Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern: Kawaihae, ka hele ana a me ka loaʻa

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846) o kekahi kaʻao hoʻokele,'akimalala, honorary lālā ole wale no ka Petersburg Academy o Sciences, akā, i ke kū hoʻokahi mōʻaukala kii a me kekahi o na Mamua o ka Russian Oceanology. Kēia kanaka i ka nui hopena ma luna o nā ka mōʻaukala o ka wahi lulu nā huakaʻi nui, a me ka mau no nā mea a pau e holo ana ma ka mau. I na mea he nui e ike i ke kumu o ka mua "Mea Maluna Iho South Sea" ua kaʻoi loa Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Pōkole Kawaihae o ka Lūkini hoʻokele mea i loko o nā puke a me kona wahi i loko o nā mea a pau kūikawā kula, e like me ka mea i ka inoa i uaʻikeʻia a hiki i kela ka hoʻonaʻauao aku i kanaka, ka mea, ua invariably pili me ka Lūkini oceanography, Tilly, a no laila, ma luna o. D.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern: he pōkole Kawaihae

Kēia Lūkini luina mea i hanau i ka inoa o Adamu Ioann, i hele mai, mai ka Russified German ohana Ostsee kaukaualiʻi, ao ke kahua ona ua i kona nui-kupunakane - Filipp Kruzius. Born Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, kona Kawaihae ua pili loa ua hoʻopili i ke kai, i ka walu o ka November 1770 ma Estonia, o ka waiwai Hagudis. Kona makua kāne i kekahi luna kānāwai. Mai ke kakahiaka kamaliʻi, i ka wā e hiki mai'akimalala makemake e kiʻi a puni ma ka moana poepoe honua. Eia nae kona ola ia mau ua hoʻopili i ke kai, i kona moe iʻaʻole koke ike.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern ma hope mau maka Church School, kahi āna i aʻo no ka makahiki ekolu e hoʻomaka ana, mai ka makahiki o ka umikumamalua, koke komo i loko o wale i ka manawa i ke kula i loko o Kronstadt, i aʻo luna o ka'auwaʻa - ka Hawaii mau pūʻali. Ka mua moho o ka opiopio midshipman ma luna o ka wai aouli materialized ma 1787 ma ka Baltic Sea. Soon ka Lūkini-Kuekene kaua. Like he nui'ē aʻe, Ivan Kruzenshtern, i ka manawa e hoʻopau i ka papa, ma mua o ka haʻalele 'ana i koho' i loko o ka midshipmen ma ka laina 74-pū moku "Mstislav". Ua hiki i ka 1788. Ike okoa ia lakou iho i loko o ke kaua o Hogland i ka ia makahiki, i ia ma ke kauoha o ka opiopio Ivan. A no kona poe lawelawe ma ka moana kaua i loko o ka Vyborg kaikuono ma Krasnaya Gorka, a ma ka maka i ka makahiki 1790, ua i aku la ia i ka lutanela.

hana manawaleʻa nei manawa i loko o ka UK

I ka makahiki 1793, ua hoounaʻumikumamālua ma luna pôpeku ma ka mea e hoʻoikaika 'malina mea i' Enelani. Mawaena o lakou ua a me Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Kawaihae o Adimarala wā e hiki mai, mai keia manawa hoʻomaka e dramatically ulu. A haʻalele ka Russian aupuni a pau, he lōʻihi manawa ia i holo ma luna o ka ol 'Thetis i ka'ākau kapakai o Amerika, kahi oi ma mua o kekahi manawa, komo i loko o nā kaua kipa Suriname, Barbados, a me na moku Palani Bermuda. I mea e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina East Indian wai, hele aku la ia i loko o ka Bay o Bengal. Kona manao ua e hookupaa nui ae i kekahi ala hele no Lūkini kuai i loko o ka māhele 'āina.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, ia ia i luna o ka Papa o St. George ha o ka papa, ikaika hoihoi i loko o ka für kalepa ma Rusia a me Kina, a i wahi ma ka aina ala hele, mai Okhotsk ma Kyakhta. I loko o Canton, ia ia ka manawa kūpono e nānā i ka pomaikai, a hiki kiʻi Rusia ma kauoha kuai o ko lākou mau für i China ma ke kai. Eia hou, hoʻowahāwahā i ka hoahanau wa uuku mai, i ka wā e hiki mai Adimarala Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern ho'āʻo e hookupaa nui ae i ka pololei pilina me ka Lūkini metropolis ona aia ma luna o ka mokuna o Amerika, ma ka mea e e hiki, e hoolako ia me na mea a pau e pono ai. A he, mea, ua i seriously manaʻo e pili ana i ka mea originated mua o ka Kuekene kaua moʻolelo circumnavigation pāhana, nona ka papa kuhikuhiE manao makemake e, e hoʻoikaika 'i ka Lūkini Moana like no ke kaawale ana o? Ooia, e like me ka ulu ana o koloniala kuai hoʻomaka. Nolaila, o 'Amelika i ka hana i loko o ka wai o ka Mauna, Pacific, a' Akelanika 'Ka Moana, ka hoʻokele uaʻimi ana e hiki i nāʻaoʻao.

