Mingʻana o Kina. Ming aliʻi

E like me ka hopena, i ke kua'āina uprising Mongolian aupuni i hoʻokahuliʻia. I wahi o ka yuan i nohoaliʻi (malihini) i hele mai i ka Ming aliʻi (1368 -. 1644 GG). Mai ka pau ana o XIV ma. China Ua booming hoʻokele waiwai a me ka nohona. hoomaka ae la ke kulanakauhale kahiko e ulu, he mea hoi hou, a ua Kīwala'ō ma ka oihana a me ka oihana. Ke kaʻina hana o ka evolution o ka aina i kākoʻo 'ia ma ka muli o nā hale hana, ma ka mahele ana o ka hana e ka hoʻokō. Ma ka imperial Hookolokolo,ʻo ka maikaʻi ka noiʻi, nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone a me Artists. Ka pulakaumaka mea ma hoʻokiwikā ulu.

Chinese Mingʻana: hou 'ana i ka waiwai poepoe

Kokoke koke ma hope o ka hiki ana o ka nohoaliʻi ai hoomaka ae e hoʻokō ana, e hoʻoikaika i ka kahua o na kauwa, e like me ka mea kokua i ka paka i ka loli o ka mana. Ming i nohoaliʻi ai, pohala ka North allotment'ōnaehana, a i eliminated ka aneiai mana o ka pae waiwai (North China), soyuznyuchavshey mua Yuanyamm. A ma ke kūkulu hema, a pau ua like ke ku pono - landlordism ua, ua ola. Modernization o ka? Ueony helu mahina a me ka auhau'ōnaehana, e like me ka noonoo ana o na Aupuni e, nicaaiea - a pau i kēia ka pilina i kokololio aneiai ulu.

Ko läkou 'o ka ulu ana o ka hoʻokele waiwai hoʻokiwikā, i ke kumu o ka a -' āina 'specialization (i loko o Jiangxi porcelain-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo i ke aupuni', a ma Guangdong -ʻano nui alahao), i ka muli o hou LIKE, pakahi aku la ia i waena o i mea no ka hana o ka moku 4-kāhiko.

Ua ulu a me ka huakūʻai-kālā pili. Ma ke kumu o ko ke kālepa ka kapikala ka mea, he wahi uku hana. Central a me Hawaii China ua lilo ia i wahi o ka hanana o ka oihana kanu. A laila, hana i ke kāʻei kua i ka haku o ka obschekitayskogo market (helu o kūhelu kuai EIA, ua kokoke e hiki mua ma ka 38).

ka downside

Ka poʻe me ka mea e holumua ai hanana luna i hele ma ka helu o ke 'ākeʻakeʻa, iaʻi lakou i ka hooulu ana o ka hana (ka mea, ua typical no ka mea a pau o ka hikina). I ka poe nā moku'āina monopolies, moku'āina-waiho hola, i hoohana ae la o oi aku mamua o 300 tausani. Paahana gospobory me ka oihana a me ka oihana hana. Ka mea, i ole e haawi mai i ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka manawa kūpono e neʻe i kaʻokoʻa? Iecaianoaaiiuo.

Ke kuwaho o ka Ming aliʻi

I ka wā o ka oicyenoaaiiie ke ola, a me ka hoʻoikaika 'ana i ka moku'āina mana ua paʻa puleʻAmelika, kūpono' pilikino E pili (a 1450 ka mea i kapaia o "huli ana i ke kai", a laila, neʻe akula i ka "maka-i-kanaka ei").

Ka loa nui hanana o ka manawa - ke anoe o Kina, a loli ka moku'āina o ke kūkulu hema moana.

Ke Mingʻana, ma muli o ia i ka ulu pono o ka hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia o Iapana, Pake, Korean, piracy, i puʻe wale akula kēlā i ka hana i ka'auwaʻa, i helu 3,500 moku. E möakäka hou aneiai ulu ka pilina i ke Komisina o like ka nui me ehiku hookaawale kaua kiʻi e'auwaʻa, alakaʻiʻia e ka luna luna Chzhen He, i East Africa. Kēiaʻoihana moku luna ua ma ka hoʻolilo o ka 60 nui 4-hoonaniia moku, a hiki 47 mika loa, ka mea, i na inoa pretentious e like "Lake Harmony", "pōmaikaʻi a me ka pomaikai." Ma kēlā me kēia i kekahi luina o 600 kanaka, me diplomats pae.

