me ka hale hoʻohanaʻimi hoʻopunipuni mea, e haʻalele i ke ano o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia mea,ʻaʻole i hiki. Ka mea, e komo he hanana pu ana o ka waiwai, a me ka oka a ae aku i ko lakou Loaʻaʻia e hoʻohana i ka i kā mākou. Ma kekahi mau mea, aia no i ka makaukau a me ka pono o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia?

Ano hui o ka oihana mua

Ma lalo o ke hooheheeia ike i ka'okanikaʻole Nine Inch me ka ano waiwai. Nō kāu, e loaʻa:

• kiʻekiʻe thermal conductivity;
• kohoʻia, i pili ana me ka nanea o ka machining;
• kŘpa a kiʻekiʻe mahele heheʻe i ka wahi;
• maikai uila conductivity;
• typical "mea hao" alohilohi;
• reductant kūlana ma ka reactions;
• kiʻekiʻe nuʻa.

O ka papa, i na kumu a pau o keia pae noho i kēia mau waiwai, no ka laʻana, o Hereme i mehana ea, ua hee ka kinowai gallium ma ka wela o ke kanaka lima, a me ka bismuth aneane malleable. Akā, me ka mau, a pau o kēia mau hiʻona hiki ke Hahai I loko o ka hoʻopiha metala.

na Mea Maluna

Ke hooheheeia conventionally maheleia i loko o kekahi mau waeʻano, kela mea keia mea o ka i lawe pu na kumu mua i mea hea ka mea i kekahi i kekahi ma luna o kekahi mau mea kiko'î. Aia nō ka mea kēia mau pūʻulu.

• Kona'ākilikai - 6;
• kona'ākilikai - 4;
• hoʻololi - 38;
• Lightweight - 7;
• semimetals - 7;
• lanthanides - 14 + 1;
• actinides - 14 + 1;

Waho pūʻulu koe elua hou: beryllium a me ka makanekiuma. Ke'ī mai, ma ka manawa o nā mea a pau i ka hamama hehee 94ʻepekema i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia.

Eia hou kekahi, ia mea waiwai i olelo ia i ka mea, he'ē aʻe Mea Maluna. E like me ia ia lakou, i manaoia kaawale maikai, i eliiaʻi no ka platinum pae, lāʻau kū-hoʻololi, refractory,ʻeleʻele, a 'ia nā pōpō a me ka' ole. D. kēia hoʻokokoke mai i ke aloha i kekahi mau mea wale no, ka mea, ua oi kupono e hoʻohanaʻike mau Mea Maluna.

mō'aukala loaa ana

Kanaka ma kona ulu ana, ua pili loa ua hoʻopili i ka aaioee a me ka pono o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Kaawale mai ka mea i ka mea, e noho ana i ka loa e like me ka oihana mua o ia ke paka likeʻole huahana pono ma ka machining. E like me ka ke kūlana mākaukau maoli o na mea i eliia,ʻaʻole ma laila, ma mua ka mea, ua wale no ka hoʻohana o nuggets. Ma mua ka mea, ua he palupalu metala, a haawi mai la i ka inoa keleawe Age, ka poe i auou caiaiai i ka pohaku. Iloko o keia manawa, ua nui ka papa hana no ka anu forging. Ma kekahi maikai ana, ua hiki smelting. Ua, ua E ke Kumu kanaka loaa ole-ferrous ke hooheheeia, e like me ke gula, ke kala, ke tina.

Hope UAIAaIN ma ke keleawe, hele mai i ke keleawe Age. ma kahi o 20 tausani makahiki He mau ae la ia, a ua he popoiwi wahi no ka manaʻo kanaka, no ka mea, i loko o kēia wā, ua lilo i hiki i ka paka oka a pau. Aia He He gradual kūpono 'ana o ka hana, hou ki ina hana like o ka hana ke hooheheeia. Naʻe, i loko o ka 13-12 kenekulia. BC. e ka. ua i ka ai-kapaia, he keleawe'opi i ia i ka hoʻomaka o ka Iron Age. Kēia presumably ka ukuia a hiki i ka depletion o ka laau o ka piuta. A kēpau a me ka Hereme, e wehe ae i keia manawa, hiki ole ia i pani no ka keleawe. i laila kanaka e möhala i ka? iecaianoaaiiie o ke hooheheeia mai i eliia.

