He aha ka ka adiabatic kaʻina?

E kūkulu i ka wela engine, i hiki ke hana i ka hana ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i wela, e pono e ho okumu ana i kekahi mau ana. Mua o nā mea a pau, i ka wela engine , e hana i ka cyclic pololei, ma ka helu o ke Kime Poʻokela thermodynamic keʻano o ka hanaʻana, e hana i kekahi loop i loko. Ka hopena o ka pōʻaiapuni kinoea lelo i loko o ka paukūʻolokaʻa me ka hoʻoneʻe kuʻe, 'aʻole hana. Akā, hoʻokahi kalapona no ka'ōhui mīkini he uuku, ka mea e iterate ma, a ma hou no kekahi manawa. Ka huina hana i hana ai i loko o ka hoʻoholo ma mua manawa ma ka ike maopopo i puunaueia ma ka manawa e haawi mai ai i kekahi manaʻo nui - mana.

Ma ka waena o ka XIX kenekulia, ka mua wela kiko'ī i hanaiaʻi o laua. Ka mea mau i ka hana, akā, pana aku au i nui ka nui o ka wela hua mai ma ke'ā o ka wahie. Ua i laila iʻimi naʻauao physicists e ninau, "Pehea hana kinoea hana i loko o ka wela engine? Pehea e kiʻi i ka hapanui hana me ka palena iki o ka wahie? "

E hana i ka Ka Ikepili o ke kinoea hana , ka mea, ua i hoʻolauna i ka pau ano o ka wehewehena i a me ka manaÿo. Ke totality o nā mea a pau 'o Ka hoʻoholo, a hana mai i kekahi holoʻokoʻa noiʻi wahi, i kapaia o "' enekinia, Thermodynamics". I thermodynamics, i aponoia ma ka helu o nā mea mahuʻi, aole ia i detract mai i ka papa kuhikuhiE hopena a. Mea Hana 'kino - ephemeral kinoea (i? Ueony iʻano) i hiki ke'opihia i Aʻohe ka leo o kona nā lātoma mai e launa pū'. Ma ka 'āina nei wale maoli kinoea, a i pono-i ho'ākāka' waiwai indistinguishable mai ka maikaʻi kinoea.

E nānā i kekahi kumu hoʻohālike no nāʻano o ka hana loli, ka mea, ua ua? Aaei kānāwai o thermodynamics, a wehewehe i ke kumu o thermodynamic keʻano o ka hanaʻana e like me:

• isochoric kaʻina - he kaʻina hana i ua hana me ka hoʻololi i ka buke o na hana loli. Nā kūlana isochoric kaʻina, V = const;
• isobaric kaʻina - he kaʻina hana i ua hana me ka hoʻololi i ka puʻe i loko o ka hana loli. Nā kūlana isobaric kaʻina, P = const;
• isothermal (isothermal) kaʻina - he kaʻina hana i ua hana oiai ka malama ana i ka mahana ma ka hoʻoholo ma mua kiʻekiʻe. Nā kūlana isothermal kaʻina, T = const;
• adiabatic kaʻina (adiabatic, no laila ka mea, ua kapaʻia kaʻiʻo nō o kēia Thermal 'enekinia,) - ke kaʻina hana, hana ma ka makahiki me ka wehe aʻe o ka wela a me ke kaiapuni. Nā kūlana o adiabatic kaʻina, Q = 0;
• polytropic kaʻina - o ka generalized kaʻina i wehewehe a pau i ka thermodynamic keʻano o ka hanaʻana i haiia ae maluna, e like me nā mea a pau me ka 'ē aʻe nā papaha no ka hoʻokō i loko o ka paukūʻolokaʻa me ka hoʻoneʻe kuʻe.

