Ka oi aku o ka 'ole a me ka hana o ka halepaahao membranes

I ka makahiki 1972, ua kau aku la oia i ka pähola 'ana o ka hapa' ia 'permeableʻili lahilahi puni i ka halepaahao, a hanaʻia me ka helu o ka nui hana, a me ka' ole a me ka hana o ka halepaahao membranes i nui nīnūnē e pili ana i ka pono functioning o nā aeee i loko o ke kino. Cell kumumanaʻo lilo he ākea ma ka 17th kenekulia, a me ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ka microscope. Ua ua ia e haku o aeee i ka mea kanu a me ka holoholona nā'aʻaʻa aoia, akā, ma muli o ia i ka haʻahaʻa olelo hooholo o ka mea ka mea, ua hiki ole ke ike i kekahi o ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai puni holoholona keena. Ma ka 20th kenekulia, ka Nine Inch ano o kaʻili lahilahi i hoʻokolokolo i loko o nui au mamuli, ka mea i loaʻa i kona kumu o ka lipids.

'Ole a me ka hana o ka halepaahao membranes

Ke aeeaʻili lahilahi poai puni i ka cytoplasm o ola aeee, kāohi kaawale intracellular eiiiiiaiou, mai ka mea mawaho kaiapuni. Fungi, koʻohune a me nā mea kanu no hoi i aeea pā i hoomalu a me ka pale aku i ka hooholo ia o ka nui nā lātoma. Cell membranes pāʻani i ke kūlana i loko o ke kahua o ka cytoskeleton, a ua pili i ka extracellular'ōpū mai'ē aʻe nui (particles). He mea pono i ka mea e malama ia lakou a pau, e hana i nā'aʻaʻa a me nā loko. Hiʻona o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi 'ole nā permeability. I ka papa kuhikuhiE kuleana pili i ka mea e pono ai. Kaʻili lahilahi ninoieo o ka phospholipid, ahu iho me ka i loko iho nā polokina. He kuleana ua komo i loko o keʻano o ka hanaʻana e like me ke kelepona mea pīlali, ion conductivity a me ka hōʻikeʻana nenoai, a lawelawe 'ana me ka ka piʻiʻana ili no kekahi mau extracellular hale, me pā glycocalyx a me na cytoskeleton. I kaʻili lahilahi i ka Loaʻaʻia o ke keena i hoopaa mai ai, e hana me ka e wae Kānana. He selectively permeable i Ion a me ke aloha nā lātoma, a hoʻi i ka neʻeʻana o nā (particles).

Liluwelo maomeka pili i ke kelepona heleʻili lahilahi

1. OE maholahune: kekahi waiwai (liʻiliʻi nā lātoma, Ion) e like me ke kalapona'okikene lua (CO2) a me ka oxygen ma (O2), ke komo iloko o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi ma maholahune. I ka pōkā pūʻoihana'ē aʻe e like me ka ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai i kekahi a me nā lātoma Ion, ka mea hiki ke kia ma luna o nāʻaoʻaoʻelua.

2. Ka transmembrane kumuʻiʻo auwai a me transporters: ka mahuaola e like me monakō koko a'amino nāʻakika, e komo i loko o ka hīnaʻi manu, a me kekahi metabolic huahana E haʻalele ia.

3. endocytosis - o ke kaʻina hana ma i nā lātoma i ke kemu. hōʻemi iki deformation (intussusception) ua hana i loko o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi, ai ka waiwai, e e kaʻi aku, ua moni. Kēia pono ikehu, a me ka pela, o ke ano o ka hana amo.

