Kaʻina 'alemanaka - He aha ia? Definition. "New Chronology" Fomenko a me G. Nosovskiy

I ka moolelo o na kanaka i mau pili kona understatement. Ka mua i kekahi mea, no ka nui o kona ano o ka speculation a me inaccuracies. I waena o nā mea a pau, i hoʻohuiʻia ke kanaka ololi, a me ka pono o nā luna.

Ua mea ma na like lepo, a kūkulu i kekahi "hou chronology". He aha mea kūikawā e pili ana i kēia kumumanaʻo, hoohaunaele ae la lakou i ka bulk o na kula?

He aha ka ke chronology?

Ma mua o ke kamailio e pili ana i ka politika-kuʻuna lala ma ka mōʻaukala 'epekema, ka e hooholo i ka chronology i loko o ka Classic hoohalike.

No laila, i ka chronology - he kākoʻo 'epekema e epa me kekahi mau mea a pau.

Mua, ka mea e hoʻoholo i ka wā he mea kekahi hanana.

Ka lua, e hahai ana i ke kaʻina a me kaʻoihana o ka hana 'ia ma luna o ka laina me ka unahiʻole o ka makahiki.

Ua Ua maheleia i loko o kekahi mau oihana - Astronomical, 'ā ina a me ka mōʻaukala chronology.

Kēlā me kēia no kēia mau oihana i kona huapalapala iho o ka launa pū kāu kiʻina hana a me ka noiʻi. O nā ka lākiō o calendars o kekahi hana 'ike loea, radiocarbon ka launa pū, thermoluminescent iaoia, obsidian hydration ka launa pū, stratigraphy, dendrochronology, a me na mea e ae.

Ia mea, i ka panina chronology kūkulu i ke kaʻina o nā hanana ma ke kumu o ka hulina mahele. Ua pili i ka hopena o ka hana o nā kānakaʻepekema, mai kekahi wahi a wale i loko o ka hihia o ke kea-hōʻoia o ka mea hana i ka verdict hope loa.

E ka nana aku i ka hou au mamuli ma nā nīnūnē hoalaia mamua. ʻO waiʻo Fomenko, Nosovskiĭ? "New Chronology" - He feria-'epekema a me ka hou hua'ōlelo i loko o ke ao ana i kanaka mōʻaukala?

Mōʻaukala o ka me Kinohi

I mau, ke kumumanaʻo, nā kākau o ka i mea Fomenko, Nosovskiĭ ( "New Chronology"), me ka nānā 'ana ma haʻawina a me ka helu, N. A. Morozova. Ka hope, i loko o ka hale paʻahao i loko o St. Petersburg, i ka i ka ho omaulia ana o nā kūlana hana o na hoku, i oleloia ma ka Apocalypse. E like me ia ia ia mea,ʻikeʻia i kēia puke ua palapala i loko o ka ha o ka kenekulia AD. 'Aʻole he iki hilahila, i mai la ia i ka hoopunipuni ma ka honua mōʻaukala.

Nā kākau o "New Chronology" mua Morozova manaoio Garduena Jesuit a me physicist Isaaka Nyutona, ka mea i ho'āʻo i ka rethink a recalculate i ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka.

Mua, ka nānā 'ana ma luna o philological ike, aʻu i ho'āʻo i ka hooiaio ana a pau kahiko moʻokalaleo i kākau i loko o ka Middle Ages. Newton pū kekahi i hele i kahiko mōʻaukala. He helu i nā makahiki o ka noho alii ana o ka o Paraʻo ma luna o ka papa inoa o Manetho. E hoopono ana ma na hopena o kona mau haʻawina, ao mōʻaukala ua emi mai ia e oi aku mamua o ekolu millennia.

No ka mea, "innovators" hiki no hoi ke wahi Edvina Dzhonsona a me Robert Baldauf i ua kūkākūkāʻia ia manaʻo kanaka mea ole oi ma mua o kekahi mau haneri makahiki.

No laila, Morozov lawe loa fantastic na kii ma a i ka waihona ipu kona chronology. He aha mea hoʻokahi tausani makahiki o ka mōʻaukala? Myth! Stone Age - keia au kenekulia AD, i ka lua o ka kenekulia - ke au mai o ke keleawe, ke kolu - ka Iron Age. Aole anei oe i ike? Ma hope o nā mea a pau, mōʻaukala kumu maʻi i loko o kēia manawa!