Excerpt mai na logbooks

E like me ia ia lakou, ma ka hele ana a hiki i ka mokuna o ka HikinaʻApelika, Zheng, E wehewehe i ka laekahi 'ōlelo, i loko o ke kai hana mālie a me ka haʻahaʻa. Eia naʻe, kēlā wā i kēia wā haole liilii, i hoʻoloheʻole i ka Auguseto ka haipule mau manao.

Mingʻana: History

Ke kākauʻana Zhu Yuanzhang (mua Chinese Emperor) ma 70-80. Au i ma ka expulsion hope o ka Mongols, mai ko lākou aupuni, i ka suppression o ka hoao ana o ka lawelawe palapala iwaena o Chinese kauwa ma aneiai loaa hana, a hoʻoikaika i kona kino mana. Na pilikia i Wehewehe i nā hāʻina ma ka hoʻoulu i ka poe koa, e hooikaika i ka centralization, ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka loa rigorous kiʻina hana, a kena ae la eha ma ka naau i loko o nā Hoʻohana o ka heluna kanaka.

I ka Ia manawa ke kaupalenaʻana i ka mana o ka i nā luna Emperor hilinaʻi ma, ua kīkoʻo akula ohana, ma hope lilo na luna - Vans (inoa) fiefdoms o ka mea ana, ma kona manao, o ka loa ike loea nō nā keiki a me nā moʻopuna.

Vanstva i nā mea a pau ma luna o ka'āina: no ka mea, periphery hoʻokō kūlana pale hana e ku i ka make māinoino mai ka waho, a ma ka waenakonu hana like me ka counterbalance e separatism a me ka insurgency.

I ka 1398, make aku la ia i ka Auguseto Zhu Yuanzhang, ma hope a ka 'aha hoʻokolokolo camarilla, no ka oi kona pololei hooilina, enthroned Zhu Yunvenya - kekahi o kona mau moopuna.

Board Zhu Yunvenya

He kau mua mau maka ma luna o ka destinies'ōnaehana hanaia e kona kupuna kāne. Kēia i ke kumu o ke kaua me Tszinnan (1398 -. 1402 GG). Ke standoff i pau ai i ka hopu ana o ke kapikala o ke aupuni a pau ma luna Nanjing Beijing - ka makahiapo a Zhu Yuanzhang, Chzhu Di. Ua puhi i loko o ke ahi a me kona mau hoa paio.

Ke kolu o Auguseto o ka Ming aliʻi

Zhu Di Hoomau iho la lakou pilikino E pili o kona makua kāne o centralization o ka moku'āina, i ka mea ia manawa aole e vanstv nei'ōnaehana (i ka 1426, ua uhi pū i ke kipi ana o hauʻoli Vanir). He hoʻopuni E ike a me ka ikaika i ka nui o ka hale aliʻi o nā lawelawe malu i loko o ka hoʻokele kaʻina.

I ka mea, eia ka mea hope hoʻoholo i ke kahe i pili i ka Pākē paukü, a nui i alakaʻi ai i ka pili kaumaha o ke kūkulu hema, a me ka Akau. Penei, o ka hope ua hanaʻia e like me ka cradle o Pake noho maikai ana, ua losing kona nui i loko o ka III - V kenekulia. ma ka lokomaikai o ka mea mua no a hiki i ka ikaika make māinoino o ka nomads. Kēia mau māhele o ke aupuni - na nā moku halihali mokulele o fundamentally okoa mooolelo, mentalities: southerners - complacent, makaʻuʻole, a me ka Northerners - ka ikaika,ʻoʻoleʻa, i ke kiekie nohona haʻahaʻa - "Han-¶." A pau keia ua makani hoʻi mai ma ka na'ōlelo (dialectic) oko ao.

Yuan a kapiolani i koho i ka pili aupuni kumu o ka North, akā, me ka Ming i nohoaliʻi ai, ma ka kekahi lima, i ke kūkulu hema. 'O kēia mea hoʻohana' ia, e lanakila.