Iloko o ka hanaia'na o ka mua wela kiko'ī huli kalapona ma ka a, e kiʻi i ka lani kiekie loa ka hoʻokōʻana (kaʻi lau waiwai o ka hana ana). Sadi Carnot, ina hookolokolo i ka lākou o thermodynamic keʻano o ka hanaʻana, ma luna o kekahi mau manao wale, i hele aku i ka ulu ana o kona kalapona, i kapaʻia ma hope ona - ka Carnot pōʻaiapuni. Ua sequentially hana isothermal, laila, i ka adiabatic mīkini'opihia kaʻina. Ka hana ana loli ma hope o ka manaʻo o kēia mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana i kekahi koena o na ikehu, akā, me ka pōʻaiapuni i ole, ua pau, no laila, i ka hana loli ua hoomaka a ua hanaʻia isothermal anoe kaʻina. E hoʻokō 'ia i ka pōʻaiapuni, a hoʻi i ka loiloi mua hana loli kiko'î, adiabatic? Anoe? Kaʻina ua hana.

Carnot hoao i ka ka hoʻokōʻana i loko o kona kalapona hiki i ka i kā mākou, a ua hilinaʻi nui wale ma luna o nā mahana o nā isotherms elua. Ke kiekie o ka likeʻole ma waena o lākou, i ka correspondingly kiʻekiʻe thermal ka hoʻokōʻana. Hoao mai ana e hana i ka wela engine o ka Carnot kalapona a me ka ua i ka nele. He he maikaʻi kalapona i hiki ole ke hana. Akā,ʻo ia i ho'āʻo i ka rula nui o ke kānāwai lua o thermodynamics, e pili ana i ka impossibility o ka noho i ka oihana, e like me na koina o ka thermal ikehu. Ua ua kālaiʻia i ka helu o ka wehewehena i ka lua o ka kānāwai (kānāwai) kānāwai o thermodynamics, e like me a Rudolf Clausius hoʻolauna i ka manaʻo o ka entropy. I ka papa kuhikuhiE ka hopena o kona noiʻi - entropy ua mahuahua, i hiki aku ai i thermal "make".

Ka loa nui e piʻi like i ka Clausius naʻauao o adiabatic kaʻina hana i loko o kona manaʻo o ka mea hana loli ka entropy 'aʻole e hoʻololi i ole. No laila, i ka adiabatic kaʻina Clausius - He mau = const. Eia S - o ka entropy, a haawi i kekahi inoa no ke kaʻina ua lawe mai me ka hoolako ole wehe wela, - isentropic kaʻina. ʻepekema, e huli no ia o ka pōʻaiapuni wela engine, na wahi a pau ua ka hoomahuahua i entropy. Akā, Eia naʻe, keia ia i hiki ole ho okumu ana. No ia mea, ho oholo i hiki ole i ka wela engine e hana i nā mea a pau.

Akā,ʻaʻole i nā noiʻi i ua kele ai pessimistic. Ka mea, i huli no ka mea maoli pōʻaiapuni no ka mea thermal machines. E like me ka hopena o ko lākou huli Nikolaus August Otto i hanaʻi i kona kalapona wela engine, i ua manawa, ua hoʻokō i kiko'ī e holo ma luna o kakolina. Eia, i ke kaʻina hana ma adiabatic mīkini'opihia o ka hana kino a me ka isochoric wela lako (wahie'ā ma a eia i ka leo), a laila, loaʻa nō adiabatic? Anoe? Aiey (hana ua hanaia ma ka hana meakino i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka mahuahua kona leo), a me ka isochoric ka wela pōpilikia 'ana. Ka mua maloko'ā kiko'ī o ka Otto kalapona i hoʻohana like me ka wahie i kinoea flammable. Nui ma hope ka mea i invented carburetors mea i lilo benzovozdushnoy ho okumu ana i ka läÿau, o ka lewa me ka kakolina ohu a me ka hanai ana ia lakou i ka engine paukūʻolokaʻa.

Ma Otto kalapona wahie läÿau, ua'opihia, no laila, i ka nui o ka mīkini'opihia o kona kŘpa a uuku - wahie läÿau, i ka welelau o ka detonate (explode ka wā o ka pilikia ka puʻuwai a me ka mahana). No laila, i ka hana i loko o ka adiabatic mīkini'opihia kaʻina, kŘpa a haʻahaʻa. Eia mākou mai i kekahi manaʻo: ka mīkini'opihia hiʻohiʻona - ka lākiō o ka huina ka leo i ka mīkini'opihia ka leo.