I kekahi manawa i hiki mua i ka kŘpa a pōkole manawa - emi o ke Ka Wā Kaukani, akā, haʻalele he ao alohilohi i kumumea i loko o ka mōʻaukala. I loko nō o ka mea i i ike nui i mua o ka hao, ia aneane i pili no ka mea, o ko lākou mau keakea like me ke keleawe. Eia hou, i ka hope ua nui maʻalahi e loaa, ana o ka mea e hoohehee ai smelting ua oi manawa-e hoopau ana hana. Ka mea o ia ka mea maoli hao ka loa pohihihi keia, no laila ia mea e kahaha ko oukou naau i ka rejection o ke keleawe mea ai lohi.

Value ke hooheheeia e auaaeaiea mākau

By analogy me ke ala o ka kanaka kupuna mua i ka mea o ka hana, hoʻopaʻa pipi 'i ka pahi i ka lāʻau, i ka hoʻololi i ka mea hou mea huli mai e e like grandiose. Ke kumu pono o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia huahana oia i ka mea i ka mea, e hiki pono i ka hana, a me ka mea, ua hiki i ka hana hou. i ole i Stone ka plasticity a me ka malleability, pela i kekahi mea, mai ka mea hiki wale ke hana mai kūikawā, hana hou ia i Aʻole e holopono ana.

Penei, ka mea o ka hoʻololi i ka hoʻohana 'ana i ke hooheheeia i alakaʻi ai i ka hou hana o na mea o ka hana, i ka muli o hou hale' ikamu, Jewelry, e i ka ua mua ole i ke Akua. A pau keia i ala i oaoieei-holomua, a hoonoho i ke kumu no ka hooulu ana o ka metallurgy.

kēia ki ina hana like

Inā i loko o ka wā kahiko, kanaka ua kama'āina wale nō me ka i? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ke hooheheeia, mai na mea e hooheheeia, a me ka mea, ke noho iho no nuggets, i ka keia manawa, loaʻa nō nāʻaoʻao. Ka mea, Ua i hiki ma ka ulu o ke kemika. Pela, loaʻa nō ka papa kuhikuhiE mau mea elua:

• Pyrometallurgy. Ua hoomaka kona ulu ma mua, a ua pili i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe koi 'ia e ke kō i ka mea. Hoikehonua, loea i loko o kēia wahi ae i ka pono o ka wai koko.
• Hydrometallurgy. Ua kuhikuhi Ua hoʻoili wehe nā kumumea mai i eliia, neoneo noʻonoʻo a me ka 'ole. D. me ka wai a me ka Nine Inch. No ka laʻana, ka mea, mea, he pono ole iaoia komo ai ka loaa ana ke hooheheeia ma ka electrolysis, o kekahi o kona kulana hanohano iaoia o cementation.

Aia ka hoihoi 'enehana kekahi. Kaniak mea maikai i eliiaʻi no kiʻekiʻe ka pololei, a me ka palena haʻahaʻa ka pōʻino i hiki i ke aloha ia ia. E kamailio pu ana no refinery. Kēia kaʻina - kekahi o na ano o ka hoohehee maemae au ia, i mea, o ka holo kaawale ana o na impurities. No ka laʻana, ma ka hihia o ke gula hoʻohana mahele heheʻe i ka saturation chlorine a me ka platinum mea hoʻoheheʻe i ka mea pōhaku nāʻakika, i ukali ia e kaawale ana reagents.

Incidentally, ua loa pinepine ka wā smelting a me ka ho'ēmiʻana hoʻokele waiwai disadvantageous hoʻohana i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ke hooheheeia ma ka electrolysis. Kēia ka mea hana me ka Aluminum a me ka paʻakai. Aia mau no hoi oi eiiiaaoeiiiue 'enehana mau hiʻohiʻona nō ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ole-ferrous i eliiaʻi a hiki mai kekahi' ano haʻahaʻa-papa i eliia me ka nui lilo, akā, e hele mākou e pili ana ia i kekahi apana uuku na hope.