E ka lawe i ka pilina nana i keia hana kumumanaʻo, a me ka nana aku i kona refutation.

paʻa

E like me ia Fomenko, "New Chronology" mea okoa mai ka hula i loko o ia ia mea me ka epa a me ka hewa. Kona papa kuhikuhiE ai nā elima wale postulates.

Mua, oi a emi hiki ke noonoo i pololei ia wale nō ma hope o palapala kumu o ka umikumamawalu kenekulia. Prior i keia, mai ka umikumamakahi kenekulia i ka hana pono e hana me ka mālama nui. A hiki i ka umi o ka kenekulia, i ole ike kanaka pehea e kākauʻana.

All hulikoehana ikepili hiki ke 'ano ua like me ka noiʻi makemake ai ahuwale mōʻaukala waiwai, aole lakou e e hali.

Ka lua, ka mea Europa alemanaka ua wale nō iʻikeʻia i loko o kaʻumikumamālima kenekulia. Prior i keia, lāhui kanaka kēlā i kona mau lā 'alemanaka mai a me ka wahi o ka kumu. Mai ka hanaia'na o ke ao nei, mai ka wai, mai ka hanau ana a me ka pii ana a hiki i ka noho aliʻi o ke aliʻi ...
Keia olelo aicieeaao mai keia ia hoʻi.

Ekolu, mōʻaukala 'ike ma luna o nāʻaoʻao o nāʻoihana, hoonoho a me nā hana o kaʻaiā ano. Pela, ke chronology Nosovskiy hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ka hapanui o nā hanana i wahi i loko o ka mōʻaukala kahiko o ke kakahiaka nui Middle Ages a hope. Akā, ma muli o ka OOAaAeAa o calendars a me nā kumu o ka pili ana ma ka unuhi, ke ike uaʻaʻole pono ia a me ka mōʻaukala udrevnyalas.

Traditional chronology hewa kahiko'Ākia maikai ana, a me ka wahi o ka i maopopo i ka moolelo o na kanaka. E hoopono ana ma ka mua postulate, Kina a me India hiki ole ke helu i oi aku mamua o ka tausani makahiki o ka mōʻaukala.

Ka hope ai, ua i loko o ka kanaka ololi, a me ka ka hoʻokô 'ana o ke Aupuni, e legitimize lakou iho. Wahi a Fomenko, palapala chronology o kēlā me kēia mana ma lalo iho ona, a me ka mea kahikoʻikepili ua holoiia a luku iho la ia. Nolaila, he mea hiki ole i ka maopopo loa ana i ka mōʻaukala. Ka mea wale nō ka mea i hilinaʻi aku e hiki maluna, o ia "accidentally nalowale a malamaia koena ai." O nā palapala, 'aoʻao o kekahi mauʻoihana aliʻi a me nā palapala' ē aʻe, e hookupaa aku ana i ke kumumanaʻo.

Ke i kekahi manaʻo hoʻopiʻi nānā 'ana i nā haʻawina

O ka papa hoike i loko o kēia wahi mea "loa-kiʻi" ano o ka eha mōʻaukala o ka'āina a me nā hanana i loko o nā moʻolelo o ka repeatability.

Key wā He 330 makahiki, i ka 1050 a me ka 1800. O ka mea, ina e lawe aku mai na hanana medieval o ka helu o nā makahiki, ua holo i loko o piha kaʻaeʻana i hana 'ia.

Mai keia ua loko i ka coincidence o okoa mōʻaukala huahelu, a, e like me Fomenko ka kumumanaʻo, he hoʻokahi a me ka ia kanaka.

Ma lalo o ia mau hopena a like ka chronology o Ukraine, Rusia a meʻEulopa. Most contradictory kumu AOON a hai aku i ka hoʻopunipuni.

Astronomical hana

I ka hoopaapaa e ala aʻeʻoe i loko o kekahi hoʻopaʻi 'ana, imi ia,ʻo ka haʻina o nā sciences.

E like me ia Fomenko, "New Chronology" maikaʻi ponopono, a lilo kona postulates ka hoʻohana kahiko Astronomical palapala. Ma këia mau palapala, ka mea, ua kipaku ia mai ka Pu (ka ikehu lā a me ka Helu), olelo ai o Iosepa comets, a, ma ka mea, i ke kiʻi o nā huihui.

Ka papa kahi, a ua nānā 'ana i kekahi hōʻike, o ka "Almagest". Kēia hoonoho, a ua hanauia Klavdiy Ptolemey ma ka waena o ka lua o ka kenekulia AD. Akā, Fomenko, ma hope o këia o ka palapala, Hoʻouna 'ia i ka eha haneri makahiki ma hope, i ka mea ma ka liʻiliʻi loa o ka ono kenekulia.

