I ka hana o nā'ūhū. Ke kūlana o nā'ūhū i loko o ke kino

Nā'ūhū - he globular nā polokina, a kōkua i ka kekahi, a pau ke kelepona hele keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Like a pau catalysts, ka mea hiki ole hoʻi hou i ka pane a me ka hookauwa aku, e hōʻeleu i ia.

IIeEeAIEUAA o nā'ūhū i loko o ka halepaahao

Loko o ka halepaahao, i ke kanaka nā'ūhū i maʻamau i kakauiaʻi maluna a me ka hana i loko o ka pololei hoakaka organelles. IIeEeAIEUAA o nā'ūhū ua pono e pili ana i ka papa a hookuu hanaʻia i ka halepaahao paena.

Kokoke a pau o na nā'ūhū o glycolysis e aia i loko o ka cytoplasm. Nā'ūhū Krebs kalapona - i loko o ka'ōpū mai mitochondrial. I ka hana waiwai i loaʻa ma loko o ka lysosomes hydrolysis.

Kekahi nā'aʻaʻa a me nā loko o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu e ole wale ma luna o ka lākou o nā'ūhū, akā, no hoi no ko lakou mau hope. Kēia hiʻona fabrics i hoʻohana clinically i loko o kaʻike, o kekahi mau maʻi.

He nui no hoi na makahiki o-kekahi hiʻona i loko o ka ha awina, a hoonoho iho la o nā'ūhū i loko o nā nā'aʻaʻa. Ka mea, he loa maopopo hiki i ke au o embryonic? Acaeoey ka wā'aʻaʻa differentiation.

Nomenclature o nā'ūhū

Aia i kekahi mau nenoai o nā inoa, kela mea keia mea o ka i lawe i ka mooolelo o ka waiwai o ka'ūhū i loli iki degere.

• AICIeOEOI. Ka inoa o ka waiwai i haawi mai ai i ka huikau ka huapalapala. No ka laʻana, pepsin (pepsis -. "Digestion",ʻole) A trypsin (tripsis - "dilutes" ka Helene.)
• Ka naauao. Ka inoa o ka'ūhū ua haku o ka kūpapakū, a me ka hope o "-ase". No ka laʻana, amylase hōʻeleu i ke hydrolysis o ka pia (amylo -. "Pia", Greek).
• Moscow. Ua Ua aponoia i ka 1961 ma ka International Kuleana ma ka nomenclature o nā'ūhū ma ka V International Biochemical Ahaolelo Lahui. Poʻo inoa Ka mea waiwai ua haku o ka kūpapakū a me ka naoh i ua catalyzed (hōʻeleu i) ma ka'ūhū. Inā i ka hana o nā'ūhū mea, e hoolilo i ka pae ana o nā'ātoma mai kekahi lātoma (kūpapakū) i kekahi (ka acceptor), hōʻeleu ka loaʻa o ka inoa a me ka Nine Inch inoa o ka acceptor. No ka laʻana, ma ka'amino pūʻulu hoolilo naoh mai alanine i 2-oksiglutarovuyuʻakika 'oe e komo'ūhū alanine: 2-oksoglutarataminotransferaza. Ka inoa Hōʻike 'ia:
• kūpapakū - alanine;
• acceptor - 2-oxoglutaricʻakika;
• 'amino tolerated i loko o ka naoh.

International Komisina Ua 'ohi ai i ka papa inoa o nā mea a pau nā'ūhū ike, i ua mau hōʻano. Keia mea aie a hiki i ka loaʻa o ka hou 'ona.

Mea Maluna o nā'ūhū

Share nā'ūhū i loko o nā pūʻulu i loko o nāʻaoʻao. Ka mea mua e kaumaha ana nā papa o ka waiwai:

• poe noonoo ole - haku wale o ke kumuʻiʻo;
• eiiieaena - i loaʻa ka kumuʻiʻo hapa (apoenzyme) a me ka 'ole-kumuʻiʻo kapa coenzyme.

Nā wikamina i ke komo i loko o ka ole-kumuʻiʻo kekahi hapa o ka'ūhū luna '. AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN a me nā waiwai ia lŘlŘ ma kaʻeleu paena. Huina'ūhū lātoma, aole ia i komo i loko o ke kaʻina.

Waiwai o nā'ūhū, e like me nā nā polokina, e hooponoponoia ia mea, ma kā lākou 'ole. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka catalysts ka mea, ua wale hōʻeleu i kā lākou naoh.

Ka lua o ka Mea Maluna iaoiaeii i hookaawale mea o ka mea, i kuleana pili i ua hanaʻia e nā'ūhū. Ke hualoaʻa Heʻeono papa.

• oxidoreductase;
• transferase;
• hydrolase;
• isomerase;
• lyase;
• ligase.

Kēiaʻike mau pūʻulu, ka mea, oko ole wale i loko o nāʻano o nā reactions e hooponopono i nā'ūhū la i komo ai i loko o ia mau mea. I waiwai o kekahi hui o ka 'ole mea okoa. A me ka hana ana o nā'ūhū i loko o ka halepaahao, nolaila, hiki ole ia i ka ia.

