Ke akeakamai a kahiko Kina: he concise a me ka informative. Ke akeakamai a kahiko India a me China

Mākou e kaumaha aku i ka akeakamai o kahiko Kina, he hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo. Chinese kālaiʻike i ka mōʻaukala a hiki hoʻi kekahi mau tausani makahiki. Kona Kinohi ua pinepine me ka buke o ka loli o ke, he compendium kahiko o ka anaana, ka launa pū hoʻi i ka 2800 BC, i kahi o laua i haawiia mai kekahi o ka olelo kumu o ka Pake akeakamai pili. Makahiki o ka Pake kālaiʻike hiki ke oaeuiinoe wale pakike (kona flowering mua, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO haawiia keia i like me ka 6th kenekulia BC), e like me ka mea nā lā hoʻi i nā moʻolelo o ka Neolithic. Ma kēia 'atikala' oe e loaʻa mai mea mea ke akeakamai o kahiko Kina, pokole ike me ka hoʻokumu kula a me nā kula o ka manaʻo.

Ka pulakaumaka o ke akeakamai o ka mea kahiko hikina (China) no kenekulia i ka mea hiki manao no ke kanaka a me ka hui, ninau e pili ana pehea e hoonohonoho ola i loko o kēia hui, pehea e noho i ka ola hemolele. Nā mea pono a me ka pili aupuni kālaiʻike pinepine ma luna metaphysics a me epistemology. Kekahi hiʻona o Chinese kālaiʻike i ua manao no ke ano a me ka wahine paha, i alakai aku ai i ke kūpono 'ana o ke theme like ana o ke kuʻikahi, o ka ke kanaka a me ka lani, me ka theme like o ko ke kanaka i ka wahi i loko o ka cosmos.

Lau kula o ka manaʻo

Lau pakahi aku la ia influential kula o ka manaʻo i waho ma ka Classic wā o ka Pake mōʻaukala, a hoomaka iho la ma kahi o 500 BC Ka mea, he Confucianism, Daoism (pinepine ka pela me "Taoism"), a me ka monism Legalism. A lohe o China Ua hui pu Qinʻana i loko o 222 BC, Legalism Ua aponoia i ka kūhelu akeakamai. I Emperor o ka weuweu Han aliʻi (206 BC - 222 AD) i Taoism, a ma hope, a puni 100 BC - Confucianism. Mau kula, he mau kikowaena a hiki i ke kūpono 'ana o ka Pake manaʻo a hiki i ka 20th kenekulia. Buddhist kālaiʻike i ka nuʻu mua i loko o ka 1st kenekulia BC, ua hoʻomano palahalaha ae ma ka 6th kenekulia (ʻano nui i ka noho alii ana o ka Tang aliʻi).

Ma ke au o ka industrialization i loko o mākou manawa kālaiʻike o ka wa kahiko hikina (China) ua ulu, e loaʻa i ka manaʻo ia, mai ke komohana akeakamai, a ua no i koe ma modernization. Ma lalo o ka noho aliʻi o ko Mao ka Marxism, Stalinism, a me nā Communist ideology lilo he ākea ma nā moku'āina 'China. Hong Kong a Taiwan ua ola ae hoihoi i loko o ka Confucian manao. Ka papa aupuni o ka People ka Repubalika o Kina kākoʻo i ka ideology o ka makeke socialism. Kālaiʻike Makamua China ua hoʻoʻuluʻulu manaʻo ma lalo nei.

i kakahiaka nui hilinaʻi

I ka hoʻomaka o ka Shang i nohoaliʻi manao i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka manaʻo o ka recurrence, mai ana i ka pololei kilo o maoli: i ka loli o ke ao a me ka po, i ka loli ana o na kau, i ka ua nui a me ka by double o ka mahina. Kēia manaʻo koe pili ma Pake mōʻaukala. Iloko o ka noho alii ana o Shang hoʻopaʻi, ke mālama nui akua Shang Di, unuhi 'ia i loko o Lūkini - ". Ke Akua mana loa" Kupuna hoomana i kekahi e noho ana, e like me ka ua i ka mohai o nā holoholona a me nā kānaka.