He noteworthy i ka mea e hooiaio i ka kumumanaʻo o ka "Almagest" Ua lawe ewalu wale hoku (eia nae ka palapala i kākau oi ma mua o ka tausani). Wale kēia mau mea, ua haiia lakou "pono", a me ke koena - "forged".

Ke kumu nui maopopo o ka pähola 'mai o ka wahi o ka Hawaii o Pu malama Libua e (essay) e pili ana i ka Peloponnesian War. Aia i helu 'ia ma' ekolu 'ole: nā ka ikehu lā, a hoʻokahi Helu Pu.

Ka hoopahele ae la i mea e Tit Livy kākau e pili ana i nā hanana ma ka Peninsula holoʻokoʻa, a ua i mai la ia "i ka lā ke ike i ka hoku." ʻo ia hoʻi, ka Pu ua huina. Hoahewa mai nā kumu, ma Atenai i ia manawa, i hapa Pu.

Ma muli o kēia inaccuracy, Fomenko hoʻopaʻapaʻa ua piha kaʻaeʻana i nāʻikepili o Libua e ua wale nō i loko o kaʻumikumamākahi kenekulia AD. No ka mea, o keia, e koho hoʻoili a pau kahiko mōʻaukala, a me ka hapalua millennia e hiki mai ana.

I loko nō o ka mea i ka bulk o ka huihui o kaʻikepili coincides me ka "hana kuʻuna" moʻolelo, a ua muli ma ka chronology o ko ke ao nei, ka mea, i ole i pololei ia. I mau kumu i hai ia e "Kauka" i loko o ka Middle Ages.

Hoike mai nā sciences

He unfounded e hāʻiliʻili aku e ku e eiiia? Novgorod pālākiō, i hoopaa e ia ma luna o na tausani o examples. Group Fomenko manaoio mauʻikepili pono ma lalo o falsified mōʻaukala.

Ma ka kekahi lima, o lalo pepehi radiocarbon Ka Ikepili. Akā, me nā māmala'ōlelo e hōʻike ana i loko o kona helu wahi e kue. Kēia hana a pau ma luna o ka erroneous hou manawa, i ka wa a ka mea, kulana kupono paha i ka makahiki o ka malumalu o Turin. Ua i laila, i na mea a pau i "hana pololei, a me ka maikai me ka manaoio."

Ma ka "Mai kanalua" ma muli "New Chronology"

E ka ike, mea'ē aʻe kuʻia Fomenko mea he pūʻulu o nā loina 'epekema. I ka papa kuhikuhiE ho'āhewa wale i mōʻaukala noiʻi ano. A pinepine i loaʻa i loko o ka ia hoʻi "kaulua hae." Ma ka hihia o kālaiʻike 'epekema' ole i iaoia ua haʻi falsification i waena o kânaka like "New Chronology" He mea ka mea wale nō pololei kekahi.

Ka mea mua i na mea pohihihi malalo chronology puke. Ma muli o ka palapala o ke kakaolelo, a me nāʻoihana kanawai luna Fomenko a me Morozov ho okumu ana i kona kumumanaʻo. Akā, miliona o nā 'aoʻao o ka poe noonoo ole palapala, pāʻoihana nā palapala a me nā "hanohano"' ikamu AOON.

"Scaliger" ka launa pū hoopau ia no a hiki i ka hoʻohana 'ana o astrology, a me ke koena o ka noiʻi i i lawe i ka mooolelo.

i hai aku hoʻopuni loa palapala. Ia i ka hoopai ana ua ma muli o ka mea e apuepue hoomaopopo i ke kumu o ka hopena o Middle Ages mai ka kahiko. Ma muli o ka ike falsifications 'ōili mai ia hoʻi e pili ana i ka unreliability o nā mea a pau o ka buke, "supposedly hana i ka hapalua like-mua Ka Wā Kaukani."

Akā, i ka papa kuhikuhiE hoike kumu ma a i ka waihona ipu "New Chronology" Fomenko Nosovskiĭ, a kūkulu ma luna o ka moʻomeheu koke o i hoʻokumu a me ke pakebona.

Events i kakahiaka nui Middle Ages, ka wā ia i poina e ka hapanui o kaʻike o nā kūpuna, e hai aku nonsense a me ka fiction. Group Fomenko kuleana ia he mea kekahi hoike o ka illogic o ia i kekahi kükohu.

Mua, he mea hiki ole ia "hoʻopoina" a laila, e "hoomanao" a pau wahi o ka 'epekema ike.