Oxidoreductases - redox

O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ka pae mua o nā'ūhū - hoʻonui o ka'okesaside-ka ho'ēmiʻana reactions. A ano hiʻona: i ka hiki i ka lilo i ka kaulahao o ka oxidative nā'ūhū, ma i ka hoolilo ana o electrons a me hydrogen nā'ātoma, mai ka kūpapakū mua a hiki i ka acceptor hope. i kaawale mau hui e like me ka loina o ka hana ole i ka hana i loko o ka naoh.

1. Aerobic dehydrogenase (oxidase) hōʻeleu i hoolilo o electrons a protons 'ana me ka ka oxygen nā'ātoma. Anaerobic i hana i ka mea hana, akā, i loko o nā reactions e hana me ka hoolilo ana o electrons a me hydrogen nā'ātoma ma o oxygen nā'ātoma.
2. Helu dehydrogenase catalyzed kaʻina withdrawal hydrogen nā'ātoma mai oxidizable waiwai (ka iniiaiie kūpapakū). Secondary - hōʻeleu i ka wehe 'ia o ka hydrogen nā'ātoma mai ka haumāna kūpapakū i hoomakaukauia ma ka hoʻohana' ana i iniiaiie dehydrogenase.

Kekahi hiʻona: i he mau-ke keʻena hōʻeleu me ka loa kaupalena 'ia paha o ka coenzyme (ʻeleu hui), ka mea hiki hōʻeleu i ke kau ana o keʻano o ka'okesaside-ka ho'ēmiʻana reactions. Kēia Ua loaʻa ma ka helu nui o Lolina:ʻo ia coenzyme e hoopili aku i kekahi apofermentami. Ma kēlā me kēia hihia, he pakahi aku la ia oxidoreductase me kona mau waiwai.

Aia i kekahi hiʻona o keia pae ana o nā'ūhū, i hiki ole ole i ka hōʻike - ka mea, oia i Nine Inch keʻano o ka hanaʻana pili me ke kala o ka ikehu. i kapaia exothermic ia reactions.

Transferase - nā moku halihali mokulele

Mau nā'ūhū Launch like hoʻonui hoolilo reactions hakakino residues a me ooieoeiiaeuiuo pūʻulu. No ka laʻana, phosphofructokinase.

Līkaia no ewalu pūʻulu o catalysts, ma muli o ka aho pūʻulu. e kekahi o ko lakou noonoo.

1. Phosphotransferase - kōkua i hoolilo residues o phosphoricʻakika. Ka mea, ua māheleʻia i loko o subclasses e like me ka mākaʻikaʻi (ka waiʻona, carboxylicʻakika, etc.).
2. Aminotransferase - hōʻeleu i ke naoh o'amino nāʻakika transamination.
3. Glycosyl - Neʻe glycosyl residues o na nā lātoma i nā lātoma o phosphoric nā mea kemika o mono- a me polysaccharides. Hōʻike i ka decomposition reactions a me ka hoʻololi kemikala o oligo- a polysaccharides i loko o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona meaola. No ka laʻana, ka mea komo 'ana i loko o ka naoh o sucrose'opi.
4. Acyltransferase hoololiia residues o carboxylic nāʻakika i amines, waiʻona mai ke kino a me ka'amino nāʻakika. Acyl-coenzyme-A mea he versatile kahi o ka acyl pūʻulu. Ua hiki ke noʻonoʻo me kaʻeleu pae o acyltransferases. Loa pinepine tolerated acyl aceticʻakika.

Hydrolase - hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo me ke komo 'ana o ka wai

Ma keia pae ana o nā'ūhū hana like catalysts no ka cleavage reactions (hoʻololi kemikala emi) o ke aloha i huiʻia ma i ka wai ua komo. 'Ona i loko o kēia hui e hookomoia ma na keena, a ma ka digestive wai. catalysts lātoma i loko o ka gastrointestinal'āpana i haku o ka hookahi ke keʻena.

Place o IIeEeAIEUAA o kēia nā'ūhū i na lysosomes. Ka mea, hana aiiay oihana o nā'ūhū i loko o ka halepaahao:, hoopili haole waiwai i i hele ma kaʻili lahilahi. Ka mea, i hoopau ia ua mau waiwai a i ole hou e pono ai ke kelepona hele, no ka mea, i na lysosomes i Pani 'ōlelo' sanitation.

Kekahi o ko lākou mau "inoa kapakapa" - o ka ke kelepona hele he pepehi anaʻia iā iho, no ka mea, i ka papa kuhikuhiE koʻi no aeea autolysis. Inā ua he maʻiʻaʻai, hoʻoʻino kaʻina ua hoʻomaka, kaʻili lahilahi i permeable a me ka lysosomal hydrolase mai i loko o ka cytoplasm, luku nā mea a pau i loko o kona alahele, a luku mai o ka halepaahao.