About oka a

Ka hapa nui o na mea hiki ke hooheheeia ike i kahiko, i ole mau hālāwai me kekahi mau mea e pono ai. Ka popopo, lawa ponoʻole paakiki, brittleness, fragility, impermanence - kela hehee ai i loko o kona maemae palapala i kona drawbacks. Nolaila, ua lilo i mea e pono ai, e huli hou i nā mea i hui pu iho la i ka pono o ka luawai-ike, i ka mea e imi aoao e paka metala oka a pau. I kēia lā, loaʻa nō ka papa kuhikuhi ano mau:

• E hoohiolo ana. Hui eiiiiiaiou heheʻe Mea 'Ē, a crystallizes. He kēia hana 'ae' e loaa i ka Eia kekahi laʻana mua o ka oka a: keleawe a me ke keleawe.
• Ua e. Ka hui ana o me ka pauka, ua hoolilo i ka kiʻekiʻe puʻe, a laila sintered.

hou hou

Ma nā makahiki, ka loa i olelo mua iaʻi pono e loaaʻi ke hooheheeia me ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka biotechnology, kuhikuhi ma koʻohune. Ua Ua lilo hiki ke loaa mai ka sulfidic maka mea keleawe, nikala, kiniki, ke gula a me ka uranium. ʻepekema manaolana microorganisms hoʻohui ana i keʻano o ka hanaʻana e like me leaching,'okesaside, adsorption a me ke kimu ole. Eia hou, loa topical pukana o ka hohonu, i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe o wastewater e hoi ana e imi i ka pāʻoihana e komo ai i ke komo ana o koʻohune no ia.

palapala noi

Ole ke hooheheeia, a oka a makemake e hiki ole ke ola i loko o ka palapala i ka i ka mea ua manawa ike i ka kanaka. High-ala hale, mokulele, mau kīʻaha, aniani keleawe, nā mīkini home, hi, a nui no hoi na mea he mea wale hoomaikai ai i ka mamao kanaka hoʻololi mai ka pohaku i keleawe, ke keleawe a me ka hao.

Manawa i kā lākou loaʻa kekahi uila a me ka thermal conductivity o ke hooheheeia e hoʻohana i kaula a uwea no kela noi. Gula ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka hana o ka pili-oxidizing hui' ana. Manawa i kona ikaika a me ka paakiki o ka metala ua hoʻomano hoʻohana i kūkuluʻia, a no kekahiʻano o ka manao. Kekahi wahi o ka palapala noi - mea paahana. E hana i ka hana ana i laʻana o ka ohi hapa pinepine hoʻohana paakiki oka a pau, a me kona poe steels. Eia hoi, i ka mea maikai i eliiaʻi, ua mahalo kuaiia like me ka mea no ka Jewelry. No laila, noi mahuahua.

Mea e pili ana i ke hooheheeia, a oka a

Ke hoʻohana i kēia mau kumu, he ai laula, a mai ka lōʻihi mōʻaukala, ia mea e kahaha ko oukou naau i ka hanana o likeʻole he kūoʻo wahi, i hiki. Ka mea, eia wale i kekahi mau o ka hoihoi 'kūʻiʻo, a e' ai pono i ka hopena:

• Prior i kona ākea o ka makana Aluminum ua loa i hoʻomaopopo ai. Cutlery, a ka wā loaa hoaʻai i hoʻohana Napoleon III, i i kaʻoi loa mai i kēia mea, a ua paha mō'ī haaheo.
• platinum inoa ma Paniolo o ia hoʻi, "serebrishko". Oia unflattering inoa hehee ai i loaa ma ka pili me ka kŘpa a kiʻekiʻe mahele heheʻe i ka wahi, a no ia i ka impossibility no ka manawa lōʻihi, e pili ia.
• Pure gula mea palupalu a me ka mea hiki ke hoopuni scratched me ka fingernail. Ia mea ke kumu no ka hana o ka Jewelry ka mea, ua oka a me ka kala, a me ke keleawe.
• Aia oka a me ka 'ike waiwai o ka thermoelasticity, i mea na kanawai o "iaiyoe" shape. I ka deformation a mahope hahana maoli nō kēia e hoi aku la lakou i ka palapala moku'āina.