Loaa ia aoao, e hoʻonui i ka wahie ka hoʻokōʻana o ka ikehu hoomauia. Mahuahua ka hoʻokōʻana ike i ka mahuahua o ka mīkini'opihia hiʻohiʻona. Rudolf kakolina diesel hoʻomohala kona kalapona ma i ka wela lako ua lawe mai i mau puʻe (i loko o ka isobaric kaʻina). Kona kalapona ua i ke kumu no ka kiko'ī ka hoʻohana kakolina diesel wahie (iʻikeʻia me kakolina diesel wahie). I ka pōʻaiapuni kakolina diesel wahie läÿau, ua ole'opihia, a me ka ea. No laila, ke'ōlelo nei lākou i ka hana a ua hana i loko o ka adiabatic kaʻina. Ke ana wela a me ka puʻe ma ka hopena o ke kiʻekiʻe mīkini'opihia, no laila, ma ka kīʻamo wahie ka pahu kui ua lawe mai. Ua Ua hui me ka wela ea, e hana i ka combustible läÿau. Ua puhi, keia maoli ka ikehu kipi o ka hana loli. E möakäka hou kinoea ma adiabatic? Anoe? Ua, hana e hana ana i hahau ana.

Ke ho'āʻo nei e hoʻokō i ke kakolina diesel kalapona wela kiko'ī nele, no laila, Gustav Trinkler i hana ai ke hui pōʻaiapuni Trinklera. A ua hana ia i loko o kēia lā ka kakolina diesel kiko'ī. Ma ka pōʻaiapuni o ka wela lako e Trinklera isochore, a laila, ma luna o nā isobars. Wale ma hope o keia ua hanaia ka adiabatic kaʻina o? Anoe? O ka hana loli.

By analogy me ke kuʻe wela kiko'ī a me ka mīkini peahi uila hana. Akā, kā lākou kaʻina hana o ka wela pōpilikia 'ana ma ka pau ana o ka mea pono keia mau mea adiabatic? Anoe o ke kinoea ua hanaʻia e isobars. Ma airplanes, kinoea mīkini peahi uila kiko'ī, a me ka turboprop adiabatic kaʻina ia lŘlŘ palua i mīkini'opihia a? Anoe?.

E hoapono aku i na kumu manaÿo o adiabatic kaʻina i ua manaoia noho nā papakuhikuhi. Aia kahi mea akaka nui he nui, i kapaʻia ka adiabatic inideka. Kona mea no ka diatomic kinoea (oxygen a me ka naikokene - i ka papa kuhikuhiE diatomic kinoea i hiki mai ma ka lewa) like i 1.4 mau. No ka ho omaulia i ka adiabatic inideka hoʻohana i mau hana hoihoi 'ano, oia, a me ka isobaric isochoric wela nona iho o ka hana loli. Ka lākiō o ke k = CP / CV - o ka adiabatic inideka.

No ke aha la e hana i adiabatic kaʻina i kaʻimi naʻauao pōʻaiapuni o ka wela kiko'ī? Maoli hana polytropic kaʻina, akā, ma muli o ia ka mea i ka mea ana i ka uku kiʻekiʻe, ka mea, ua maliu e lawe i ka wa e kaawale aku o ka wela launa like me ke kaiapuni.

90% o ka uila ua ua loaʻa ma thermal mana mea kanu. I ia e like me ka mea e hana ana i loli hoʻohana mahu. Ua ua hua mai la i ka wā nā kapuahi. E hoomahuahua i ka hana nona iho o ka mahu, ia mea superheated. A laila, ua lako i ka kiʻekiʻe puʻe superheated mahu i ka mahu mīkini peahi uila. Ua i lawe ia wahi aku adiabatic kaʻina mahu? Anoe? Aiey. Mīkini peahi uilaʻia ape, ka mea, ua i hiki ai i ka pila nui mīkini hana wāwahie. Mea, ma ka huli, paha ke uila no nā mea kūʻai mai. Mahu turbines hana ma ka Rankine pōʻaiapuni. Maikaʻi loa ka hoʻokōʻana ua no hoi me ka hoomahuahua i loko o ke ana wela a me ka puʻe mahu pili.

Like ike mai na luna, he adiabatic kaʻina ka loa, he pono ole i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ÿole mechanical a me ka uila ikaika a.