Ke hōʻeuʻeu (viscosity) o ka loli. He aha ka kona kino, a me mechanical manaʻo?

I ka wai ua hoakakaia ma ka physical kino, i ka hiki e hoʻololi i kona helehelena ma ka auʻa wale uuku keiki ma luna o laila. IeAUPIIe, IAa IO loaʻa nō nā papa kuhikuhi ano o ke kinowai, a kinoea drip. Drip loli - he loli i loko o ka mau hoohalike: wai, kerosene oil,ʻaila, a no laila, ma luna o. Gaseous fluids - kinoea i ma lalo o maʻamau keia mea, no ka laʻana, gaseous 'ona e like me ka ea ole, naikokene, propane, ka oxygen.

Mau hui oko ma hakakino 'ole a me ka' ano o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o nā lātoma i kekahi i kekahi. Eia naʻe, mai ka wahi o ka Hawaii o mechanics, ka mea, i ke ana Media. A no ka mea, o keia, no ka mea, hōʻike 'kekahi, he pono ole ÿano ano: nuʻa a me ka hana i ho'ākāka' umekaumaha; a me ka walaʻauʻana physical waiwai: compressibility, thermal? anoe?, tensile ikaika, ka ikaika o ka ili honua hoʻopilikia a me ka (viscosity).

Ma lalo o (viscosity) maopopo i ka waiwai o ke kinowai waiwai ke ku imua o ka hāʻuleʻana a me ka hoʻololi kona mau papa i kekahi i kekahi. Ke pā like o ka manaʻo o ka hanana o ke kū'ē koa ma waena o nāʻano papa i loko o ka loli i kā lākou mau hoahanau noi. Maopopo ma waena o ka manaʻo o "hōʻeuʻeu (viscosity) o ka loli" a me kona "kinetic (viscosity)". Next, lawe i ka pilina nana, ka mea i ka likeʻole ma waena o këia mau manaÿo.

Hoʻokumu paʻa manaÿo a me Ana

H ÷ koa F, i kupu ana mai e neʻe i pili i kekahi i kekahi, e pili papa o ka generalized loli mea pololei hapaʻauhau i ka māmā holo o ka papa, a me ko lakou papa wahi S. kēia ikaika i koe i loko o ke ala e hiki aku ÷ haku i ke noi, a ua kaheaia ma Newton helu kaulike mea analytically

F = μS (ΔV) / (Δn),

kahi (ΔV) / (Δn) = GV - i ka māmā holoʻano piʻina ma ke ala e hiki aku maʻamau i ka neʻeʻana Hoʻohana.

Ke proportionality kaʻi lau waiwai μ - o ka hōʻeuʻeu (viscosity), a wale (viscosity) generalized loli. Mai Newton mau nā helu kaulike ia mea

μ = F / (S ∙ GV).

Ma ka physical ana'ōnaehana pa alima o ka (viscosity) hoakakaia like me ka (viscosity) o ka meakino, ma i ma ka mokuna māmā holoʻano piʻina GV = 1 knm / kek. No huinahalike kenimika no, ahu iho frictional ikaika i koe i loko o 1 dyne. Alaila, i ke Ana o ka pa alima i loko o keia'ōnaehana ua olelo ia i loko o dynes ∙ ke ∙ knm ^ (- 2) = R ∙ knm ^ (- 1) ∙ ke ^ (- 1).

Ua ana ua kapaia ka hōʻeuʻeu (viscosity) poise (P).

1 P = 0,1 Pas ∙ pela aku = 0,0102 kgf ∙ me ∙ m + ^ (- 2).

Pili a me ka liʻiliʻi huahelu, oia hoi: P 1 = 100 centipoises (cps) = 1000 mPas (millipuaz) = 1000000 INC (mikropuaz). Ma ka oaoieei-'ōnaehana no ka pa alima o ka (viscosity) waiwai lawe kgf ∙ me ∙ m + ^ (- 2).

Ma ka 'āina'ōnaehana pa alima o ka (viscosity) hoakakaia like me ka (viscosity) o ka meakino, ma i ma ka mokuna māmā holoʻano piʻina GV = 1 m / s i 1 m no huinahalike mika o ke kinowai, ahu iho kekahi hana naʻaupō kū'ē mana o ka 1 N (Newton). Ke Ana aiee o μ ma ka Si ua olelo ia i loko o kg ∙ m + ^ (- 1) '∙ me (- 1).

