Homologous moʻo

Ma kemika, loaʻa nō nā pūʻulu o ke aloha waiwai, wehewehe aku e like me ka waiwai, a ua hui pu ia e ka mau haʻilula, e hōʻike ana i ke kumu o ka mallʻokoʻa ma waena o kēlā me kēia mahope hoa o ka mua pae. No ka laʻana, he homologous moʻo o alkanes, alkenes, alkynes , a me nā pūʻulu. Kēia nomenclature mea o ka mea nui no ke ao a me ka hana pono o ke forecasting. No ka mea, ke aloha 'ona i loko o ka pae, loaʻa i ka pololei, loli ma Nine Inch a me ka physical ka waiwai, a ua correlated la lakou a pau me ka loli ma hakakino kaumaha.

Like nui nō i ka rula e wehewehe ana i ka waiwai o ka 'ona i loko o ka hoʻololi mai kekahi pae i kekahi. E maopopo ka mea he homologous puke, e noonoo kekahi examples. No kekahi pūʻulu o nā hui e hoʻoulu i ke ano mahana o ka hauneneʻe (crystallization), nā kapuahi e (condensation) a me ka pa apŘ me ka mahuahua hakakino ke kaupaonaʻana, a me ka helu o ke kalapona nā'ātoma i loko o ka lātoma.

Paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons i kapaia paraffinic paha paʻa kūhohonu loa; kū no ka mea, acyclic (ʻaʻohe pōʻaiapuni) hui pololei paha manamana ai nā hale, i nā nā'ātoma ma na nā lātoma o i i hui ma ka hookahi paa. Ka huina haʻilula o CnH2n + 2 a wehewehe i ka homologous moʻo o alkanes. Lātoma kēlā hope lala, piʻi pū me like me ka mea mua kekahi C'Ātoma, a me ka mau nā'ātoma ia H. paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons loaʻa:

• methane;
• ethane;
• propane, a no laila, ma luna o.

No ka paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons i nā cycloparaffins. Kēia mea he nui pūʻulu o ke aloha i huiʻia nona nā lātoma i paʻa apo. Homologous moʻo o ia i ka haʻilula CnH2n, hoʻomaka me ka Nine Inch i ekolu kalapona nā'ātoma. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka cycloparaffins:

• cyclopropane;
• cyclobutane;
• cyclopentane, etc.

Unsaturated ole unsaturated hydrocarbons i kekahi acyclic. O nā waiwai o ka maʻamau a me ka pal-ole. Homologous moʻo o alkenes me ka mau haʻilula CnH2n. Mau hui i wehewehe aku ma ke alo o kekahi papalua hoopaa ma waena o nā kalapona nā'ātoma. Inā ka lalani mua hoʻomaka me ka hydrocarbon me ka kalapona'Ātoma (methane), e hoʻomaka me ka 'ona i loko o ka lātoma o i he mau kalapona nā'ātoma. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka alkenes:

• ethene;
• propyl;
• butene, a no laila, ma luna o.

Hydrocarbons ma ka lātoma mau nā'ātoma kalapona i pili ma ka Triple hoopaa i oi unsaturated, ole haawiia keia i like acetylene. Ka mea, i hui pu ia e kekahi homologous moʻo o alkynes. Ua ua ho'ākāka 'ia ma ma ka haʻilula CnH2n-2 a me ka hoʻomaka ana me ka acetylene i loko o ka haʻilula o i mea mau nā'ātoma C. ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka alkynes:

• ethyne;
• propyne;
• butyn-1, a no laila, ma luna o.

Unsaturated acyclic hydrocarbons ma i ka lātoma i mau kaulua paa ana i kapa diene. Ka mea, i ka mau haʻilula CnH2n-2. Lākou homologous moʻo hoʻomaka me ka hydrocarbon me ekolu kalapona nā'ātoma i loko o ka lātoma. Ke kaulua makaukau na kaula paa ke ke conjugated (hoʻokaʻawaleʻia e kekahi kaukahi paʻa) Cumulated (aia ma ka pili nā'ātoma) a kaʻawale (hoʻokaʻawale mau hookahi paa ana). Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka dienes:

• 1,2-propadiene;
• 1,3-butadiene;
• isoprene, etc.

A kūikawā pūʻulu ua hanaʻia e Nine Inch cyclic 'ole i loko o ka lātoma a i ka benzene apo. Homologous moʻo o ka helehelena onaona hydrocarbon hoʻomaka me ka hui a me eono kalapona nā'ātoma - benzene. Homologues o kēia moʻo i hanaʻia ma ka hookomoia kekahi a oi hydrogen nā'ātoma palapala hoopaa i ka benzene apo ma na radicals. Penei, he helu o ka waiwai: benzene, toluene, xylene. Inā ka lātoma i elua a oi substituents e hōʻike i ke alo o isomers o kēia mau waiwai. Other homologous moʻo o aromatics i hana mai naphthalene, anthracene, a me nā waiwai.

Inā ka hydrocarbon lātoma i ka loiloi pūʻulu, ua Nine Inch i hoolilo i ka homologous moʻo.

• Mau oe i ka waiʻona wehewehe aku e ka ana ma ka lātoma ka hydroxyl pūʻulu (-OH). No ka monoalcohols kekahi hydrogen'Ātoma i loko o ka acyclic hydrocarbon hookomoia ma ka hydroxyl pūʻulu; lākou haʻilula: CnH2n + 1OH. Aia i kekahi moʻo o polyols.
• Mau phenols wehewehe aku ma ke alo i loko o ka lātoma, a me ka hydroxyl pūʻulu (-OH), akā, e replaces hydrogen ma ka benzene apo hookahi.
• Wehewehe aku ma ka helu o nā aldehydes no lātoma o ka Nine Inch hui o ka carbonyl pae (> C = O); aldehydes o ka mau haʻilula: R-Ch = O.
• A helu o ketones i kekahi kapa hoʻohanohano ma ke alo o ka carbonyl pae (> C = O), akā, ina ka mea, ua pili i aldehydes ka'ano'ē, laila, na ketones mau hydrocarbon'ano'ē. Ketones haʻilula: R1-CO-R2.
• A helu o carboxylic nāʻakika oko mai nā Nine Inch carboxyl pae, hiehie ka carbonyl a me ka hydroxyl pūʻulu. Haʻilula - RCOOH.

No kela a me keia lalani, ina homologous puke aldehydes, carbonic (aloha) nāʻakika, waiʻona like 'ole a me nā waiwai, kā lākou waiwai, e pili kēia hilinaʻi ma luna o ke' ano o ooieoeiiaeuiiai pae a maoli ai lauwili ma ka helu me ka mahuahua hakakino kaumaha waiwai. Kēia Mea Maluna He kōkua he palahalaha papa o Nine Inch i huiʻia, e maopopo i ke ano a me ka hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i ko lakou waiwai.