Ko mākou hopohopo'aʻaʻa: 'ole a me ka ho'āʻo. Features nā aʻalolo'aʻaʻa. Ano o nā aʻalolo'aʻaʻa

Mākou pinepine kiʻi ko mākou hopohopo, mau wae i ka mea e hoʻopā ai ka hōʻike, pane koke ana i ke ao nei a puni mākou, a ho'āʻo e hoolohe i kou kino, a ma nā mea a pau keia, ua kokua makou ma ka mea kupaianaha keena. Ka mea, i ka hopena o ka lōʻihi evolution, i ka hopena o ka hana o ke ano ma ka hooulu ana o ka meaola ma ka Honua.

Mākou hiki ole ke olelo i ka nenoaiu o ka pokole, Ka Ikepili a me ka muli o ka maikaʻi. Akā, ua mau loa mamao wehe 'ia mai nā holoholona. Maopopo pehea ia i ka luna 'nenoaiu, ia mea nui loa,ʻaʻole wale no ka hoʻomalu - biologists a me nā kāhuna lapaʻau. Kēia paha e hoihoi i loko, a me ka poʻe o nāʻoihana kahuna, ai.

Ke 'ike i loko o kēia' atikala mea i loaʻa i nā kānaka a pau, a hiki e pono keia mau mea ole wale me ka ike, no ka mea, o ka naauao o ka meaola - i ke ki i ka ike oe ia oe iho.

No ka i ua mea kuleana

Kanaka ko mākou hopohopo'aʻaʻa i ke kū hoʻokahi mall, a ooieoeiiaeuiiai ka nohona o nā neurons a me kā lākou kekahi hana kūleʻa. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, mākou lolo nona ka - loa paʻakikī hoonohonoho kahua. A e mālama mākou hana, Emotions a me ka manaʻo, ua pono i ka loa luna 'i ulanaʻia.

Nā aʻalolo'aʻaʻa, 'ole a me ka hana e Ho'ākāka' he lākou o nā neurons - keena me spike in - a ho oholo i ka maʻamau functioning o ke kino, mua o nā mea a pau, ua hoakaka ka wahi hana o nā mea a pau hui, nenoai. Ka lua, e hoʻohuiʻia i ke kino i ka mea mawaho i hoʻolilo 'ia a me ka hoʻolako i adaptive pane i kona loli. Ke kolu, hoʻi iā pūnao ma lalo e loli iki ana. Kela ano keia ano o nā aʻalolo'aʻaʻa mea he mea ke keʻena o ka psyche: alarm - olelo a me ka manaʻo, 'o hana i loko o kaiāulu. Kekahi mau kānakaʻepekema Ua wänana i ana i ke kanaka i boosted i kou naau, no ka i ka mea, he ai i "kaumaha" na holoholona i hiki hoi. No ka laʻana, ua e mai i huʻi eyesight a me ka lohe, mea hiki ke kaena ana o na holoholona.

Nā aʻalolo'aʻaʻa, 'ole a me ka hana o ka i mea ma ke kumu o nā pou a me ka Nine Inch EYI ua maopopo IIeEeAIEUIeXAIIUE ole. Akä naÿe i ka humoral, ke nenoaiu hana koke.

He nui ka poe uuku transmitters

Ke keena o ka'emi'aʻaʻa - na neurons - i ka mall a me ka iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai huahelu o ka'emi ko kahua. Neuron aeea 'ole wehewehe aku ma ka pilikia, a māhuahua ooieoeiiaeuiiai specialization. Ka 'ole o ka neuron ninoieo o eukaryotic kino (soma) ao kona anawaena a me 3-100 microns keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Soma neuron maupaʻa i ka nucleus a me ka nucleolus me ka biosynthetic i hoʻomākaukauʻia i ano nā'ūhū, waiwai hoʻomaopop 'ana i ka hana kūikawāʻoihana o neurons. Kēia bipi Nissl - paa i pili i kekahi i kekahi, flattened nā luawai o ka ino endoplasmic reticulum a me ka Golgi i hoʻomākaukauʻia ke kino.