I ka wā o ka Shang aliʻi i'ānaiʻia e ka Zhou aliʻi, ua he hou pili aupuni, a me ka haipule philosophical manaʻo o "Mandate o ka lani". E like me ia, ina o ka luna, aole ia e hoʻopili like i kona wahi, ka mea hiki ke lukuʻia, a UAIAaIN ma kekahi, oi pono. Hulikoehana hanaʻeliʻana i wā kėlä wahi i mahuahuaʻike heluhelu a me ka hapa withdrawal, mai ka manaʻoʻiʻo i loko o Shang Di. Ke cult o nā kūpuna lilo commonplace, e like me ke kaiāulu kanaka, lilo hou naita ma.

haneri kula

Around 500 BCE, ma hope o ka Zhou moku'āina hoʻonāwaliwali, hele mai la ka Classic wā o Chinese kālaiʻike (aneane ma ia manawa he mau no hoi ka mua Greek poe akeakamai). Keia manawa ua ike ia o ka haneri kula. No ka mea he nui Kula hoʻokumu i keia manawa, a iloko o ka mea e hiki mai ana wā o ke kaua ana States, ka eha loa influential he Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism a me moizm. I keia manawa, ka mea, ua manaoio ia Kofutsy kākau ihola "He umi eheu" a me ka moʻo o commentaries ma I ka Ching.

imperial au

I ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka pōkole-noho Qinʻana (221-206 BC) hoʻokahi China ma lalo o ka mana o ka Auguseto, a hoʻokumu Legalism like me ka kūhelu akeakamai. Li Xi, i hoʻokumu a Legalism a me ke Kaulike o ke Auguseto mua o ka Qin i nohoaliʻi Qin shi Huang, kono aku la ia ia, e uhi i ke ku okoa ana o ka olelo ana o ka pilina, e lawe pu i ka manaʻo nui, a mau & okua ia, a kuni i ka mea a pau i ka Classic hana o ka kālaiʻike, mōʻaukala a me ka poetry. Wale Li Xi puke kula a pau e e ae. Mahope iho o kona, ua hoopunipuni mai e mau alchemists, he lōʻihi ola i'ōlelo mai ai iā ia, a kanu aku Qin shi Huang e ola ana 460 ka poʻe puni hoʻonaʻauao. Legalism kōkua ma muli o kona aoao like loa me ka moana i Emperor o ka weuweu Han aliʻi (206 BC - 222 AD) i iʻae Taoism, a ma hope, a puni 100 BC, - Confucianism like me ka oihana ao. Eia naʻe, Taoism a me Confucianism ua i kuleana koa o Chinese manaʻo a hiki i ka 20th kenekulia. Ma ka 6th kenekulia (ʻano nui i ka noho alii ana o ka Tang i nohoaliʻi) Buddhist kālaiʻike i ua universally ike,ʻano nui, no ka aʻo Kīwala'ō me Taoism. Ia mea i ka manawa i ke akeakamai o kahiko Kina, ua hoʻoʻuluʻulu manaʻo ma luna.

Confucianism

Confucianism - ka like aʻo o ke kumu wahine Confucius, e noho ana i loko o 551-479 makahiki. BC

Kālaiʻike Makamua China, konfutsianstvo pokole hiki ke hoʻokū 'ia penei. He He luna 'ano o ka pono, ka nohona, ka manaʻo politika a me ka hoʻomana noʻonoʻoloi, a ikaika i alakaʻi ai i ka mōʻaukala o ka Pake noho maikai ana. Kekahi kānakaʻepekema i manaʻo i Confucianism i ka moku'āina hoomana o imperial China. Confucian Hair i lewa i loko o ka moʻomeheu o Kina. Mencius (4th kenekulia BC) manaoio aku ua kanaka la i ka hanohano e pono e mahi i ka lilo i ka "maikai". Sun Tszy ike kanaka ano like inherently hewa, akā, e ma ka hoʻoponopono-ka hoʻopaʻi 'a me ka hoʻoponopono'-icai? Hiki ke hoohuliia mai i loko o ka mana.