4. Exocytosis: ia lŘlŘ i loko o kekahi keena, e wehe i undigested waiwai residues lawe endocytosis e pee waiwai, e like me hormones, nā'ūhū, a me ka amo mea a pau i ke ala ma ka halepaahao ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai.

hakakino 'ole

Cellʻili lahilahi - he liluwelo iwi iloko olailaʻano nui o ka phospholipid a me ka hookaawale ana i ka maʻiʻo o na keena a pau, mai ke kaiapuni. Ke kaʻina hana o ka ho okumu ia lŘlŘ spontaneously ma lalo o maʻamau ana. No ka maopopo i kēia kaʻina hana a me ka pono wehewehe i ka 'ole a me ka hana o ka halepaahao membranes, e like me na waiwai e pono e Loiloi i ka ano o ka phospholipid' ole, i mea ano o ka mall polarization. I ka phospholipids ma ka koʻana koko 'ia o ka cytoplasm kau i ka pilikia lehulehu, ka mea, e hui i micelles, a ua oi ka pilina paʻa i loko o ka koʻana koko' ia.

ʻili lahilahi mall

• Kumupaʻa. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi ia ma hope o ka ho okumu ana o ka'opi o kaʻili lahilahi mea olelo lealea.
• Oiaio. Ke lipid wahī waiwai nui kupono, e pale aku i ka hooholo ia ana o Polar waiwai, i hanaʻia ma ka palena hiki i kekahi, me solutes (Ion, monakō koko,'amino nāʻakika), a me ka mea nui nā lātoma (nā polokina).
• Ke hōʻeuʻeu ano. Keia mea paha ka mea nui waiwai, ina ua noonoo ka 'ole o ka halepaahao. Ke aeeaʻili lahilahi i e waiho kokoke ana i kekahi ke kanana nei, a ua hiki ke pelupelu ia e lena, a i uhai. Kekahi kumu kūikawā, e like me ke kuʻi nukeliu o vesicles i opuu ae ole ia hiki e wāwahiʻia, akā, akā no ka manawa. I mehana ea, ka lipid eiiiiiaiou i ka ikaika, chaotic noi, ho okumu i ka paa loli palena.

Loli mosaic kükohu

Olelo ana e pili ana i ka 'ole a me ka hana o ka halepaahao membranes, ia mea nui, e hoailona oukou ia ia ma ka i kēia lā o ka hōʻike o kaʻili lahilahi like me ka loli mosaic kükohu, ka mea i hookolokolo ia e kānakaʻepekema i loko o ka makahiki 1972 ma ka mea hoolea, a Nicholson. Lākou kumumanaʻo Hōʻike 'ia ka papa kuhikuhiE hiʻona ekolu o ka' ole o kaʻili lahilahi. Integralʻili lahilahi nā polokina he hoʻonui i ka mosaic kumu hoʻohālike no kaʻili lahilahi, a me ka mea, e hiki hoi ke kīloi paʻewa neʻeʻana i loko o ka pelane aie i ka mea e yiaeaiiacaaeneiie ano o ka lipid hui. Transmembrane nā polokina i kekahi palena papaha lawe lima. An pono o kaʻili lahilahi 'ole o kona asymmetry. He aha ka ka 'ole o ka halepaahao? Ke kelepona heleʻili lahilahi, nucleus, kumuʻiʻo, a no laila, ma luna o. Cell mea he kumu pa alima o ke ola, a me nā meaola he poe kekahi a mau keena, kela mea keia mea o ka i mai ka ke'ākeʻakeʻa maoli e hoʻokaʻawale ia mai ke kaiapuni. Kēia mawaho palena o ka halepaahao ua i kapaia ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi. Ua ninoieo o ka ehaʻano o nā lātoma: phospholipids, naʻokoko, nā polokina a me carbohydrates. Loli mosaic kükohu iienuaaaony i ka 'ole o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi like penei:'ōlewa a me ka laholio, me ka hana mau kohu i kaʻai aila, no laila, ua pau na kanaka nā lātoma pono lana i loko o ke kinowai meakino, a ua hiki ke holo i laterally loko o keia iwi mea. Mosaic ho mea e maupaʻa na wahi likeʻole. I ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi ka mea, ua hōʻike phospholipids, naʻokoko nā lātoma, nā polokina a me carbohydrates.