hiki ke noke lawe ia ka mana o ke aʻalolo halepaahao mai, ma muli o ia ka nui loa i loko o ke kino "mana mea kanu" hua ATP - hondrasom. Cytoskeleton hooku iho la ia neurofilaments a me microtubules, Radio he kūlana kākoʻo. Ma poho o kaʻili lahilahi hale lipofuscin pigment ua synthesized, i ka helu ana i maoli me ka hoʻoulu makahiki o ka neuron. Ke anei i neurons pigment hana melatonin. Ke nucleolus Ua haku o ke kumuʻiʻo a me RNA, mai ka DNA Kora naʻEsau. Ke ontogeny o ka nucleolus a me basophils ho oholo i ka iniiaiie 'ano' reactions i loko o kānaka, no ka mea, hilinai ma ka ha awina a me ka alapine (frequency) o ka hui 'ana. Nā aʻalolo'aʻaʻa nā ke kumu o mall mokuna - ka neuron, akā, ma laila nō nā 'ano o nā kākoʻo'aʻaʻa.

Hiʻona o ka 'ole o nā aʻalolo keena

Dvuhmembrannoe nucleus neurons i ili ma i komo iloko o ka neoneo 'ona i loko. Ma aaiaoe i hoʻomākaukauʻia differentiation ia lŘlŘ e kauoha ana i ka hoʻonohonohoʻia, a me ka alapine (frequency) o hana kūleʻa. Kekahi Kernel papa o ka rula o ke kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala. hiki ole oʻo neurons puunaue ma ke mitosis, a genetically ka manao o lakou hana huahana synthesizing kēlā me kēia neuron e hōʻoia 'functioning a me homeostasis ma ke ola kalapona. Hope o ka pōʻino, ua make, a nalowale māhele wale intracellularly ke kānāwai. Akā, he mea hewa. Ke epithelium o ka olfactory mea kālailai kekahi ganglia o ka holoholona hiki ke puunaue.

Ke keena o ka'emi'aʻaʻa ua visually kapa hoʻohanohano ma keʻano o ka nui like 'ole a me nā kinona. Neurons wehewehe aku ma ka ole kinona no ka mea, o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana, pinepine lehulehu a me ka ulu. Kēia - ola conductors o ka pou no lepa, a i hakuʻia reflex piʻo. Ko mākou hopohopo'aʻaʻa, 'ole a me ka hana o ka i hilinaʻi ma luna o ka lahui differentiated keena, o kona kūlana ninoieo ma ka pokole o ka sensory ike hoʻopā'ālua' ia ma ka pou lāʻau ikiʻai wale a me ka pū i hiki i ke koena o differentiated keena, mea hiki ia i ka pane. Ua kokoke mai instantaneous. Akā, i kekahi waiwai, a me ka waiʻona, nui 'ūlōlohi ia.

e pili ana i axons

Kela ano keia ano o ko mākou hopohopo'aʻaʻa hana me ka pololei komo keʻano o ka hanaʻana-dendrites a me axons. Axon ua unuhi mai Greek like "(axis)". Kēia, ua kīkoʻo akula kaʻina, ke lawelawe kino ma ka excitation-spike in i nā neurons. Axon kōkua paha o ka nui manamana ai, kēlā hiki o reacting me 5,000 neurons a me 10, e lilo na tausani o ka hui 'ana.

Locus soma, mai i na lala o ka axon, i kapaʻia ka axon Iegasaduha. Ua hiehie me ka axon i ka mea nele i ka ino endoplasmic reticulum, RNA, a me ka enzymatic eiiieaena.