Confucius aole lakou i manao e ike i ka hou ka hoʻomana, kona makemake wale e hoakaka mai ke ano, a hoola i Hea inoa hoomana Zhouʻana. Ke kahiko nenoaiu o ka haipule rula i paupauaho wale: No ke aha lā i nā akua ae lawelawe pilikia a me ka hewa? Akā, ināʻaʻole uhane ano a me ke ano maoli, ka mea i ke kumu no ka hale hānai,ʻaʻahu a me kaʻaoʻaoʻelua kaiapili kauoha? Confucius manaoio i keia mea i ke kumu no kani kulekele, hoʻokō, nae, Zhou hoʻomana, kona rituals. He i i ke ano o kēia mau rituals i na mohai i ke akua, akā, e like me ka hana pili i kû ana i ka makaainana a me ka moʻomeheu lauana o ka hana. Ka mea, e kû ana no ia i ka pono kāna mau 'ōlelo o ka Pake lehulehu. Kaʻia "ʻano hana" me ka nohona rituals -ʻana a me ka oluolu kūmau o ka hana - mea a mākou e kahea aku etiquette. Confucius manaoio aku i ka mea wale makaainana ke kaiāulu kanaka, hiki E ku paa auanei, a mau nō ka ina hana. Ke akeakamai a kahiko Kina, nā kula o ka manaʻo a me ka hahai i nā aʻo o na mea he nui ia, mai Confucianism.

Taoism

Taoism - mea:

1) ke kula o ka manao, ma muli o nā hāʻina o nā haʻawina o ka Tao Te Ching (Lao-tzu) a me Zhuangzi;

2) Pākē hoolaʻi hoʻomana.

"Tao" literally o ia hoʻi, "i ke ala", akā, ma ka hoomana ana a me ka kālaiʻike o Kina o ka olelo i ma ka hou Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo. Ke akeakamai a kahiko Kina, he manawa pōkole ano o i ua hōʻike i loko o kēia 'atikala, au i aoia na mea he nui o ka manaʻo o kēia Hōʻuluʻulu a seemingly na mea manaʻo o "ala".

Yin, a yang a me na kumu mua elima kumumanaʻo

Ua uaʻAʻole iʻikeʻia ma kahi o ka manaʻo o nā kumu elua o Yin a me Yang, paha ia originated i loko o ke au o kahiko Pake kālaiʻike. Yin a Yang - he mau mea manuahi kumu nona ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaINʻano a pau 'Amelika hanana a me nā loli i loko o ka lewa. Yang - kaʻeleu rula, a Yin - OE. Additional hehee wale, e like me ke ao a me ka po, ka malamalama a me ka pouli, a me ka aayoaeuiinoe passivity, käne a me ka feminine, a me nā 'ē aʻe nō i ka manaʻo o Yin a me Yang. Together, kēia mau oihana mua e i ka aloha, a pili i ka manaʻo o ke aloha i ka oihana lapaau, no,ʻoihana kaua, a me ka nohona ola o Kina. Ke akeakamai a kahiko Kina, ua ke kemu i ke kula o ka manao i ka manaʻo.

wahie, ke ahi, ka honua, a me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ka wai: Yin-Yang manaʻo ua pinepine me ke kumumanaʻo o ka elima hehee wale, a wehewehe i ka maoli a me ka nohonaʻike manaʻo like me ka hopena o ka pu ana o ka elima walaʻauʻana oihana mua a me ka lewa konohiki pili. Ke akeakamai a kahiko China (pokole kau mai i ka mea nui loa i loko o kēia 'atikala) pono ka loaʻa o ka manaʻo.