Kaʻana ma kekahi mau 'ano o nā catalysts mai i kēia pae:

• esterase - kuleana no ka hydrolysis o nā mea kemika o ka waiʻona mai ke kino;
• Glycosidase - hōʻeleu i hydrolysis o glycosides, ke kaumaha ma muli a isomer ka mea, hana, hoʻokuʻu akula α- paha β-glycosidase;
• ʻakika'amino hydrolase - kuleana no ka hydrolysis o kaʻakika'amino paa ana i loko o nā polokina, a ma lalo o kekahi mau kumu a no kā lākou hoʻololi kemikala, akā, 'aʻole hoʻohana' ia kēia hana ma ka kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala ma ka noho ana keena;
• amidase - kuleana no ka hydrolysis o amides, no kekahi laʻana, urease catalyzes ka decomposition o ka urea i ka ammonia a me ka wai i.

Isomerase - lātoma huli ana

Mau waiwai hōʻeleu i loli i loko o kekahi lātoma. Ka mea, e ia mall paha geometric. Kēia hiki hiki mai ana ma naʻano likeʻole:

• i ka hoolilo ana o hydrogen nā'ātoma;
• hele i ka posapahate pūʻulu;
• loli o ka wahi o ka'ātoma groupings i loko o ka lewa;
• i ka holo o ka waʻa hoopaa.

Ke isomerization hiki e waiho kokoke ana i ke aloha nāʻakika, carbohydrates a'amino nāʻakika. Isomerase hiki ai ke hoʻolilo aldehydes a me ketones, conversely, na Kisa no lakou palapala? Aeiino? I loko o ka māhū palapala a me ka hope. aho maopopo No ka hana ua hanaʻia e nā'ūhū o keia pae, e pono e ike i ka oko ao isomers.

Lyase waimaka a pilina

Mau nā'ūhū hōʻeleu 'ole-hydrolytic decomposition o ke aloha i huiʻia hoahanau:

• kalapona-o carbon paa;
• phosphorus-ka oxygen;
• kalapona-luaipele;
• kalapona-naikokene;
• kalapona-ka oxygen.

Ma keia hihia nō ka mea huahana e like me ke kalapona'okikene lua, ka wai, ammonia, a me ka paʻa kaulua paa. Kakaikahi o kēia mau reactions ke hele i loko o ka e ku pono kuhikuhi, e like me na nā'ūhū ma lalo o keia pono no keia kaʻina i catalyze wale ka Powa, akā hoʻololi kemikala.

Mea Maluna lyase ia lŘlŘ pili type, e uhai. Ka mea, e eiiieaena nā'ūhū.

ligase crosslinked

O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o na nā'ūhū o keia pae - i ka hoʻonui o ka hoʻololi kemikala reactions. Lākou peculiarity - e pili ana conjugation me ka disintegration o ka waiwai i mea hiki ke haawi ikehu no ka biosynthetic kaʻina. Aia nāʻeono papa, i hanaʻia e pili ana type. Five o ia e'ālike subgroups lyases, a me ke ono paha o ka mea kuleana no ka kukulu ana i na kamailio ana o ka "naikokene-metala".

Kekahi ligases i komo i loko o ka maopopo nui aeea keʻano o ka hanaʻana. No ka laʻana, he DNA ligase komo i loko o ka replication o deoxyribonucleicʻakika. I ka humuhumu i Nick, e pili ana hou phosphodiester paa. Ka mea, ua iho la ka mea e pili ana i Okazaki koena ai.

Ua like'ūhū ua hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia i loko o aaiaoe wilikî. Ua apono 'ʻepekema e crosslink i ka DNA lātoma o nā'āpana poʻohiwi pono o ia, e pili ana i kū hoʻokahi lei o deoxyribonucleicʻakika. Ka mea, ke kau aku i kekahi 'ike, pela e pili ana i ka hola no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka nui o nā polokina. No ka laʻana, ka mea i hiki ke humuhumu i kekahi'āpana o ka DNA o ka bacterium kuleana no ka insulina hoʻololi kemikala. A i ka wā o ka halepaahao, e hōʻike kona mau nā polokina,ʻo ia i ka mea ia manawa e mākou e a me nā minelala hao e pono ai no ka 'inikua hana. Ua koe wale ae hoomaemae loa oia, a me ka mea e maʻi kanaka he nui kōkua.

Ka nui kūlana o nā'ūhū i loko o ke kino

Ka mea, e hoomahuahua i ka naoh uku oi aku mamua o umi manawa. He nui no ka maʻamau aeea ha awina. A nā'ūhū komo 'ana i loko o kēlā me kēia naoh. No laila, i ka hana o nā'ūhū i loko o ke kino a like me nā mea a pau i hana keʻano o ka hanaʻana. A ka hoʻohuikau 'o kēia mau catalysts hiki aku ai i ka loa hopena.

Nā'ūhū e hoʻomano hoʻohana ma o ka ai, mālamalama hana, lapaʻau: hoʻohana no ka hana o ka paʻi waiūpaʻa he, sausages, canned ka ai, e komo pū i loko o detergent me ka pauka. Ka mea, i kekahi hana i ka hana o ke kiʻi mea.