He aha ka ke kēkelē: i ka hua'ōlelo

Paha he mau o ka hanauna kaikaina e e hiki ke wehewehe ai ma ka liʻiliʻi loa koho ka cottager. I ka olelo, hina iho la mai ka maʻamau o 'ōlelo. Mua kanaka hui i kēia manawa nui me ka manaʻo o "Pili", akā, kona manaʻo nui i nui nui.

i kekahi henuaʻia

Ke olelo i na mea he nui synonyms. Ua zahrebetnik a me ka hoalawehana, a me ka hoalawehana sharecropper, he limahana a me ke kēkelē a me hoʻokahi, nezhenatik i noho, i ka haku, a hiki i ka möneka, a me ka proletarian. Hōʻuluʻulu i nā mea a pau i ka synonyms, pela no oe e pane i ka ninau o ka mea i cottager. Kēia mea he kanaka, aohe hale,ʻaʻole hoʻi i ka hale. O ka holo ana, i ka wahine paha. Bach -ʻaʻole he mau hua'ōlelo'ālike. Kaʻia "bach" i ka lono kaumaha ana i nā pōpō. Keia mea kuhikuhi i ke kanaka mea e pono he lone, akā, e aho ka hoʻokali kūpono 'a me ka i hana hoihoi, nele a me ka ilihune, (o ka waiwai hiki pinepine kuai i ka hoihoi i loko iho), He nui iho la ia olioli ole i loko o kona wa elemakule, ka wā mea hiki ke hoʻoikaika' ana i kona hopena.

Hōʻike 'ia kumuhana i ka moʻokalaleo a me ka akamai

Oia kekahi kanaka i unuhi V. G. Perov. A uuku kiʻi ua kapaia "Guitarist-bach". Kēia pōʻino ke kanakaʻaʻohe illusions a me ka manaolana. Poe ilihune, a me ka paa nānā aku pinned i ke ola ana o ke kanaka,ʻo ia i loko o kēia ao nele i kekahi. He e ka shabby, akā, i kona nā kamaʻa puki, a lākeke mea hiki ke hoolawaia ma kekahi waina, oia Radio mele. Aka, nui loa kona kaumaha. A i kekahi hana hoolilo ai i ka mea e lilo loa kanaka. Sergei Yesenin ua iniki moʻolelo "Bobyl a me Pal." Admirers o Sergei Lemeshev kama'āina "Song noho hookuke aku" mai kona repertoire, i hoʻomaka me nā hua'ōlelo " 'Aʻole i ka hale, aole hoi hale."

ka papa mea kalaima

Pela ka mea i ke kēkelē? Walohia mehameha kanaka? A me keia, no hoi. Akā, i ka manawa i uhukiia i loko o ka mamao i hala iho nei (maopopo mua 1500 pili ia i ka makahiki), ka mea ho i kekahi ano o ka mahiʻai. Kamornikov, Bobylev, holupnikami, kutnikami kapa landless a lala aina-poe ilihune o kēia papa. Aie i ka loa ilihune bobyli i hoolimalimaia i kahua no ka ola. Mau kanaka, ua ai hune ia i kekahi manawa i i kakauiaʻi i ka palapala, a ua kapaia - bestyagolnye, netyaglovye. Akā, mai 1631 bobyli, i mua o kona alo, i ke komo pū o ka hoomaopopo ana i ka hana koi pohō a me ka hana. A 1679 a me ka mea mua i na bobyli kila auhau i kauia, a pela e loaa mahiʻai. Ma keia hihia, hiki ke olelo aku i ka nīnau i mea cottager like penei:ʻo ia mea he kanaka, ka mea i pio, e komo ma ka uku hana.

E like me ka hiki i kekahi mana, i ka mua bobyliʻikeʻia ma ka pau 'ana o ke kenekulia XV ma Moscow. Ua kapaʻia kēia manawa na kauwa o ka aelike. ka mea, ua nuiʻoi aku ma mua ia o ka poʻe e noho ana i loko o ka noho luhi ana e ka mea nona no ka cottager hana i loko o ka hana ana o ka haku, nele i nā mea a pau pono, a me'ē aʻe, ia no nae e uku i kekahi auhau ke kahua (loa no ka mea, ua auhau uku uku no ko lakou ku okoa ana). I ka piha kaawale ana o ke kālā, a me ka impossibility o ko lākou kālā, a hele mai me ka hiki ole e nahae.

