Iron Makahiki. kahiko moʻolelo

I ka nui o ka hūnāʻia mea i loko o ke ao nei ka mōʻaukala, a me ka haʻalele nō noiʻi manao e ike i kekahi mea hou i loko o ka ikeia kūʻiʻo. Pīhoihoi a hana kani minute ia oe i hoomaopopo ana i kekahi manawa ma ka hookahi kai ma luna o ka mea a mākou e hele i kēia lā, dinosaurs olaʻana, i kaua aku ai me ka Naita hoomoana iho la au kahiko o kanaka. World mōʻaukala o ke kumu no ka periodization hoolakolako ia mau loina i mea pili i ke kūpono 'ana o ke kanaka lāhui - ka mea no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o na mea paahana, a me ka' ike loea hou manufacturing. I kulike ai me kēia mau kumu, me ka manaÿo o ka "Stone Age", "keleawe Age", ka "hao" mau makahiki. Ia kēlā me kēia no kēia mau periodization i no i koe i loko o ka ulu ana o na kanaka, kekahi e kokoke mai ana o evolution a me ka ike o ke kanaka uea '. O ka papa, i ua ole loa OE minute ma ka mōʻaukala. Mai ka wanaao o ke kahiko, a hiki i kēia lā, he mea he papa hōʻano hou 'ia o ka' ike a me ka hooulu ana o ka hou epekema no ka hana maikaʻi kēia mea.

World mōʻaukala, a me ka mua manawa paha ka launa pū ki ina hana like

'Epekema kila kila i ka ka launa pū manawaʻanuʻu. Ma kekahi, ua hiki ke emi radiocarbon ka launa pū o ka 'ā ina, dendrochronology. Ke kokololio kūpono 'ana o ke kanaka kahiko i' ae i ka hoʻoikaika 'ana i na' ike loea hou. About 5000 makahiki aku nei, ia ia ka hoʻomaka 'ana i ka palapala manawa i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka, i kekahi'ē aʻe; elue no ka launa pū, a i ka nānā' ana ma luna o ke ola ana o keʻano o ka Hui Pūʻia a me nā maikai ana. Tentatively manaoio i ka wā o ka hoʻokaʻawale o ke kanaka, mai ka holoholona ao, hoomaka ae la ma kahi o elua miliona makahiki aku nei, a hiki i ka haule ana o ka Western Roman aupuni a pau, i mai ai i loko o 476 AD, i ka wā i hele ai Antiquities. Prior i ka hoʻomaka o ka pakebona i ka Middle Ages. A hiki i ka pau ana o ka First World War mau ae la ia iloko o New moʻolelo, a me ka manawa ia ka manawa i Hou Loa. Moʻolelo okoa manawa i kā lākou mau "heleuma" kuhia i maopopo, no ka laʻana, Herodotus i nānā 'ana i ke kaua e kū'ē i Asia a meʻEulopa. manawa epekema ma hope i noʻonoʻo i ka nui hanana i loko o ka ulu ana o ka noho apono o ka Roma Repubalika. He nui nā moʻolelo 'aoʻao i loko o kā lākou mau mea mahuʻi i ka Iron Age moʻomeheu a me ke akamai o ka mea nui maikai i ole, i loko o ka mua kahi i hele aku la i ka mea kaua a pau a me ka luhi.

Ka Ike metala au

I prehistory kahiāuli i ka pohaku makahiki, ec ka Paleolithic, Mesolithic a me Neolithic. Kēlā me kēia no ka manawa paha ma ke ana ana o ke kanaka, a me kona HOU ma ka iapaau ana o ka pōhaku. Initially, i ka pū loa he ākea ka lima o-ke koi. Hope, he mau oihana mua o na pohaku i na mea paahana, i ka mea a pau nodule. I keia manawa, no ka hooulu ana o ke ahi, i ka hanaia'na o ke kapa mua i ka holoholona ili, ka mua haipule cults a me ka hana o ka hale. Iloko o ke kalaka nui-nomadic kanaka, a ioioie? Ola nui holoholona 'e noi hou a me ka maikai me na mea kaua. A hou kahua o ka? Acaeoey o ka 'ike loea hou pohaku aaioee i hele mai i loko o ka huli ana o ke Ka Wā Kaukani, a me ka hope o ka Stone Age, i ka wa a ka hohola mahiai a me ka holoholona mahinaai, he mea pālolo? Iecaianoaaiiuo. Ma ke au o ka metala keleawe i hoʻohana 'ia a me kona aaioee. Ka hoʻomaka o ke Iron Age Ua luku aku ia i kekahi e kū pono ana i ka wā e hiki mai. Këia i ka waiwai o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia kūpono alakaʻi ai i ka loaʻa o ke keleawe a me kona hoʻomalele. Makahiki o ka pohaku, he keleawe, hao - mea he harmonious kaʻina hana o ke kanaka? Acaeoey, ma muli ma ka nuipa a ka neʻe 'ana o kanaka.