A wahi o dendrites

Kēia inoa pili ia i aeea "laau". Like lala, mai soma ulu stubby a me ka ikaika ai manamana ai keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Ka mea, loaa no lepa, a he poe loci kahi he mau synapses. Dendrites Viaʻaoʻao lālā - spines - hoonui i kaʻilikai wahi, a no ia mea, hui 'ana. Dendrites me ka poi, ua hoopuniia na axons ma ka myelin wahī. Myelin mea he lipid ke ano maoli, a me kona hana mea i 'ano like me ka hō'īpale waiwai o ke ea a me ka laholio ka penaʻana ka pila kaula. hoʻomakaʻia excitation wahi - axon Iegasaduha - ia lŘlŘ ma ke kahua o ke kumu o ka axon mai ka soma i loko o ke kāhea ciia.

White mea piʻi a iho mai ana mau alahele ma o ka lolo a me ka spinal axons ano ana i nā aʻalolo impulses i lawelawe 'ia, i ka introducer e hali ana i kuleana pili i - neurotransmission. Ka pou no lepa i hiki ai i na oihana likeʻole o ka lolo a me ka spinalʻaha, e hali ana mai kamailio ma waena o lākou. Ka hooko kino i ka mea ia manawa hiki ke i pili i ka receptors. Oho mea o ka cerebral cortex ua hana. Ke spinal Canal o ka piko o innate reflexes (kiheʻana, me ka puʻu) a me ka autonomic ioauoa o ka reflex ha awina o ka opu, urination, defecation. Intercalary neurons, ke kino a me ka dendrites o Hawaii lawelawe i ka reflex hana, e hali ana mai Hawaii reactions.

Hiʻona o nā aʻalolo'aʻaʻa aie i ka helu o keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Neurons i unipolar, psevdounipolyarnymi, bipolar. Ke kanaka ko mākou hopohopo'aʻaʻa i ole unipolar kekahi outgrowth o neurons. Ma ka multipolar - he nui o dendritic nui ilpko o. Kēia ai manamana ai aʻole e pili mai i ka mämä holo o ka neaiaea.

Kekahi mau keena - heʻano o nā hana

I ka hana o ke aʻalolo aeea mea kaawale mai ka pūʻulu o neurons. Specialization i loko o ka reflex piʻo a hoomaopopo afferent sensory neurons, alakaʻi impulses mai na nā loko a me ka ili i ka lolo.

Intercalary neurons, a 'ē aʻe, - i ka pae ana o ka hoʻololiʻana ole ai pili aku neurons e kālailai a e i ka olelo hooholo, e hali ana i nā aʻalolo aeea kuleana pili i.

Efferent neurons, a ikepili koʻikoʻi, hoopaa 'ike e pili ana i ka waiʻona ma ke - na impulses mai o ka ili, a na nā loko i ka lolo.

Efferent neurons, effector, a me ana, ana impulses - ka "hui" mai o ka lolo a me ka spinal ke kaula i nā mea a pau e hana ana i kino.

Waiwai o ke aʻalolo'aʻaʻa i neurons hana eiiieaena a me ka Jewelry hana i loko o ke kino, nae humdrum primitive hana - hoolako ana i ka ai, ana o ka palaho huahana, aiiay papa loaʻa ke kākoʻo a me ke kākoʻo neuroglial keena Schwann.

Ke kaʻina hana o ka ho okumu ana o nā aʻalolo keena

Ke keena o ka neural Tube, a me ka differentiation ganglion papa wā hiʻona o neural'aʻaʻa i loko o nāʻaoʻao i nui neuroblasts a me neurocytes. Small aeee (spongioblasty) 'aʻole i hoʻonui a lilo glial keena. Nā aʻalolo'aʻaʻa, ke ano o ka fabrics a i hakuʻia neurons, oia no ka mea nui a me kākoʻo. Kākoʻo aeee ( "glial aeee") i ka like 'ole a me ka ho'āʻo. Ka Central ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana ua poe ma ka, penei ke ano o glial aeee: ependimotsitami, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes; ʻike ākea - gliocytes ganglia, maʻi a me ka neyrolemmotsitami glial keena - Schwann keena. Ependimotsity lua naʻau ventricles o ka lolo, a me ka spinal Canal, a pee i ka cerebrospinal loli. Ano o nā aʻalolo'aʻaʻa - astrocytes, hoku-hoʻokino palapala'aʻaʻa oho hina a me keʻokeʻo mea. Nā waiwai o ka'emi'aʻaʻa - astrocytes a me glialʻili lahilahi ka poʻea pau i ke koko-lolo ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai: ma waena o ka wai, a me ka connective nā'aʻaʻa o ka'emi hele mall a me ka ooieoeiiaeuiuo palena.