Ohana

Me ka hoao ana a me ka paa, i ka 1799, Ivan, eono makahiki ma hope hoʻi i Rusia. Ma St. Petersburg, oia ho'āʻo e hoike i ko lakou papahana a me ka manaʻo i loko o ka moku, akā, i loaa ka naauao.

Naʻe, ka wā i loko o 1802 i ka like hāpai 'ua i ka hana i ka papa kuhikuhiE papa o ka Russian Kuhina o Pāʻoihana, Emperor Alexander au i apono ia, a me ka mea i hoʻoholo, mamuli e iai? Oaiaaou ke ao nei huakaʻi. Anna i keia manawa, a hoomanao iho la au i ka Kruzenshtern, kono pūʻia mai iā ia i ke aliʻi.

Ka mua circumnavigation

Ka Emperor, nui hooeueuia lakou me ka papahana, aponoia ia, a hoomakaukau i ka manawa kūpono no ka pilikino Kruzenshtern kona manaʻo. Ua kohoia ka hele ana me na ia liilii holo sloop "Hope", he 450 tona, a he uuku māmā moku "Neva". E kauoha aku i ka huakaʻi, a me ka papa kuhikuhiE moku Kruzenshtern ua Ivan, i ka puka o ka i i hope e hele ia ma ka moolelo o ka Russian kelena i kekahi o ka mea nui. A kauoha mai o ka sloop "Neva" waiho ai i kona pili hoa, Lutanela-luna Yu Lisyansky.

Nani hele ana ka hoʻomaka 'ana i ka hoʻomaka o Augate, 1803. He mau moku ka poʻe mai o ka Kronstadt awa, e hele aku ma luna o ka lōʻihi, a loa pilikia ala. Ka papa hana i i kau mua o ka huakaʻi - he ao o ka waha o ka Amur River, e ike hou? Ooia. Ua Ua mau, ua aloha pahu hopu Russian Pacific'auwaʻa, e ike i ka hilinaʻi i ka lōʻihi-manawa hoa a me classmates - Kruzenshtern a me Lisyansky. Ka mea, laila, i, e hele ma ka hailonaʻana o nā pilikia.
Aha i ke komo i ka oihana koa hae. Kaawale mai ikona mau hana, i ka sloop "Hope" i ia e kaʻi aku iā Japan, ka Lūkiniʻelele - Chamberlain Rezanov, ka mea i koiia e hoonohonoho oihana ana me Japan. A no ka mea o ka 'epekema noiʻi, mai ka Russian Academy o Sciences huakaʻi i hoounaia mai naturalist Langsdorf me Tilesius a me astronomer Horner.

Hawaiian hemisphere

Hele mai me ka kaua ma Kronstadt, o ka Aha au i loko o ke awa o Copenhagen, ma Falmouth, kipaku aku la au i ka mokupuni o Tenerife, a me ka ua i ka umikumamaha o November, ma ke kaomi 'Kapikoowākea no ka manawa mua i lawe mai Lūkini kaua lepa ma ka hema hemisphere. Iloko o ka mea a pau holo? Iaea palapala, huli no ka mokupuni hou a puni i ka mokuna o ka pana mai kaʻoi loa komo Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich. I wehe i keia circumnavigation o kaʻImi Loa nui, ka mea e eʻikeʻia i loko o kekahi mau makahiki, i ka wā āna i paʻi i kona memo ma keia hele ana, ka hōʻike i ka lehulehu i ka hailona o ka hoihoi 'mea e pili ana i na mea a pau ana i ike ai i ka huakaʻi.