Maoli ikepili ma ka lōʻihi like 'ole o ka au

Hoi o ka makana o ka hao pili ia i ka primitive, a i mahele i ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka. Nae ke ano nā hiʻona o ka wā i ka mea kū i loko o ka 'oihana, a me ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o na mea kaua. E like ma ka honua kahiko i ka lilo i ka manao o ka Mea Maluna o na ao, e like me ka mea. I kakahiaka nui Iron Age? Anoee, a hoomau i ka hoʻopaʻa haʻawina, nä känaka 'epekema ma nā kula. Ma WesternʻEulopa, voluminous palapala kuu
Gornesom, Montelius, Tischler, Reinecke, Kostshevskim, a pela aku ... In Hawaiian Europe i ka pili puke, monographs a me nā palapala o ke kahiko honua mōʻaukala hua Gorodtsov, Spitsin, Gautier, Tretyakov, Smirnov, Artamonov, Grakov. Pinepine ai me ka malama ia o ka laha ana o ka hao ano o ka moʻomeheu o ka primitive ohana a ka poe i noho ma waho o ka noho maikai ana. I mea, a pau o ka aina i ka manawa ola makou mahope o ka Iron Age. Ke keleawe Age ma keia hihia ua he elue. He i hoopaa ia he nui manawa ma ka mōʻaukala. Chronologically, ke Iron Age wā mau mai 9th i 7th kenekulia BC. I keia manawa, he nuiʻohana o Europa a me Asia e pahu i ka hoʻomōhala kona iho hao metallurgy. No keia metala i koe ka mea nui? Iecaianoaaiiie mea hoi i hiki mai a me ka hoi ia ia kekahi o keia keneturia.

Culture au

? Ac? O ka? Iecaianoaaiiie a me ka hāʻawi 'ana o ka hao kokoke kekahi hoʻonohonoho alakai aku ai i ka modernization o ka moʻomeheu a me ka lawelawe ola. Aia yeiiiie? Aneeie oneiaeyie no ka hana 'ana ma, a me ka disintegration o ka tribal ala o ke ola. Makamua mōʻaukala memo hoʻomāhuahua aiee, i ka ulu o ka makahiki like ole, a me ka ae pono e loaa hou mai o na aoao elua. Hoʻomano haawi paa, hoomaka ae la ke kahua o ka papa ke kaiāulu, a me ka moku'āina. More dala hoololiia i kekahi kuleana i ka wae kakaikahi wale, ua noho kauā kuapaʻa, a me ka stratification o ke kaiāulu i holo.

E like me ka makahiki o ka metala hoao e ia i loko o ka USSR?

I ka pau ana o ka lua o Ka Wā Kaukani BC ma luna o ka mokuna o ka Union ikea hao. I waena o ka hapanui kahiko wahi a Aey? Acaeoey hiki ke ike pono ia laua ke komohana Georgia a me ka Hema Caucasus. I kakahiaka nui Iron Age kia hoʻomanaʻo i mea i ka malamaia ma ka hema 'Eulopa hapa o ka USSR. Akā, me ka nuipa a hiʻona metallurgy wau iuka nei i loko o ka mua Ka Wā Kaukani BC, i hookupaa iho la ia ma ka helu o hulikoehana artifacts mai ke keleawe Age i loko o ka Caucasus, moʻomeheu kea laa, o ka North Caucasus, a me ka Black Sea, a me kekahi poe e ae. Ma ka hooko ana mai i ka hanaʻeliʻana o ka Scythian noho i ua loaʻa invaluable kia hoʻomanaʻo i o ke kakahiaka nui Iron Age. Loaa i loko o ke ana Kamenka kokoke Nikopol.