Hou ano e like me ka hōʻeuʻeu (viscosity) wai a hoʻolauna manaʻo like me ka lākiō o ka kinematic (viscosity) kaʻi lau waiwai μ i ka loli nuʻa. Ke kumukuai o ka kinematic (viscosity) ana i loko o Stokes (1st Class = 1 knm ^ (2) / c).

Ke (viscosity) kaʻi lau waiwai ka heluna hapauuku like me ka helu o ke kalepa i lawe i loko o ka neʻe kinoea no pa alima manawa i loko o ke ala e hiki aku p ÷ haku i ka neʻe, no pa alima āpana ka wā o ka neʻeʻana holo oko a no pa alima o ka māmā holo i loko o ke kinoea papa kaawale no pa alima lōʻihi. (Viscosity) kaʻi lau waiwai hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke ano a me ka moku'āina o ka mea (mahana a me ka puʻe).

Hōʻeuʻeu (viscosity) a me ka kinematic (viscosity) o ke kinowai, a kinoea, a hiki i ka mea i nui hilinaʻi ma luna o ke ana wela. Ua Ua hoʻomaopopo i nā ke kaʻi lau waiwai emi ana me ka mahuahua ana wela no e kahe mai ana wai, a, conversely, piʻi pū me ka mehana - no kinoea. Haʻalele keia kaukaʻi hiki ke wehewehe ma ke kino ano o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o nā lātoma i loko o ka droplet ke kinowai a me nā kinoea.

Ka physicalʻano

Mai ka viewpoint o ka hakakino kinetic kumumanaʻo o kinoea (viscosity) kŰia ke moe i loko o ka mea ana i ka holo meakino aie i ka huikau ka noi o nā lātoma ia lŘlŘ hoʻopololei papa o kekahi māmā holo. Penei, ina o ka mua, ahu iho i loko o ke ala e hiki aku neʻe maila wikiwiki ma mua o ka pili ana o ka lua, ahu iho, o ka mua, ahu iho o ka lua o ka neʻe wikiwiki lātoma, a me ka hope versa.

Nolaila, o ka mua, ahu iho kahakai āu e hōʻeleu i ka neʻe o ka lua, ahu iho, a me ka lua o ka - e 'ūlōlohi i ka neʻe o ka mea mua. Penei, o ka huina nui o ka holo o ka ahu iho la mua, e emi iho, a me ka lua o ka - e mahuahua. Ke kūpono loli i loko o keia nui o ka noi ua wehewehe aku ma ka (viscosity) kaʻi lau waiwai i kinoea.

Ke droplet like kinoea, ka mea maloko kū'ē o ka oi loa ma ka hana ana o intermolecular koa. A, mahope mai o ka mamao ma waena o nā nā lātoma o ke kinowai droplet mea uuku i like me ka gaseous hana kūpono, ka hakakino AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN koa ana - nui. ʻO nā lātoma o ka wai, e like me ka pono me nā lātoma o ka puaʻa hiwa, HEN kokoke i ka equilibrium wahi. Eia naʻe, i loko o ke kinowai, i kēia mau mea i ho'ākāka 'i ole wahi. Ma hope o kekahi wā o ka manawa i ka wai hoʻi lātoma ho opa ao i loko o ka hou kūlana. I ka Ia manawa, i ka wā a ke kulana o na nā lātoma i loko o ka wai, aole ia e hoʻololi i ole, i kapa ia ka manawa "kūʻonoʻono ola".

Intermolecular koa hilinaʻi me ka nui loa ma ke 'ano o ka wai. Inā ka (viscosity) o ka waiwai mea uuku, ka mea, ua kapaia "flowable", e like me ke kahe kaʻi lau waiwai, a me ka hōʻeuʻeu (viscosity) o ka loli - Ua inversely hapaʻauhau. Conversely, he pono hana a me ka (viscosity) kiʻekiʻe e i ka ma paʻi paakiki, like, no ka laʻana, kēpau. Ke (viscosity) o ka waiwai ana me ka nui loa hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka haku mele 'ana o nā impurities a me kā lākou mau dala, a me ka mahana. Me ka mahuahua ana wela ua hoemiia ka nui "sedentary ola" manawa, hiki mahuahua i ka loli (viscosity) emi iho, a me ka ka hoʻoneʻe o ka waiwai.

Ke kŰia o ka (viscosity), e like me nā hakakino amoʻike manaʻo (maholahune a thermal conductivity) mea he irreversible kaʻina i hiki aku ai i ka piʻi like ana o ka equilibrium moku'āina e like me ka mea i kā mākou entropy a me ka noa ikehu palena iki.