phospholipids

Phospholipids lakou i ka walaʻauʻana me nā hale o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi. Kēia nā lātoma i mauʻokoʻa hope: he poo a me ka huelo. Ke poo hope maupaʻa i ka posapahate pūʻulu a me ka mea hydrophilic. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka mea, ua o Laielohelohe i ka wai nā lātoma. Ka huelo ninoieo o ka hydrogen a me ka kalapona nā'ātoma, kapa momomaʻakika mau kaula. Mau kaulahao i hydrophobic, aole lakou e i makemake e hui me ka wai nā lātoma. Kēia kaʻina mea i 'ano like me ka wā e ninini i kaʻaila i loko o ka wai, ke ano, ka mea, aole e hoike mai i loko o ia mea hana. Hiʻona o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi 'ole e pili ana i ka ai-kapaia lipid bilayer, a he o phospholipids. Hydrophilic posapahate poo i mau hoʻonoho ma laila ka wai i loko o ka palapala o ka intracellular a me ka extracellular loli. Ke hydrophobic huelo o phospholipids i loko o kaʻili lahilahi i hoʻonohonoho 'ia i loko o ia i kekahi ala e malama ia aku mai ka wai.

Naʻokoko, nā polokina a me carbohydrates

I ka lohe ana i ka hua'ōlelo "naʻokoko", kanaka pele manaʻo i ia mea ino. Akā, ma ka oiaio, naʻokoko mea nui i ke keʻena o ka halepaahao membranes. Kona lātoma ninoieo oʻehā mau apo o ka hydrogen a me ka kalapona nā'ātoma. Ka mea, i hydrophobic, a ua loaʻa i waena o ka hydrophobic huelo i loko o ka lipidʻelua-, ahu iho. Kā lākou mea nui mea e malama i hana mau, e hoʻohui i kaʻili lahilahi, pale kuʻina. naʻokoko nā lātoma no hoi ke hoopaa i ka phospholipid huelo mai ka hiki ana mai i ka hui 'ana a me ka solidifies. Kēia e hōʻoiaʻiʻo fluidity, a kohoʻia. ʻili lahilahi nā polokina i ka hana o nā'ūhū e hōʻeleu i Nine Inch reactions, hana like receptors no kekahi nā lātoma a me na waiwai kaʻi aku ma ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi.

Carbohydrates, a me ke kō i, ua loaʻa wale nō ma kaʻaoʻao extracellular o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi. Together ka mea hana i ka glycocalyx. Ua i nā cushioning a me ka palekana o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi. Ma muli o ka hale a me ke ano o carbohydrates i loko o ke kino glycocalyx o aeee ke ike me ka ike ai i ko ka mea, e pono e noho ma laila paha,ʻaʻole.

ʻili lahilahi nā polokina

Ka 'ole o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi o ka holoholona aeea mea inconceivable me ia he nui ke keʻena o ke kumuʻiʻo. I loko nō o kēia, ka mea, he nunui i emi iki mahope i ka nui o ka mea 'ē aʻe ano nui ke keʻena - lipids. Aia i ekolu walaʻauʻana ano o kaʻili lahilahi nā polokina.

• Integral. Ka mea, loa uhi i kaʻelua-, ahu iho, i ka cytoplasm a me ka extracellular meakino. Ka mea, e lawe mai i ka papa amo a me ka hōʻikeʻana.
• ʻike ākea. Nā polokina pili i kaʻili lahilahi ma ka hoʻohana electrostatic, a me hydrogen paa i loko o kā lākou cytoplasmic a extracellular surfaces. Ka mea, komoʻano nui me ka paʻa ana hoʻi 'o ia hoʻi no integral nā polokina.
• Transmembrane. Ka mea, hana enzymatic a me ka hōʻikeʻana oihana, a pē mālie i ka walaʻauʻana me nā hale o ka lipidʻelua-, ahu ihoʻili lahilahi.

Oihana o liluwelo membranes

Ka hydrophobic hookoia i noho aupuni aku ai i ka hana o ka hydrocarbon i loko o ka wai, ke kaōhiʻana hale i hanaʻia ma kaʻili lahilahi lipids a me kaʻili lahilahi nā polokina. He nuiʻili lahilahi waiwai o Peseto nā moku halihali mokulele lipidʻelua-papa, ho okumu i ke kumu 'ole no nā mea a pau liluwelo membranes. Integralʻili lahilahi nā polokina i hapa 'ia' hunaia ma ka lipidʻelua-, ahu iho. Transmembrane nā polokina i ka hana kūikawā hui o ka'amino nāʻakika i loko o kā lākou iniiaiie kaʻina.