Mōʻaukala o ka mea i loko o aneea oneiaey

Hawaiʻi nei, ke Iron Age ua maheleia i mau manawa. Kēia mea he kakahiaka nui, a mau ae la ia, mai ka 8th a hiki i ka 3rd kenekulia BC, a ma hope, a mau ae la ia mai ka 3 kenekulia BC i ka 6th kenekulia AD. Kēlā me kēia aupuni i kona mōʻaukala i ka laha ana o ka hao, akā, i nā hiʻona o kēia kaʻina e loa e kaukaʻi ma ka māhele 'āina. Ke'ī mai, ke Iron Age ma luna o ka mokuna o aneea oneiaey i na hiohiona ma Aey? Acaeoey i loko o 'ekolu ka papa kuhikuhiE mau mea. Ma Hawaii aneea oneiaey na holoholona a me irrigated mahiai. Climatic kumu i loko o Western aneea oneiaey i i manaʻo ai e hana ana i ka mahiai. A me ka Akau, Hikina a me Central aneea oneiaey i nohoiaʻi e kanaka, ke hakuloli a hiki i ke kalakala ka hooilo. Mau ekolu wahi, radically okoa i ka hua'ōlelo o noho ai, lilo ae la i ke kumu no ka hanaia'na o ka ekolu Kazakh zhuzes. Hawaii aneea oneiaey Ua lilo i wahi o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana Lunakahiko Juz. Honua o ka North, hikina a me Central aneea oneiaey lilo iho la ia i ke kahakai o ke Middle Juz. West aneea oneiaey o ka Junior iā Goga.

Ke Iron Age ma Central aneea oneiaey

Ua lōʻihi lilo pau ole steppes o Central Asia i kekahi wahi o nomadic ola. Here, kahiko moʻolelo ua poe ma ka ilina puu, i mea priceless kia hoʻomanaʻo i o ka Iron Age. Pakahi aku la ia e like me ka puʻu a me ka papa a "whiskers" i loko o ka'āina, ae hana i, e like me nä känaka 'epekema, ka beacon a me ka puni oihana i loko o ka hehi. Ua o Laielohelohe i ka noonoo ana o ko kākou poʻe haku moʻolelo tasmolinskaya Culture, i kapaʻia no ka wahi i loko o ka Iaaeiaa'āina, a kākau i nā hanaʻeliʻana mua o ke kanaka a me ka lio i ka nui a me ka uuku ho okumu ana. Archaeologists manaoio aneea oneiaey puʻu tasmolinskoy moÿomeheu kia hoʻomanaʻo i o ka loa pono o ke kakahiaka nui Iron Age.

Hiʻona o ka moʻomeheu o Northern aneea oneiaey

Kēia māhele 'āina Ua wehewehe aku ma ke alo o nā holoholona. Local noho mai ka hana i loko o ka mahiʻai ua hoʻoneʻe i ka noho a me nomadic ala o ke ola. Tasmolinskaya moʻomeheu a ua koʻi kaua i loko o kēia māhele 'āina. I ka noonoo ana o ka noiʻi o ke kakahiaka nui Iron Age kia hoʻomanaʻo i,ʻo puu Birlik Alypkash, Bekteniz a me ekolu noho: Karlyga, Bork a me Kenotkel. Ma ke kapa akau o ka muliwai Yesil i hooikaika e ana oia i ka I Iron Age. Development 'aneʻi i loaa i ke akamai o ka smelting a me ka aaioee o nonferrous ke hooheheeia. Ua hanaʻia metala huahana i 'ohua' i ka hikina 'Eulopa, a me ka Caucasus. Aneea oneiaey no kekahi mau kenekulia mamua o kona hoalauna ma ka hooulu ana o ka wa kahiko metallurgy, a no laila, ua lilo ia i Maikaʻi ma waena o ka metallurgical ioauoa o ka aina, a me Siberia HawaiianʻEulopa.