ʻO ka lua, ka mea, 'o ia hoʻi, e "hoihoi" i kaʻikepili noiʻi kenekulia aku nei? E malama i ka ike pono ia? Iie kula, kahi e ike ua pū i hiki mai ke kumu i ka haumāna.

Mai kēia mau manao ka mea, ua manao ia o ka holoʻokoʻa mōʻaukala o ke kahiko - he hana pono artificially ancientizing medieval hanana.

No hoihoi i loko o ka chronology o ka pae Fomenko Lūkini. Mai konaʻikepili hōʻike 'ia ka' ike e pili ana i ka allegedly? Ueony medieval aupuni a pau "Lūkini ali", a uhi i ka pau ana o Eurasia.

kekahi mauʻepekema noʻonoʻo loi

A hailona o nā kānakaʻepekema 'aʻole' aelike a me na postulates i mua ma ka "New Chronology". He aha mea, no ka laʻana, "papa i ka hewa akeakamai theories"? Ua huli mai ia wale Fomenko, ma muli ma ka memo Morozov nona ka "oiaio" ike.

I ka mea, ma laila nō ekolu mau mea i mea nui i hookahuli ai e kekahi sane kanaka.

Mua, a hoomalau ana i ka hana kuʻuna chronology, ke kime Fomenko pela effaces a pau na sciences i mau, a ua kahiko o ka'āina hookupaa iho la ia ma nā ikepili. Ia mea, linguists, archaeologists, numismatists, kanaka hulihonua, anthropologists a me nā mākaukau loa halaʻole mai i maopopo, akā hoʻi kūkulu lākou kuhiakau, ma muli o ka erroneous manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē.

Ka lua o ka pukana o ka nohoaliʻi inconsistencies ma na wahi. Mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka ia makahiki, e hoʻokūpaʻa i ka palapala o ka lani, ua pau okoa wā. Penei, e like me nā kūʻiʻo a pau a hiki i ka makemake ponoi.

Ka mea i loaʻa i ka OOAaAeAa supposedly "repetitive" mōʻaukala huahelu. No ka laʻana, Solomon Caesar - ka mea, o kekahi a me ka hookahi kanaka, e like me "New Chronology". He aha ka ke kanaha makahiki o ka mua eha e ku ei ka lua no ka mea i loko o? Aole anei ka mea hookahi? No laila, i loko o ka umikumamawalu kenekulia falsified!

Ka hope kumu, hāʻawi kēia pähola like pseudoscience, Ua like penei. Ma muli o ka "mākaʻi kiaʻi" lehulehu, eia kahi mea akaka ia he mea he hualoaʻa a kipi "ua i akaka-o-ke kaiāulu", a hiki rewrite i ke ala huna o ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka. A ka mea i hanaʻia i loko o ka Middle Ages a me ke kālā no manawa, i ka wa ua ka ho okumu ana o Hawaii, a e pili ana i kekahi ke kaiāulu, a me ka ka hoʻohuiʻana ua i ka nīnau.

Ka hope mea kala malia ka 'epekema kaiāulu, ua he maopopo kaua ma kālaiʻike professionalism. Inā e helu oia i ka pähola 'o "New Chronology" oiaio, eia kahi mea akaka i nā kānakaʻepekema i e pāʻani ana ma ka sandbox, a aole hoi ike ole i walaʻauʻana mea. Not e hōʻike, he pono ole ano.

No ke aha la outraged astronomers

Ke kumu nui e hina ai i ka "Almagest". Inā ka poe na hoku, i ua ma muli o ka pähola 'o Fomenko (ka mea hiki ole ke hana ia ma kekahi) mākou i kāpaeʻia, kiʻi i ke kiʻi, hiki maopopo coincides me ka mea kahiko.

I ke kakahiaka nui he iwakalua-mua kenekulia, haʻi lākou i neʻeʻana mai o ka malamalama ka mea i hana me ke kōkua o nā polokalamu 'ana i kūpono a me nā kamepiula' ē aʻe. Allʻikepili o Ptolemy a me Hipparchus i hookupaa iho la ia.

Penei,ʻepekema, kena ae la outrage unfounded ho'āhewa wale ma luna o lākou professionalism e piha amateurs.

