He aha ka ke kumu o ka infertility interspecific hybrids? Ano he kumu hoʻohālike interspecific hybrids

Mai ka wā kahiko, kanaka haohao nei ma ka nani a me ka nohona o ka puni mea kanu, o ka oi aku pua. Lākouʻono a me ka palupalu i loko o nā makahiki i hala aku i ka personification o ke aloha, maemae, olelo o ka naʻau. Ke kiʻekiʻe, ka mea ike i ka mea hiki ole e loaa i ka ua naʻano o kēia mau mea maikai a pau, akā, i ke komo 'ana i loko o lākou ho okumu. Pela i hoomaka ai i ke au o ka mea kanu? Aneii, e alakai ana i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o hou laha 'me ka oi pono keia mau mea a me ka nui hiʻona ma genotypes a me phenotypes. Two 'epekema, e hana pu ma kēia pukana, kauoha aku pela ma keia mea, e hoʻokō i kekahi fantastic result - ia mea aaiaoe? A me ka botany.

Eia ke ano o ka mahele o ka botany

Botany - ka 'epekema e Haʻawina na mea a pau e pili ana i mea kanu. Ia mea, ka mea,:

• morphology;
• aaiaoe?;
• physiology;
• 'anatomia;
• systematics.

Keia hahau uhi a pau, ao ke ano o ke ola ana o flora, mai ka na keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka hanu, kāʻamaʻai a me nā'ōlelo, a me ka pau ana me ka mawahoʻano o phenotypic kāna moʻolelo.

'O kēia kekahi o ka mea kahiko sciences, i ikea mai ai me ka hooulu ana o ke kanaka. Ka Uluwehi o hoihoi i loko o na mea a puni ia, no laila,ʻai i ka puni, ka mea, ua he kanaka mau. No hoi, ma ka hou i ka nani, ka mea, ua mau Ua i kahi oi mana o ka ai, lāʻau lapaʻau nā mea hoʻohui, hanaʻia. No ia mea, botany - o ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka meaola loa kahiko, nui, ka nohona a me ka luna' ma luna o mākou Honua - mea kanu.

mea kanu? aneii

Me ka hooholo ana o ka manawa a me ka hoʻomāhuahua o kaʻimi naʻauao ike e pili ana i ka 'ole o kēia mau mea, mai ka loko, kā lākouʻaoʻao o ke ola, a na keʻano o ka hanaʻana i hana i loko o ia mau mea, ua lilo i mea loaʻa a me ka naauao o ka pehea e manipulate i ko lakou ulu a me ka ulu ana. Akoakoa ae momentum epekema aaiaoe?, E leie aku no ka chromosomal kuka nei kekahi mau mea, e kapa ia lakou i kekahi i kekahi, noho ka pono a me ka hewa hualoaʻa, koho i ka pono a me ka pono. Ua i i hiki ai i ke aloha a hiki i ka hope o loaʻa.

1. Papalua fertilization i ka mea kanu.
2. Wehe i ke kaʻina hana o ka mitosis a me ka meiosis.
3. ? Ac? O keʻa-? Aneii 'ana i kūpono.
4. Heterosis, inbreeding a me ka outbreeding.
5. Deciphering ka aaiaoe kivila o ka mea kanu.
6. Biomolecular haʻawina o ka haku mele 'ana o nā'aʻaʻa a me aeee.
7. Discoveries ma ke kahua o ka cytology a me ka histology.

O ka holo ana, i ka ole a pau na preconditions, a ua mālama aku i ka hoʻomaka o ka ikaika ka hele, a me ka hooulu ana o ka? Aneii ano hana ma luna o nā mea kanu.

Hybridization a me kona ano

Kekahi inoa no ke kaʻina hana o kela aoao - hybridization. I ka papa hana o ka hoʻohana 'ana i kēia kŰia ua kapaia hybridological. Kona mua pili no kona ike maopopo ana, Gregor Mendel. Kona kaulana ia mea ma luna o peas kela schoolchild ike.