"Poe kiai o ke gula"

Kilohana puʻu o East aneea oneiaey kuhikuhi loaa ma Shiliktinskoy Valley. Aia, ua oi aku mamua o ke kanalima. like me ka nui loa o ka puʻu, uaʻauʻaʻia i loko o ka makahiki 1960, a ua kapaia ke gula. Ke kiekie i kēiaʻano o ke kia i ka Iron Age i loko o ka 8-9 kenekulia BC. Zaisan Apana o East aneea oneiaey e leie aku mākou, e noiʻi ana elua haneri o ka nui loa ke kanu puu, 50 o i ka poe i kaheaia ke aliʻi a me ke komo gula hou ma mua. I Shiliktinskoy Valley o ka kahiko ma ka honua nei i ke aliʻi halekupapau o ka 8th kenekulia BC, ma aneea oneiaey, a i weheʻia e Kumu Toleubayeva. Mawaena o na archaeologists keia loaʻa, kena ae la i kekahi leo e like me ke "gula kanaka" kolu o aneea oneiaey. He Ua kanuʻiaʻo ia i loko o nā kapa hoʻonaniʻia me 4325 gula tang. Ka loa hana hoihoi loaʻa - he pentagonal hoku me lazuritnymi kukuna. Oia ka mea nô kêia ka mana a me ka nui. Ka mea, ua oi maopopo i Shilikty, Besshatyr, Issyk, Berel, Boralday - ke kapu kahi o na rituals, na mohai, a me ka pule.

I kakahiaka nui Iron Age moʻomeheu o nomads

Documentary maopopo ana o ka wa kahiko moʻomeheu o aneea oneiaey ka mea, i ole he nui wale. ʻano nui ike i loaa mai hulikoehana hoʻopunipuni a me ka hanaʻeliʻana. Ma ka nomads nui i ua olelo mai no ke mele a me ka hula. Mākou e hoʻi e hōʻike 'ia i ke akamai i loko o ka hana o ka pālolo moku a me ka pena i na bola kala. Puunaue ana o ka hao i loko o ka hale, a me ka? Iecaianoaaiiie ua ka impetus no ka holomua o ka hanana paio hahana maoli nō'ōnaehana: kōā kaulike e lalana ana uahi aku, i ua horizontally waihoia ma ka paia o ka hale a pau. Nā nomads invented i ka hailonaʻana no ka mau ukana i keia la no ka lulu popilikia pono, a no ka pono ma ka wartime. Ka mea, ua hele mai me ka lole wāwae, stirrups, he o niaie ?? a me ka uma saber. E hoʻopale ai i lio metala leho i ua ulu. Hoomalu ana o ka mea hookahi koa i hao kila.

E piʻi like a me ka wehe au

Ke Iron Age o ke kolu ma ka laina i ka pohaku a me ka keleawe. Akā, ma ka waiwai, i lana ai, o ka mea mua. I ke kālā no ka hao koe ka mea muli o nā mea a pau kanaka hana. A pau i ka nui discoveries i loko o ke kahua o ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo pili me kona lawe. He mea hiki ke hooheheeia mea i oi aku ka heheʻe wahi like like me ke keleawe. Pure maoli hao hakuʻole, a me ka lawe mai i ke kaʻina hana o ka smelting na mea i eliia ka loa paʻakikī no ka mea, o kona refractoriness. Kēia mea hiki ke hooheheeia i ke kumu o global loli i loko o ke ola o ka hehi ohana. Ke hoʻohālikelike me ka mua hana hoopilikia wale hulikoehana Iron Age o ka shortest, akā, i ka loa ka hoʻokō. Initially, manaʻo kanaka akamai meteoric hao. Kekahi palapala a me ka Jewelry mai o ia i ua loaʻa i loko oʻAigupita, Mesopotamia a me Asia Minor. Chronologically, mau kea laa, hiki e wahi ana i ka hapa mua o ke kolu o Ka Wā Kaukani BC. Ma ka lua o Ka Wā Kaukani BC hao e hoohehee ai, mai ka loaa ana enehana? Ac?, Akā, ia mea nō muli o kona kulana he lōʻihi manawa i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, noonoo iho la malorasprostranonnym a me ke kumu i.