ʻike ākeaʻili lahilahi nā polokina mau mea i like loa i ka wailana, akā, ka mea, e hoi ua hoʻopili i nā membranes. Hana kūikawā aeea membranes i hana kūikawā aeea kuleana pili i. E like me ka 'ole a me ka mana o ka halepaahao membranes i ka hopena ma luna o ke kino? Ma pehea e? Ieoaeunoai liluwelo membranes hilinaʻi nui ma ka hōʻoia i ka functionality o ka mea a pau meaola. Mai intracellular organelles, extracellular a me aeea-aeea hana kūleʻa,ʻili lahilahi kanu'ōiwi nā mea e pono ai ka hoʻolālā a me ka hana ana o liluwelo hana. He nui no ka mall a me ka iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai hiʻona i, he pono ole i ka koʻohune, eukaryotic keena , a Hoamakeikekula nā mea hoʻomaʻi. All liluwelo membranes kūkulu ma ka lipidʻelua-, ahu iho, i ke kumu o ka alo ana o ka helu ana o na 'ano. ʻili lahilahi nā polokina i keʻano o kekahi hana.

• Kumu hoʻohālikelike a. I ka wai koko membranes o aeee IeXAaAeAaIEN na palena o ka halepaahao AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ke kaiapuni.
• Ka halihali. Intracellularʻili lahilahi aeea māheleʻia i loko o kekahi mau ooieoeiiaeuiuo ālai 'me ka okoa na haku mele' ana, kela mea keia mea o ka i ua kākoʻoʻia i ke amo hana e pono ai i loko o ka huipūʻana me ka hooponopono ana permeability.
• Neaiae transduction. ʻili lahilahi kuʻi nukeliu hoʻolako i keʻano papa hana no ka intracellular vesicular aʻoaʻo a me ka pale me ka dukima o nā mea hoʻomaʻi ke alalai ole komo i ka halepaahao.

Value a me nā hoʻoholo '

Ka 'ole o ka pāʻili lahilahi o ka halepaahao e loli ai i ke kino holoʻokoʻa. Ua Radio nui i kūlana ma ka manao pono hoʻomalu, hiki anal o wale nō i koho mea. Ua mea no hoi i ka maikai kumu no ka hoʻopunipuni ka cytoskeleton, a me ka halepaahao pa, a kokua i ka malama ana aeea shape. Lipids lakou ma kahi o 50% o ka nui o kaʻili lahilahi o loa keena, eia nae ua loli aʻe ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'ano o kaʻili lahilahi. Ka 'ole o ka pā halepaahaoʻili lahilahi o mammals i oi pilikia, malaila i kakauia iloko onaʻehā kumu o phospholipid. An nui waiwai o ka lipidʻelua-papa o ia mea, hoi like elua-dimensional wai ma a na kanaka nā lātoma ua noa i ka ao ka a hoʻoneʻe i loko o kīloi paʻewaʻaoʻao. Keia fluidity - keia mea he waiwai nui o kaʻili lahilahi, a ua nānā 'ke kaumaha ma muli ka mahana a me ka lipid haku mele' ana. Manawa hydrocarbon ke komo lima o nā hale a naʻokoko Radio he kūlana ma ka hoomaopopo ana i kaʻili lahilahi fluidity. E wae permeability o liluwelo membranes i ka poe liilii, nā lātoma e leie aku ka halepaahao, e kanaka hoʻoponopono a me ka malama i kona na 'ole.

E noonoo pono i ka 'ole o na aeee (aeeaʻili lahilahi, nucleus, a no laila, ma), ua hiki ke manao nei makou, o ka meaola - ia mea pakiko-na na'ōnaehana i unaided hiki ole hana ino oe ia oe iho, a, e mau nānā no ka aoao e hoihoi a me ka hoʻopale ai i ka pono functioning o kela halepaahao.