Ke o Mānoa, o ka mea a pau kaʻina ua i kela kapa ma waena o ka makua 'ano apau loa e paka heterozygous keiki ma kai a e e kapa hybridomas. Ma keia penei kekahi? Ac?ʻano. Ka mea, i koho ma muli o na ano kanaka o keʻano,? Ueo a genus. I ka huina, ma laila nō nā papa kuhikuhi ano o ia keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

1. Outbreeding, a outbreeding. Ua hoʻohuʻu i ka loiloi mua ae o ka makua pepa i hui ole ia i ka ia? Ueony, genus aʻano. Ia mea,ʻaʻole e loaʻa kekahi kinship. Kēia i kela kapa o kekahi o ka loa hanohano a me ka loa pinepine hiki aku ai i ka heterosis i loko o ka? Aneii o ka maemae laina.
2. Inbreeding a inbreeding - hybridization pili loa laha 'pili ana i ka ia? Ueony a genus, papa. Kēia papa hana ua hoʻohana 'ia e loaa ai i ka heluna kanaka i loko o kekahi mau mea kōkua ma na hoailona, a me phenotypic. Wā pono i lawe mai ka puana inbreeding e loaa maemae aaiaoe? Kanu laina.

Kēia penei kekahi ano i oi ololiʻano likeʻole o loko. No ka laʻana, kekahi ano o outbreeding noʻonoʻo crossbreeding - hybridization ma waena oʻano likeʻole.

Ma waho aʻeo no nā 'ano o nā kanaka, loaʻa nō nāʻano o nā keʻa. i ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka mea, i loko o au mamuli a? anoee, a hiki ma ka Mendel, Morgan Thomas a me nā geneticists i hala kenekulia.

'ano o ka interbreeding

E kuhikuhi i kekahi mau walaʻauʻana ano o kanaka hybridization.

1. Monohybrid a poe noonoo ole. Kuhi makua penei kekahi ano, e lilo ua lawe mai i mua MOKUNA XXXIII No kekahi manawa.
2. Elua-hapalua - ia me ke kumu me ka makua oko i loko o nā hui o na hoailona.
3. E hoʻi - he hapalua o ka mua o ka hanauna nā keʻa me ka palapala makua kanaka.
4. Poligibridnoe, a papalua no hoi lakou - o ka mua o ka hanauna mai o na kanaka hoʻomau e hybridize i kekahi i kekahi, a me ka hahai-i a me nāʻano likeʻole a me ka? Ueo.

All mahinaʻai ia i? Ueo i waiwai i loko o kēlā mau 'kulana home' ole. Ia mea, no kekahi mau mea kanuʻano na mea i kela kapa, e kiʻi i ka makemake hopena. Akā, 'ē aʻe he pono i ka luna'ʻelua poligibridnaya hybridisation e loaa i ka makemake kāna moʻolelo, a ua paa ia ma ka mau heluna.

Hybrids o kekahi mau hanauna

E like me ka hopena, i kekahi penei kekahi a ano e ae paha i hanaʻia i ke keiki kakou nana. Kāna moʻolelo i ka mea, i na makua i hiki e hoike mai ai ia ia iho i ka loli iki ana degere.

Ke'ī mai, i nā hiʻona o ka mua o ka hanauna hybrids phenotypically mauʻaʻahu, e like me ka mea e hoikeike ma ke kānāwai o Mendel (ka mua) a me kona mau ho okolohua ma peas. No laila, pinepine e kiʻi i ka ia hopena ia oe makemake a pau i kekahi manawa, hana ia monohybrid ano keia ano o ka hybridization.

Eia, a pau mahope specimens ua hui pu iho la i ka waiwai, no laila, he mea splitting i loko o kekahi mau ia lākiō. Maopopo no recessives ālai ia 'aʻe mutational keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Nolaila, o ka mea nui i kanaka hanalima haʻawina, kona mahiʻai, ka mea, o ka mea mua, e loaa hanauna mea kanu.

Typical laʻana: ina ke AIM mea e loaa wale yellow nā komako like me ka hopena o naciiiuo manawa, i ka laau kea maluna ona e e melemele a me kaʻulaʻula kamakoʻulaʻula akā, pono e loaa mua mai yellow makua. Ma keia hihia, no ka hanauna mua, e oiaio no eʻaʻahu - yellow hua o kamako.

Interspecific hybrids: ano

Interspecific hybrids i ka poe mea i loaa mai ma ka outbreeding a me ka loihi mai i kela kapa. Ia mea i ka hopena o ka penei kekahi o na kanaka i pili i ka okoa? Ueony, i mea e loaa hou i hoʻoholo ma mua 'ano a me ka waiwai.