A hiki i ka Palakila Santa Catarina, explorers ike i ka "Neva" koi 'ia ka loli o nā hale kiaʻi elua, no laila mākou i e e he uuku i? Iaie? Ou wahi lihi iki. I ka pau ka hoʻoponopono 'ana, i ka moku, hele akula ia i kela kapa o ka equator. Mai ia manawa, me ka Kruzenshtern Lisyansky ia paha pono e haʻaheo o ko lākou lawelawe ana i ka aina. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i ka Lūkini ka hae mua ku i ka hema hemisphere, a ma ia manawa ua maoli he hoʻokahuli aupuniʻanuʻu.

Ma Feberuari 1804, ka mua a puni ke ao nei'auwaʻa, polopelema Cape Horn, i mokuahana. Ke kumu i ka lōʻihi ino ana. Ma ka hope o April Kruzenshtern e hoʻokele e kiʻi i ka Marquesas Islands, kahi e hele hui hou: ma ke awa o Anna Maria, ka mea i makemake hope i ike ia Nukuhiva, "Neva" me ka "manaolana" hui.

Hele Vashingtonovyh mokupuni, i ka mua Lūkini circumnavigation huakaʻi hoomauia ma i ka akau. Akā, "Neva" me ka "manaolana" Hele hou i loko o May kokoke i ka Hawaiian Islands. Ka moku mua holo ma ke ala e hiki aku o Alaska, a me ka 'ē aʻe mea nele i na kapakai o Kamchatka i Japan. Ua i mai Ingalik Eskimo Island, a e pili ana i kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia, ua kauoha aku ka inoa o ka mokupuni Krusenstern.

Japanese hapa o ka huakaʻi

He iwakalua-ono ma September 1804 ka sloop "Nadezhda" hiki ma Nagasaki. In Japan, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern i, e noho a kela makahiki. Mistrustful a loa lohi Japanese resolutely hōʻole eʻae i ka Lūkiniʻelele. Eia hoi, ma o Aperila, i ka pukana i ua kane manaopaa.

E hoʻi me Rezanov Kamchatka Kruzenshtern hoʻoholo ihola ma ka moana wai o Japan, a ma ia manawa ua loa unexplored hoʻokele. Ma ke ala āna i ua hiki e makaikai i ka komohana kapakai o Nipon a me Matsmaya, e like me ka hema a me ka hikina hapalua o ka mokupuni o Sakhalin. Eia hou kekahi, Ivan ua hōʻike 'a me ka oihana o ka nui no hoi na mokupuni.

ka nuʻukia a paa

Au i ka la o Petero a me Paulo awa, paeʻelele Kruzenshtern hoike i na kapakai o Sakhalin,ʻo ia nā kūlanaʻelua i kona haʻawina, a laila, polopelema ia i ke kūkulu'ākau, komo ka Amur muliwai, kahi o ka lua o Augate, hoi mai la a hiki i Kamchatka, kahi, a hoʻopiha nō ia ai laau, "Hope" ua hoouna ia Kronstadt. Pela i pau ai Kruzenshtern kekahi kaʻao holo ana a puni ke ao nei, i mea ka mua kākauʻia i loko o ka mōʻaukala o Lūkini hoʻokele. Ua ua hala loa hoaponoia ka? Aaony papahana e e ole wale ke au hou, akā, no hoi, e hoʻowaiwai i ka hana kemika a kūlohelohe sciences maikaʻi kēia 'ike e pili ana i uuku-ikeia'āina. Emperor loa generously Uku Kruzenshtern a me Lisiansky, e like me nā mea a pau nā lālā o ka huakaʻi. E hoomanao i kēia hanana nui o Alexander au i kauoha aku i kekahi hana kâlâ keʻokeʻo e kikeke.

Summing mai

I ka 1811, ua hoonohoia Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, kona kiʻi hiki ke ike i loko o kekahi puke o ka meaola kula a me nā kūikawā kula, aineiniaeoi o ka papa i loko o ke kai Cadet mau pūʻali. Eia naʻe, ulu ka maka mai, aʻaʻole loa holomua o ka pilina me ke aliʻi nā lawelawe, alakai aku la ia ia e noi aku i ka mai mai ka hana, a ma December 1815 o ka mua, e hele i indefinite haalele iho.