Pane moʻolelo, linguists a me archaeologists

Ma o ka wahi o ka aoao o mau no ka hoʻopaʻi 'enaena hoopaapaa. Mua, ku mai mākou no ka dendrochronology a me ka radiocarbon Ka Ikepili. E hoopono ana ma na olelo o Fomenko,ʻo ia na kii no ka makahiki 1960. Mau sciences Ua lōʻihi hana lākou. Lākou kāu kiʻina hana kākoʻo kuʻuna mōʻaukala, a hookupaa iho la ia ma nā ki ina hana like. Mau nā lepo kāʻei, paleomagnetic a me ka potasiuma-argon ki ina hana like, a no laila, ma luna o.

Unexpected huli i birchbark. E hoopono ana ma na mea e hōʻike ana i ka "New Chronology", Lūkini mōʻaukala mea ku e ai i ka 'ike mai i kēia mau kumu. I ka la mahope, incidentally, hookupaa iho la ia,ʻaʻole wale nō ma ka dendrochronology, akā, i na mea he nui nāʻikepili mai nā hoʻopaʻi 'ana.

Ua mea i hana hoihoi i ka piha 'ole o ¶ʻO'Araba, Armenian, Pākē, a me nā palapala'ē aʻe palapala, i hookoiaʻi ka hana kuʻuna mōʻaukala oʻEulopa. Ua Shoes mau kūʻiʻo wale e hoʻokūpaʻa i ke kumumanaʻo.

Ke kākauʻana ma ka kakou kamailio ana kumu e ukuhi i kânaka o "New Chronology" i loko o ka awkward kūlana. e uhaʻi i ka liilii eʻike mau aaieieno? a? aneiai moʻolelo nā manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē.

Inā 'oe e nānā i ka'ōlelo hoike Fomenko, laila, e like me Zaliznyaka A. A., "Ua oāwa amateurism ma ka hewa pae i loko o ka multiplication papaaina." No ka laʻana, Roma hai mamo oia Old Church, a "Samara" ma aʻe heluhelu i "olelo hua'ōlelo puana Roma".

Hoʻouna 'a me ka inoa ma luna o nâ malihini, mau mekala, gems loa hoʻokūpaʻa i ka nā ikepili. Oi loa ka nui o keia mea wale hookaawale ia i ka manawa kūpono o ka hoʻopunipuni.

Eia hou, i ka chronology o nā kaua o nā kākau i pili i kekahi hana 'ike loea, coincides me ka lā' alemanaka mai ka lawe ana mai a hiki i ka pau denominator. Aia nō iʻikepili i loko o ka Middle Ages i wale ike ole, a me ka wehe wale ma na hanaʻeliʻana i loko o ka iwakalua kenekulia.

I ka hopena o nā kānakaʻepekema "New Chronology"

Mua, i keia la i ka mainstream e hoʻolohe ana i na hana o Scaliger like ka nui me ka mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia e ka hope noiʻi.

Conversely, i loko o ka Nosovskaya Fomenko i loko o nā hana he wale ho'āhewa wale ma luna o kēia haumāna o ka umikumamaono kenekulia. Akā, he mea ole footnote paha i maopopo nä haumäna i kumu kuhikuhina a pelapela PAaIEN o ka hewa.

Ka lua, o ka piha 'ole no ka waiwai moʻolelo. A pau i ka hōʻike waihona ipu ua kūkuluʻia ma luna o waeʻoihana aliʻi a me nā palapala'ē aʻe, i nā wale hoʻokahi-kapakahi hōʻike hanana. Ka nele o ka hulina mahele.

Apana, i ka ai-kapaia "vicious kaiapili ka launa pū" nalo ana iho. Ia mea, i nā kākoʻo o "New Chronology" ho'āʻo ana au e hoao ia ia, ma muli o ka pa initially wahahee, ka hapanui o nā kiʻina hana wale e hoonui i ka hewa. Akā, i kēia mea,ʻaʻole oiaio, i kue i ko lakou mau ano, a he pinepine unsubstantiated a me ka unfounded.

A me ka hope. Ka notorious "counterfeit kipi". Ua ua kūkuluʻia a pau o ka hōʻike, akā, inā e hoʻokokoke mai i ka wahi o ka Hawaii o na ano, i nā manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē popopo e like me ka hale o ka pepa.

Ua mea hiki i ka malu ohi i na buke, kanawai, palapala, rewrite ia i loko o ka hou ala, a, e hoʻi i ke kula. Eia hou, ke alahula mau dala o ka hulikoehana loaa pono ole hoʻopuni maoli. Nō hoʻi, ke manaʻo o ka moʻomeheu, ahu iho, stratigraphy a me nā typical, ao ke ano o ka archeology loa i ike ole i ka theorists, ka "New Chronology".