He aha ka DNA, ka mea kona papa a me ka mea nui i ola meaola

DNA - he deoxyribonucleicʻakika, i hoakaka maluhia a me ka EYI o aaiaoe 'ike. Ma kona 'ole i ka hoʻopā'āluaʻia' ike ma luna o ka 'ole o ka RNA a me nā polokina o ke kino. E wehe i keia 'ole Hawaiian I.Mishlerom i ka 1869.

Mua, ka mea maoli waiwai o ka DNA i Ua IKE OLE IA. Ua Ua manaoio ia ia mea kuleana no ka malama ana i ke kino o ka phosphorus a me kona waiwai e ke hoʻouna i ike ua i hiki nö iä ia, no ka mea, nā moku halihali mokulele o hereditary ike mea maʻa mau noʻonoʻo nā polokina. Wale i loko o ka makahiki 1944, ma hope o ka moʻo o ka ho okolohua ma luna o ka loli o koʻohune, ka mea i loaʻa i ka DNA, a me ka hōʻike 'kona walaʻauʻana i hana'. Ma hope o 1952 'ike e pili ana i keia lātoma widened - ikea ae la ia i ka mea, o ke kumu nui carrier o ka' ike e pili ana i ka 'ole o ka genotype (o ka' ia paha o nā'ōewe ma ka meaola), akā, i i ike i kekahi mea i ka manawa o kona loa 'ole, ka' ole o ka DNA i ole i kāna mete ia.

Kona hakakino 'ole i deciphered i nâ makahiki 1953 e James Watson a me Francis Crick. Lakou i manao ai i keia DNA - lātoma e hana i ka papalua helix iloko olaila ka deoxyribose a me ka posapahate pūʻulu, e nakinaki nitrogenous kumu - adenine, cytosine, guanine a me ka thymine.

It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻohui pū 'ia o kēia mau kumu mai ka maopopo hoakaka hana - adenine e hoopaa ana me ka thymine a me ka guanine me cytosine, i hōʻoiaʻiʻo pololei a me ka pololei ka hoʻoponopono-replication o ka DNA lātoma e like me wale i ka rula o ka complementarity a me kekahi o kona nāʻaha hui iho spirals.

Oia he akaka 'ike no ka hakakino' ole i 'ā ka i maikaʻi ka naʻauao o ka mea ka DNA - ke' ole e mālama ana i ka aaiaoe kivila o ke kumu o nā kūpuna i loko o nā meaola e ola ana, me eukaryotes a me kekahi nā mea hoʻomaʻi.

Ke aaiaoe kivila Ua waiho waho me ka maopopo nucleotide kaʻina. Penei, kēlā'aminoʻakika kumuʻiʻo encoded e ekolu nucleotides a me kaʻakika kaʻina mea he'ōewe.

Inā kekahi loli ana i loko o ka 'ole o ka DNA wahi mutation paha'ōewe. Point mutational loli ma ka hakakino 'ole i'alapa kūlaʻi, i mea oluolu, e huai ae ma biochemical a hybridological Ka Ikepili. 'ōewe mutations ana ka wā hoʻololi i ka interleaving nucleotides, i mea no ka hopena o keʻano o ka hanaʻana e like me nā mahele, transversions, hookomo a me ka poho o kanaka waihona ipu hui, a kue i ka functioning a me ka waiwai o ka DNA.

Inā mau loli mall alakai ai i ka ei o ka nui loa o ka polypeptide i loko o ka meaola ka mea, he nui aʻe 'ana, i hooholo ole wale i ka' aʻe 'ana i ka ulu ana o ka meaola, akā, i ko lakou lukuia'na. No ka laʻana, mutations hiki i hoʻomaka ai, a hiki iloko o fetal kūpono 'ana, ma o na la hanau o na keiki make, a me ka' ole-viable. Eia hou, ua 'aʻe' e ma ka naau o na mea he nui hanau mā i hiki ke pū i hiki i na hanauna e hiki.

E hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ka mea hiki e manao like i ka DNA i mea - ia mea paʻakikī nui 'ole o aaiaoe' ike, i mea no ka papa kuhikuhiE ke keʻena o chromosomes. Eia hou kekahi, DNA -ʻakika, i mea kuleana i hoʻokō i ka aaiaoe ike, a me ka functioning o ola meaola.