Evolution lole

I ka papa kuhikuhiE waiwai o ka meaola ola ka irritability paha pā lonoaʻili. nā aʻalolo'aʻaʻaʻano kākoʻo phylogenetic kulana o ka holoholona a me ka mai he ākea variability, complicating i ke kaʻina hana o ka evolution. All meaola noi aku kekahi mau mea kiko'î o na ke kākoʻo '-ordination a me ka hooponopono ana o pono AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o ke kumu hoʻopaipai i ka homeostasis a me physiological moku'āina. Ko mākou hopohopo'aʻaʻa o na holoholona, o ka oi aku multicellular 'ole a me ka oihana o ka a i undergone aromorphoses, ka paipai' ana i ke ola i loko o ka paio no ka manawa. Ma primitive hydroid hōʻike stellate, nā aʻalolo keena puehu liilii ma ke kino a me ka pili maikaʻi keʻano o ka hanaʻana, intertwined. Ua kapaia eiei? kēia 'ano o neural'aʻaʻa.

Ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana planar a me roundworms kumu, ala 'ano (ortogon) oia no ka paʻa o cerebral ganglia - he mau huhui o nā aʻalolo keena a me ka holo ana mai o kā lākou mau lonikū nui ilpko o (konnektivy) interconnected e keʻa-kaula makalii commissures. Ma annelids mai peripharyngeal ganglion pili kaula makalii, na lau o ka ventral nā aʻalolo kaula, a ma kela a me keia Hoʻohana - mau kokoke nā aʻalolo wahi i pili ma nā aʻalolo olona. Kekahi spineless kia nā aʻalolo ganglia me ke kahua o ka lolo. Instincts a kohoʻia i loko o ka makahiki i ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka arthropods cephalization paʻa ganglia o ka lolo, ua'emi peripharyngeal apo, a ventral nā aʻalolo kaulahao.

Ma chordate neural'aʻaʻa,'aʻaʻaʻAno i mea eha nei, hiki ole i ka loaʻa, akā, i kēia 'ole o evolutionarily hoaponoia. Kekahi mau papa i waho mai, a e hooponopono ma kaʻaoʻao dorsal o ke kino, e hana i ka neural şarkı lua - nevrotsel. Ma vertebrates ua differentiated ma o ka lolo a me ka spinal kaula. Ma ke kahua o ka lolo ma ka mua hope o ka Tube blistering. Inā he kūlana hoʻokahi wale nō bridging lower multicellular ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana Radio, laila nā holoholona kiekie ae ua lawe 'ike pūnaewele, hoonee, ina e pono ai, a me hoakaka aaioee a me ka hoʻohui'.

Ma mammals, mau lolo haanou ana e haawi ala i ka nui loa o ka lolo. A me ke koena o ka Tube ia ke spinal kaula. Nā aʻalolo'aʻaʻa, 'ole a me ka hana o ka i ma kiekie mammals ka, ua undergone mea hou. Kēia e holumua ai kūpono 'ana o ka cerebral cortex, a me na wahi a pau o ka'emi oihana, e kauoha ana i ka luna' ka hoʻololiʻana i? Aneie rula, a me ka hooponopono ana o homeostasis.