legalism

Legalism mea aʻa i loko o nā manaʻo o ka Pākē poe akeakamai Xun Zi (310-237 BC.), Owai la ka mea i manaoio aku i ka pono mau hae e pono e kū i ka hewa inclinations o ke kanaka. Han Fei (280-233 BC.) Ulu kēia manaʻo i loko o ka pragmatic totalitarian pili aupuni kālaiʻike ma muli ma luna o ka loina hooponopono i kekahi kanaka manao e pale hoopai a me ka hoʻokō ka waiwai, no ka poʻe i ma ke ano kanaka p', a me ka hewa. Penei, ina kanaka olalo, e hana me ka uku ole ia kā lākou maoli inclinations, ka mea e alakai i ka pāonioni paʻa a me ka nohona pilikia. Ka lula Pono e kōkua ma muli o kā lākou mana a me ke kōkua o ekolu eiiiiiaiou.

1) i ke kanawai a me ka loina hooponopono;

2) iaoia, tactic, ke akamai;

3) Ka legitimacy, mana, charisma.

Ke kānāwai E loa hoʻopaʻi hewa a me ka uku i ka poe i ai lakou e hana. Legalism Ua koho 'ana i ke akeakamai o ka Qin i nohoaliʻi (221-206 BC.), Ka mua hui China. Haʻalele intuitive anarchy Taoism a me Confucianism, Legalism mana E hoomanao i na koi ana o ka mea i oi nui aku na mea e ae. Pili aupuni ana hoʻomohala i ka manawa ino o ka ha o ke kenekulia BC.

Legalists manaoio i e ole ke aupuni e hoopunipuni ma ka haipule unattainable ideals o ka "moolelo" a me "manaʻo kanaka." I ko lakou manao, hoao mai ana e? Ienoai ola ma ka aina ma a me ka pono hoʻonaʻauao kauoha i make i ka ole. Akā, kanaka pono he ikaika ke aupuni, a he elaborate kivila o ke kānāwai, e like me ka pono me ia ma ka ikaika makai, a makemake e noi mai ana i ka rigorous a me ka 'oihana kaʻaeʻana i nā rula, a loa e hoʻopaʻi hewa. I ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka Qin i nohoaliʻi ai, kau iho ma luna o kēia mau totalitarian nā loina o kiʻekiʻe na manaolana, manao ana, e mau loa o ka noho aliʻi o konaʻana.

Hoʻomana Buda

Ke akeakamai a kahiko India a China i ka hailonaʻana i loko, he pono ole. ʻOiai Hoʻomana Buda originated ma Inia, ka mea, ua o nui ma Kina. Ua Ua manaoioʻikeʻia i Hoʻomana Buda ma Kina i ka Han aliʻi. Aboutʻekolu haneri makahiki ma hope, i ka noho alii ana o ka hikina mai Jin aliʻi (317-420 GG.), He ua hoano e ka Naita me ia i loko o ka hiʻona. I loko o kēia mau makahiki ekolu haneri, nā kākoʻo o Hoʻomana Buda, he hapanui malihini,, ka nomadic kanaka, mai ke komohana wahi a Central Asia.

Ma ka hoohalike, Hoʻomana Buda i loa ua aponoia ma Kina. Ma ka liʻiliʻi loa,ʻaʻole i loko o ka palapala o ka hoʻokahi wale nō Indian. Ke akeakamai a kahiko India a me China nō mai ka hailona no oko ao. Legends lako me nā moʻolelo o ka Indians, e like me Bodhidharma, ka mea kanu i nāʻano likeʻole o Hoʻomana Buda ma Kina, akā, he mea uuku hoʻomanaʻo i loko o ia mau mea i ka inevitability o ka loli, a mea paha i ke ao ana ka wā e neʻe aku ia ma luna o nā'āina'ē lepo, o ka oi aku ma luna o ia i ka waiwai, pehea China ua i ia manawa ma mahalo o philosophical manaʻo.