Ma keia ala, kanaka ma ka hana, he nui nui mahiʻai a me ka ornamental mea kanu i ua loaa, a ma ke koho ana o na holoholona i nā mea he nui hou? Ueo o nā holoholona.

'O kekahi mau meaola

Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka interspecific hybrids i waena o nā mea kanu.

• zernokormovaya palaoa;
• triticale - palaoa a me ka rai;
• Rai-hoʻokino wheatgrass;
• palaoa-elimusnye;
• kekahi mau ano o ka paka a me kekahi poe e ae.

Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i na holoholona, e like me na lunamakaainana ke kulanakauhale me lakou i mea hoike:

• hoki (lio a me ka hoki);
• liger - liona, a me ka tigress;
• rackelhahn -ʻeleʻele grouse a me ka capercaillie, a me na mea e ae.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE pilikia ana o ia mau hybridizations i mamo a sterile ai 'ole-viable. A no ke aha kanaka i hana a hoʻomohala i ka hailona o ke ki ina hana like, e lanakila mau kumumea. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ina me ka makemake hopena ua loaa, ia mea nui,ʻaʻole pono e koho ia, akā, no hoi e hoʻolauna ma ka loaa ana o ia mau meaola.

He aha ka ke kumu o ka infertility interspecific hybrids?

Nā kumu no kēia mau pilikia i ka uhukiia ma na keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka meiosis a me ka mitosis, oia hoi ma ka anaphase chromosomes lūlū aku iā ia i ka auamo o ka halepaahao. Ma keia wahi, e nana ana kela mea keia mea o ia no kona homologous paʻa. Mai ho okumu i ka mea a pau a me ka chromosome chromatid e hoʻomōhala ana i na karyotype o ka meaola.

Akā, no ka poe kanaka, ka poe i kuʻi nukeliu hele ana mai kekahi makua ano, i ka manawa kūpono o ka halawai ana me na hale a mea ka palena haʻahaʻa a me ka ole i ke Akua. I mea no ke aha la he mea huikau pu ana o nā huapalapala, a like me ka hopena kanaka e sterile ai 'ole-viable. ʻo ia hoʻi, nā nā'ōewe, ma ka mea, e incompatible.

Inā mākou e nānā i ka hakakino kiʻekiʻe, a no ka imi ana i ke kumu o ka sterility o interspecific hybrids, i ka pane mea ia ia mea incompatible pauku o ka DNA, mai ka nucleus o aeee a me mitochondria. E like me ka hopena, aole no he conjugation o chromosomes ma meiotic kaʻina.

Ua hiki aku i ka disastrous hualoaʻa ma ka kanu? Aneii, a ma kela aoao a me ka? Aneii? Ueony a me ka hou? Ueo. No pinepine ia ka hana i loko o ka flora. No laila, kiʻi i ka ohi ai ana o hapalua mea kanu mea hiki wale nō, hoʻokahi houʻana, i ka loa kekahi kaʻao no ka hooulu ana o ka mahiai.

Once ka mea, lilo iho la ia i ike i kaʻepekema, ke kumu no ka sterility o interspecific hybrids, kaʻeleu hana, e imi aoao i ka hoʻoponopono 'ana i kēia mau mea, lalau mai. Ua alakai aku ai i ka haku o kekahi mau aoao, e hoʻopau sterility kanaka.

Aoao o ka lanakila infertility

I ka papa kuhikuhiE ala i koho no ka hoʻoponopono 'i ka pilikia o ka kālaimeaola, like penei. I ka anu u meiotic chromosome diverge ka wā o ka halepaahao pahu, ka mea, ua hookomoia he kūikawā waiwai - colchicine. Ua paipai 'ana i ka noho male' ana filaments kālī (aeea waena). E like me ka hopena o nā mea a pau chromosomes noho i loko o ka ia halepaahao, aole i ka haule i loko o kekahi. Ano, i loaʻa noa conjugation ma waena o homologous hui, a no laila, ia mea he maʻamau kaʻina hana o ka meiosis i loko o ka wā e hiki mai.

Penei, momona hua i oluolu a me ka fruiting mahope i loko o nā keʻa me kekahi kinona. Loa pinepine, keia iaoia ua hoʻohana 'ia ia mea i loko o kanu? Aneii, ua kahea mai la polyploidy. Ua Ua mua pili ana i kā mākouʻepekema Karpechenkovym. Ku ae la ka mua momona hapalua cabbage a me ka radish.