Center, a Periphery

ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana i hoʻolahaʻia ooieoeiiaeuiuo oihana a me ka'anatomia. Ke anatomical 'ole mea i' ano like me ka wahi inoa kahi pee Central ko mākou hopohopo nenoaiu a me kaʻike ākea. Ka Central ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana ka loaʻa o ka lolo a me ka spinal kaula, a me kaʻike ākea nä olonä poe, na aha halawai ona, a hoopau wale. Nā aʻalolo keʻano o ka hanaʻana a hooku iho la he mau huhui o CNS myelin wahī uhi mau, hoʻomaka pou no lepa. sensory neurons, dendrites kuahene sensory nā aʻalolo axons - Hawaii nā aʻalolo.

Ahaolelo o nāʻano lōʻihi a me ka pōkole hui nā aʻalolo kupu. Loaa a me kiaʻana i kāna, neuronal aeea kino lakou aka wahi ma kela aoao o ka Central ko mākou hopohopo nenoaiu. Nā aʻalolo a hāʻule pahū wale i maheleia i mea loaʻa a me ka effector. Dendrites ma maʻi na lala mea ukiuki loa hoohuliia mai i loko o pou no lepa. A efferent axons hope - i loko o ka hana kino, nāʻiʻo, olona, glands. Mea Maluna functionality hoʻohuʻu mahele i loko o ko mākou hopohopo somatic nenoaiu a me ka hana nona iho.

Mai kekahi mea mākou ka pāʻana, akā, i kekahi mea ma o aku o ko makou malama

Nā waiwai o ka'emi'aʻaʻa aie i ka mea i ka somatic ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana mea paha i ka makemake o ke kanaka, innerviruya hana kākoʻo nenoaiu. Hawaii-oaio? A ma ka cerebral cortex. Hana nona iho, a ua i kapa vegetative, 'aʻole e hilinaʻi ma ka makemake o ke kanaka. Ma muli o kona mau hoʻouna i nā ninau, e hiki ole oia i 'ole' ūlōlohi mai ana i ka naau kui a intestinal motility. Mai ka wahi o ka autonomic-oaio? A - hypothalamus, ma nā autonomic ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana nā kahu nānā i ka naau a me ka ipu, endocrine nenoaiu, abdominal nā loko.

Nā aʻalolo'aʻaʻa, kiʻi a oe ke ike ma luna, 'ano apau loa ke kōkua aloha a me ka parasympathetic māhele o ka autonomic ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana, e leie aku ia lakou e hana e like me ka hakaka, ka hoʻolako' ae antithetical hopena. Excitation i loko o kekahi kino ke kumu deceleration i loko o ka 'ē aʻe keʻano o ka hanaʻana. No ka laʻana, ka mea aloha o neurons i loa a me ka pinepine contraction o ka naau keʻena, vasoconstriction, ke koko, Lele like norepinephrine ua hookuu. Parasimpatika ka hoʻokuʻu 'acetylcholine, ka poʻea pau i ka mea hoʻonāwaliwali maoli nō o ka naʻau rhythms, e hoomahuahua i ka lumen o na arteries hoemiia puʻe. Balancing kēia mau pūʻulu o ka 'uao i normalize naau pāpana.

Ke aloha o ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana hana iloko o, pili stress ka wā ka weliweli a me ka 'aloʻahia. Ailona mai ana i loko o ka wahi o ka thoracic a me ka lumbar vertebrae. Ke parasympathetic'ōnaehana Ua ho'ā 'ia paha ma ka maha a me ka digestion, i ka hiamoe. Nā kino o nā neurons - i loko o ke kumu a me ka sacrum.

I hou aku au mamuli ina hookolokolo loa Purkinje keena, a i ka ohia-hoʻokino me ka ai iiiaanoaa o dendritic ai manamana ai, i kekahi ke ike pehea ka momentum hoolilo, a me ka hoike aku i keʻano papa hana o ka mea i hahai ana ka mea mamuli o kekahi kaʻina me ke kapuai hookahi.