He ākea? Iecaianoaaiiuo o nā mea kaua a me nā mea kaua o ka hao lilo pū i loko o Palesetina, Suria, Asia Minor, i ka Caucasus a me India. Ka puunaue ana o keia metala a me ke kila hoʻonāukiuki oaoieei-kipi i kŰlń ao ka mana o ke kanaka ma luna o ano. Ano, Nohie e ho'āpono wale nui mau mea o ka nahele no ka ulu. Koke i modernization o na mea paahana, a me ka hana ana o ka mahi. Alaila, hele koke aku ai aoia hoi hou akamai, o ka oi aku i ka hana a me ka hale kāhiko kaua. Mai kū aʻe shoemakers i loaa maikaʻi i na mea paahana. Bricklayers a miners hoomaka ae la e hana hou aku ka maiau.

Hōʻuluʻulu i nā hualoaʻa o ka Iron Age, ka mea hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ia i ka hoʻomaka o ko mākou au mua e noho ana i loko o ka papa o nā mea a pau i ka papa kuhikuhi ano o ka lima paahana (me ke koe o nā kui nao a me nā'ūpā). Ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka hao i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie ua lilo nui aku na mea hana o ke alanui, he anu u hou holomua koa enehana, a me ka huli lilo i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia dala. Iron Age hōʻeleu, a Iosia i ka disintegration o ka primitive kanaka, ke kaiāulu'ōnaehana, a me ke kahua o ka ka papa ke kaiāulu a me ka moku'āina. kaiaulu he nui i loko o keia manawa i hahai ma hope o ka ai-kapaia koa aupuni a ka lehulehu.

Hiki aoao o ke? Acaeoey

Ua mea waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo i ka meteoritic hao i loko o ka poe liilii, na mea like paha i kahi i koe i loko oʻAigupita, akā, ua i hiki i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia hohola i ka hoʻomaka o ka smelting. Mua, i ka hao ua hee wale ka wā koi 'ia. Penei, hakina o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia inclusions i ua loaʻa i loko o Suria a me Iraq kia hoʻomanaʻo i mea i kūkulu i hope ma mua o 2700 makahiki BC. Akā, ma hope o ka 11th kenekulia BC, ka haku hana hikina mai Anatolia ike ka 'epekema o kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka mea i ka hao. Mea huna a me subtleties o ka hou 'epekema i mālama malu, a haawiia mai, mai ia hanauna aku ia hanauna aku. Ka mua mōʻaukala mea, ua ulu, e hookupaa aku ana i ka laha ana o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia no ka hana o ka mea, i kākau i loko o kaʻIseraʻela,ʻo ia ma Gerara kona noho malihini kokoke i Gaza. Aia nō he nui helu o Hoe, pahikakiwi a me openers o ka hao i ua loaʻa ka launa pū, mai ka wā ma hope o ka makahiki 1200 BC. ¶ A i loko o ka hulikoehana kahua i ua loaa umu.

Special metala aaioee 'ike loea hou e pili ana i na haku o komohana Asia, mai a ka mea i aie i ka haku o Helene, Italy a me ke koena oʻEulopa. Pelekāne oaoieei-kipi hiki e wahi ana i ka wā ma hope o ka makahiki 700 BC, a me kahi ana i ka hoʻomaka 'ana, a ulu loa smoothly. Aigupita a me NorthʻApelika ua hōʻike hoihoi i loko o ka ulu ana o ka metala ma e pili ana i ka mea ia manawa i ka hou hoolilo o ke akamai ma kaʻaoʻao hema. Pākē paahana aneane loa haalele i ke keleawe, hoopakela aku huli hao. Europa colonists i lawe mai i ko lakou ike ana i ka 'enehana metala aaioee ma Australia a me New World. Ma hope o ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ka upa makani hoolei hao Ua haawi ma ka nui me ka unahiʻole. E hookuke hao Ua lilo i paʻa mau mea no ka hana ana i kela ano keia ano o ka hale 'ikamu a me koa pono, a ua ka impetus no ka hooulu ana i hoʻomāhuahua ai hana.