He aha ka ke kumu o ka sterility o interspecific hybrids, mākou i mua i loaʻa. Ike i ke ano o ka pilikia, ka mea, ua hiki i ka ho okumu ana i elua hou aoao o ka hoʻoponopono ia.

1. Mea kanu pollinated me ka pollen, mai kekahi wale makua. Kēia papa hana e leie aku kekahi mau hanauna o ka hapalua kanaka, momona. Akā, laila, haʻalele 'Hehe hoike, a me kanaka hou lilo sterile.
2. Pollination o hybrids i loko o ka mua o ka hanauna pollen makua.

I keia manawa, ua i hanaia hou ki ina hana like o ka paio, akā, hana ma keia ala e hiki aku, ua haliia mai la mawaho.

Lilia a me kā lākou mau hybrids

Hōʻailona o ke aku a me ka hala ole, me ka pua o ke kaumaha a me ke kaumaha no ka hele, akahai a me ka maalea poeikohoia o ka lilia - līlia. Kēia mau mea kanu i kuaiia, ma ka ke kanaka no na kenekulia i loko o ka lalani. Iloko o keia manawa, wale kekahiʻano likeʻole i ole, ua hoʻokumu! Maoli ai, ka interbreeding hoopa iho la ia lakou, no hoi.

Ka hopena ua i ka hoʻopau o ka eiwa pūʻulu o ka hapaluaʻano likeʻole i mea i kunewa nani o phenotypic kāna moʻolelo! Iwaena o lakou i kūikawā wahi ua ku e elua o ka loa a me ka hana kaulana 'elele:

• 'Ākia hybrids;
• Lily OT-hybrids.

E noonoo i nā hiʻona o nā pūʻulu elua, a haawi aku ia i ka hōʻike.

'Ākia hybrids

He ka nui o ka ka pukaʻana hapalua pua. Lākou kālaimeaola Aʻole i oko mai ia o ka mea'ē aʻe lala. Ana ulu kiaha e hiki 31 knm ma anawaena, a me ka 'ia nā pōpō mea okoa. Loa naniʻano o Nippon, a he keokeo ka pua me ka nui a pinkʻoki. Petals Ua crimped.

Plant kiekieʻikepili loli aʻe mai i 1,2 m. Kēia e leie aku ia lakou e pae i ka mamao o 20-25 knm mai kekahi i kekahi, a hana i ka nani ua pua i nā lapa. A pau iloko o keia pae exude he loa ikaikaʻono.

Orienpity

'O kēia ka RT-lilia hybrids ailona i ua hana ma ka piha inoa:'Ākia-omo shape. Ka mea, i kekahi kapa līlia laau no kekahi kiʻekiʻe loa nui o ka mea kanu a me ka nui pua. Ma kekahi kumu i 2,5 mika i loko o kona kiʻekiʻe i e hana nui ma mua o 25 (30 knm) pua e, ua nui loaʻala, a brightly nā pōpō.

Ua apono 'keia pae ana o hybrids e e loa mahaloia i waena o mala, eia nae i kela kanaka keia kanaka ke Makuakane me lākou? Aneii. Ua lawe He mālama loa maikai a me ka pono pae ana i na ano hiki iä ia, a paka keiki kakou nana.

Pua nānālā a me kona hybrids

pua nānālā hybrids oko i hua'ōlelo o ka hua maturation. Penei, i ke kala:

• oo ana (i loko o 90 mau lā);
• kakahiaka nui-ʻoihana kaua, (i ka 100 lā);
• mea konu (i ka 110 lā).

hapalua na anoano i hoʻolako kaiʻewaʻewa. Oil maʻiʻo a me ka hua mea okoa, a hilinaʻi ma ka manawa o ka maturation. Ka hou o ka mea kanu ma ka lepo, ke kiekie o ka mea e like ai o kaʻohi. Aia i mau loa, he pono ole i loko o ke ao nei o hybrids o keia mea kanu, o ka loa koi ma ka mahiai.

1. Tunka.
2. Bosphorus.
3. Pohaku.
4. PR64A15.
5. Iasona.
6. I alakai mai.

I waena o lākou ka papa kuhikuhi pono:

• Ua pio ke ahonui;
• maʻi a me pests;
• kekahi mea kanu e haawi i ko;
• kbps hua;
• maikai fruiting.