Kokoke mai ia manawa, hoomaka ae la oia e hoʻoikaika i piha kauoha i manao ia no ka honua huakaʻi, a i wahi, mai 1815 a hiki i 1818 ma lalo o ke alakaʻiʻana o Kotzebue - Junior luna ua kaikamahine la holo. Kruzenshtern a hiki aku la au i Enelani, kahi āna i kauoha aku i ka mea e pono ai ka hele ana i na mea paahana. A hoi mai, loaa ia indefinite haalele iho, hoomaka ae la e hana ma ka hanaiia'na mai o kona "Mea Maluna Iho South Sea", a E i ua pu e hydrographic memo a me Ka Ikepili o? Aaiuo eaa izyasneniem. Ivan, e kōkua iā ia i hoʻomalu lawelawe a hana i ka hōʻike nui hoʻonaʻauao o ka hele ana i ka puu o ka palapala, a kauōʻia mai. Kēia hana, paʻiʻia ma Lūkini, a Kelemānia, ua unuhi 'ia i loko o ka' ōlelo Palani, a ma hope i nā mea a pau me ka a koe Europa, 'ōlelo. He Ua hookoia ka Demidov uku.

Manual Hawaii mau pūʻali

I ka 1827 Kruzenshtern lilo ka luna hoʻokele o ka Hawaii mau pūʻali. Kokoke i ka mea ia manawa, lilo iho la oia i kekahi lala o ka Admiralty Board. Heʻumikumamāono kona mau makahiki ma ka helm waeʻia e ke kumu kahua o nā loli i loko o ka oihana kula: Ivan hoʻolauna hou kumuhana no ka ao ana a me ka hoʻolako waihona a me ka iau na pomaikai. 'ano'ē loli loli ole wale i ka pono a me ka hoʻonaʻauaoʻilikai. Adimarala hoʻokumu i ka luna papa, no ka physical oihana a me ka pele.

Ma kūikawā noi o Ivan ka kino i ka 1827, ua lilo ka mokukaua Academy.

ʻepekema a me kaʻaha hui hana

I ka hoʻomaka o ka Apana World, i ka 1812, Kruzenshtern, i ke kanaka waiwai, kaumaha kanaka ka militia -third o kona mau waiwai nui. I ia mau lā ka mea, ua i ka hailona o ke kala - hoʻokahi tausani rubles. I ka hookahi makahiki, ua paʻi i kona ekolu-ka leo "kaapuni a puni ka honua ...", a ma ka 1813th i koho i kekahi lala o na akeakamai nā kaiapili, a hiki ahahui 'imi naʻauao ma' Enelani, a Denmark, Kelemania, a France.

A hiki i 1836 Kruzenshtern paʻi i kona "Mea Maluna Iho South Sea", a he nui hydrographic memo. Mai ka 1827 a me ka la 1842 la, kiʻekiʻe o kaʻilikai ma nā kaua,ʻo ia i hele mai i ka Adimarala. koʻikoʻi kaʻahele loa he nui wale, a explorers imi kākoʻo a aʻo iā Ivan. He ua ka hoʻokuhikuhi o ka huakaʻi alakaʻi e Otto Kotzebue,ʻaʻole wale nō, akā, i Vavileva a me Shishmareva, Bellingshausen a me Lazarev, Stanyukovicha a me Litke.

physical aʻo

E like me ia wā, ku mai Kruzenshtern i loko o kā lākou 'ia, like pu ole, kekahi kime pāʻani a me ka'ūhā mua kaei, a'ōlohe wiwo umauma oi i loko o ka huakaʻi. Interestingly, ma ka hele, me ka naʻe o ka bewildering nā hoapili, oia lawe me ia ma luna o ka 'aelike kela la i keia paona, a hana pu ai me ia. Kona punahele hoounauna i ka pahu aku ai i paʻi.

I ka paʻa o

Ma St. Petersburg i ka 1874 ma ke kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone a me ka sculptor Monighetti Schroeder ma ke alo o ka Hawaii mau pūʻali i hoʻokumu i kekahi kia Krusenstern. He Ua kūkulu i kekahi dala, ina he uuku wahi i loaa ia, a mai ka moku'āina.

Ka inoa o ka nuiʻImi Loa kapa pilikia, kai a me ka wauke. A i loko o ka makahiki 1993, ka Russian Bank puka hoʻomanaʻo malihini "ka mua Lūkini a ke ao nei huakai" moʻo.

Kanu iho la i ka nui o Adimarala Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern ma Tallinn Dome Church.