Kekahi mau hiʻona o Mauna Hoʻomana Buda, he incomprehensible mea hiki Chinese manao. A me kona moolelo o ka asceticism, ili mai ka manaʻo Hindu, Indian Hoʻomana Buda hiki wale lawe i ka palapala o ka hoopanee uku i hoakaka ia ma ka noonoo ana (noonoo manawa, hiki aku Nirvana hope).

Ka Pākē, ma lalo o ka aoao ikaika o ka moolelo, me ka paipai pū molowa ole a me ka uku panai o ka nui e pono ai, hiki ole ia keia a me nā hana i mea weird a me ka pili 'i ka maʻamau o ke ola. Akā, i ka mea hiki kanaka, he nui wale o lakou i ike ai a me ka maikai i kekahi manaʻo o Hoʻomana Buda i ka mahalo ana o nā kanaka a me ka lehulehu.

Kaua o ka ewalu luna - ke kaua kūloko ma waena o nā aliʻi a me nā aliʻi o ka Jin i nohoaliʻi ai i loko o ke au o ka 291 306 makahiki, oiai i ka nomadic kanaka o'ākau Kina, mai Manchuria a hiki i ka hikina o Mongolia, he helu nui i ua hui pū ma nā kahua o ka mercenary hao wale ..

A puni ka mea ia manawa, i ka nui o ko Kina i ka moʻomeheu kālai'āina i ua hoʻemi markedly ola ae la ia i ke aʻo o Lao Tzu a me Chuang Tzu, i nā hakuloli i Buddhist manaʻo. Hoʻomana Buda, iʻikeʻia i loko o Inia, ma Kina i ka loa okoa nānaina. E lawe, no ka mea hoike, i ka manaʻo o Nagarjuna. Nagarjuna (150-250 AD.), Indian poe akeakamai, ka loa influential Buddhist thinker ma hope o ka Gautama Buddha ia ia iho. Kona papa kuhikuhiE na makana i Buddhist kālaiʻike ua e hoʻomōhala manaÿo sunyata (a "voids") e like me ka hehee ai Buddhist metaphysical gnoseology a me ka phenomenology. Ma hope o ka hoʻokomoʻana i China Sunyata manaʻo i hoʻololi mai "ole" i "kekahi mea kūpono" ma lalo o ka aoao o kuʻuna Chinese manaʻo o Lao Tzu a me Chuang Tzu.

moizm

Ke akeakamai a kahiko China (pokole) moizm ma muli Mauzy poe akeakamai (470-390 BC.), Owai ka mea kokua i ka hohola i ka manaʻo o ke ao ke aloha, e hoʻokolokolo pono o nā mea. Mauzy manaoio i ka hana kuʻuna manaʻo mea controversial, i kanaka pono alakaʻi, e hooholo i mooolelo e maliuʻia. Ma moizm pono ua i nānā 'ma ka moolelo, ka mea, ua paha correlated me utilitarianism, hooikaika ana no ka pono o ka helu nui. I moizm manaoio aku i ke aupuni - i kahi mea paahana e hoʻolako i ia mau alakaʻi, a, e hoʻokō, a paipai ka nohona hana kaua ma ka i ka helu nui o kanaka. Hana e like me ke mele a me ka haa ana, i manaoia he wao akua o nā kumu waiwai i hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia i kanaka me ka ai a me ka malumalu. Mohists i hana i ko lakou mau mahalo hoʻonohonoho pili aupuni 'ole, a noho iho la, nonoi, e alakai i ka ascetic ola, hou aku i kona mau ideals. Ka mea, ua ku e kekahi palapala o ka aggression, a, e manaoio ma o ka mana kilokilo o ka lani (Tien), i punishes moekolohe kolohe.

Oe ua aoia i ho i ke akeakamai o kahiko China (hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo). No ka nui loa hoomaopopo paipai hou pili loa ike mau i kēlā me kēia kula kaawale. Hiʻona o kahiko Chinese kālaiʻike i pokole ua hōʻolokeʻaʻia ma luna. Mākou manaolana i ua kokua mai oia i keia mea au i ike i ka manaʻo nui, a hoao iho la ia i ka e pono ia oe.