Dog-ilihune

No ia mea, pehea he nui ke ano o ka olelo, i ka Mānoa, he wahi i ka poe i kapaia landless, ua ilihune kanaka i loko o Rusia. I kaulana ma luna, i ka manawa iʻikeʻia ka mua manawa i loko o ka hapa mua o ka XVI kenekulia. hoomaka Moscow poe kakauolelo, e hoʻohana i ka olelo a me ka "pozemschikami" a me "nepashennymi kanaka." Ma lalo o nā mea a pau o kēia mau inoa pili ia i kanaka, ka poe e ole i ko lakou aina iho. Ka mea, he poe paahana a me ka hanalima kanaka: blacksmiths a me Kuekene Kalachnikov, cobblers, kahu hipa. Mau hoʻokomo i loko o kekahi mau censuses Zemsky na diakono a me ka lunaauhau. By bobylkam koikoi, a me ka poe ilihune wāhine kāne make.

Auhau ukuʻia e nā mea a pau

I ua kaulana, ka poe i kapaia landless i kakauiaʻi i ka palapala, e like me ka pono me mahiʻai, e like a pau i loko o Rusia. Lakou uku a me ka yamskih a me conspicuous kālā (ke ano o ka auhau), akā, ua kau ia okoa mau auhau. Inā auhau ma na kauwa i Soham (auhau-ka uku pa alima o ka auhau i loko o Rusia, mai ka XIII e XVII kenekulia), mai ka landless a nepashennyh kanaka i ko lakou mau opu, akamai a me ka iwilei. Penei, e like me "haneri" (kākau'ōlelo a me ka moolelo puke) i ka 1627 a me ka auhau o na kauwa i ma arable'āina a me ka'āina, a me ka landless - koʻa a me ka opu. Ma kēia puke, i ka hua'ōlelo "Pili" - he loio i kau, hoʻoholo a caste kekahi no, mai i keia auhau auhau.

Dark mau kiko ma ka mōʻaukala

A laila, o ka papa, ke hoala mai i ka ninau o ke kumu maopopo a me ka maopopo hua'ōlelo "pozemschiki" a me "nepashennye kanaka" i loko o ka XVI kenekulia, ua lilo ia i ae pani e hoʻohoka i ka hua'ōlelo "Pili". Aia nō i ka hailona ana i ike ole ia, a me ka wahi i loko o ka palapala, aole ia i ke koho 'ia ke kumu. ole "Nepashennye kanaka" no ka hapanui, he poe wale, ka mea i 'ohana, i kekahi manawa, he mau wealthier kauwa, a i ole, ua ike no ke landless. City 'elele o keia pae i loko o ka hana, akā, i kauwa bobyliʻaʻohe āna i koe. Inā ka mea, i ka aina, a ma ka hana, wale i ke kō, akā,ʻaʻole loa ia i kona iwilei. Loa pinepine bobyli-kauwa noho i loko o monasteries, houʻia nā kanaka o ka'āina, a ua uku i kekahi auhau. Au pono aku nei au ia me ka Hekikai o ka XVII kenekulia o serfdom a me ka IeIIeYOA o kauwa e hoʻopau ai i ke loaa mai i loko o ka polokalamu hewa a hiki i ka landless.

Ka loihi mai, a hoʻopoina

E lilo landless, au i, e kākau "bobylskuyu ka hapaha mooolelo", e like me a kekahi kanaka ua hoonele ia ka mea e pono ai, a no ka ai a me kekahi kapa loaa wale dute. Ma ia mau hua'ōleloʻae wale loa ilihune kanaka, no ka mea, ka mea nae i hoolimalimaia i hoʻoluhi. Ma keia hihia, i ka hua'ōlelo "Pili" Ua'ālike me ke ano o ka hua'ōlelo "proletarian": mea, e lilo akā, me ko lakou mau kaula i nā o ia.

Ua, bach - he kau mea i oi aku mamua o kekahi ano, ina oe delve i loko o ka pā o ka ninau. No ka mea he hanauna, hooikaika no loa ke ku okoa ana, ia mea hihiu, a hiki i ka hua'ōlelo "Pili", mea loaʻa cottager. Kēia manawa, i ka wa noʻonoʻo i loko o ka manaʻo. A no ka ninau e pili ana i kekahi hua'ōlelo ua kapaia he mahiai ka mea,ʻaʻole i kahi i paʻapū ai o ka aina, e pane muli o kona kulana he mau.

Interestingly, mea hoi i ka etymology o ka makahiki kālaʻe. He nui nā koho, akā, ka mea, he oi paha ka kekahi e loulou iho ai i ke kumu o ka olelo a me "ka pī" - he hōʻailona o ka ilihune loa. "E nohoʻoukou ma luna o nā pī" - lilo na mea a pau.