I ka 1403 i ka hou ia Auguseto na Beypin (unuhi 'ia e like me "ka pacification o ka North"), Kapa hou i ke Beytszin ( "Hawaii Capital"). No laila, a hiki i 1421, China he mau kapikala kulanakauhale - imperial ma ka akau a me ka noho aupuni ana-bureaucracy i loko o ke kūkulu hema. Chzhu Di pela i pohaku uinihepa, o ke keiki a me ka hema iā ia iho iā 'auʻa' excessive kuokoa hema bureaucracy (Nanjing).

Ma 1421, hele mai i ke ka hoʻohuiʻana hope loa o ke kulanakauhale alii i loko o ka 'Ākau. Ma keia manao, o ka Ming aliʻi i hoomakaukau wale me ke kākoʻo mai o ka'ākau Chinese kanaka, a hooikaika aku la i ka aina o ka pale.

Ka moana i Emperor o ka Ming

E like me ka olelo mua, keiaʻana alii iho la oia China mai ka 1368 a hiki i 1644 makahiki. Min auou caiaiai ka Mongolian yuan i loko o ke kaulana uprising. ʻumikumamāono i Emperor o keiaʻana alii iho la oia no 276 makahiki. No ka pono, ka mea i Emperor o ka Ming i nohoaliʻi ai i heluʻia i loko o ka papaʻaina ma lalo nei.

Ka hope o na kauwa 'War

Ka mea, ua iho la ka poe i hoomaka i ka haule ana o ka Ming aliʻi. Ua uaʻike i ke kua'āina kaua, ma ka Akä naÿe i ka uprising,ʻaʻole nui wale, akā, i pili i nā Hoʻohana likeʻole o ka heluna kanaka. Ka mea, Ua oi nui, ana, pono-i hoʻonohonoho 'ia, i hahau ma muli o ia i ke alo a me ka loaʻa nui o ke kōmike hoʻokele waena ideology.

Ua mea e maopopo i kēia hanana i hou au mamuli, e maopopo ana i ka mea i hiki mai ai i ka haule ana o ka Ming aliʻi.

Ka mua ke kahua o ke kua'āina neʻe hoomaka ma ka 1628 a he 11 no ka makahiki. 100+ lesions nele i ka hui, ma ka hoomaopopo ana i i ua uhi pū. Ka lua o ke kahua i hele mai i ka 1641, a he 3 wale nō makahiki. He poai puni i ka 'amelika kipi koa hiki ia oe he Alihikaua Nui la Lee Tszychen. He Ua kauoha aku na mea he nui o ka? Ueony chaotic i kupu mai kauna, kuahene he kua'āina poe koa, i ka oko ao ka hoʻopaʻi, i he akaka kou akamai a me nā kaʻa mokulele.

Lee hoʻomaka koke ka hoʻokikina ma lalo o ka slogan hanohano i waena o nā nā paʻi hua e pili ana i ka hookahuli ana o ka Ming aliʻi. He koi ao e hoʻokolokolo pono, i olelo mua e pili ana i ka aua ana o na auhau i ka pau ana o ke kaua.

E like me ka mea la ia mea, i ke kakahiaka nui o 26.04.1644 i ka bele, i kapaʻia no ka poʻe lawelawe, e hele mai i ka Auguseto Chong hao kai i loko o ka pepeiao, ia mea i kekahi kanaka i hele mai. Olelo mai la oia i keia mea i ka hopena, hoomaka ae la kona entourage e sob. Ka Empress ua huli ae la i kana kane i ka hope manawa, a haʻi akula iā ia i ka makahiki 18 ka mea, ua laʻa ia iā ia, akā,ʻo ia aole bothered e hoolohe ia ia, a alakai aku ia ia. Ma hope o ia, no ka Empress kaulia ma luna o kona kāʻei.

Ka Emperor,ʻaʻohe āna i waeʻia, pehea clumsily pepehi i kana kaikamahine, a ka haiā wahine a ka pahi kaua, a kau iho ma luna o ke kāʻei o ka kālaʻe. Ma hope o ka Auguseto, e like me ka hana mau ana o ka manawa, i hala aku ai a pau o ka 80 tausani. Luna. E like me ka hiki i kekahi mana, i ka Great Emperor waiho i ka leo ma luna o kekahi apana o ke silika, a ua kakau ia Lee Tszychenu. I ka mea, i mai la ia ia a pau luna aupuni - poe kipi, ma ka manao o ka i ku i ka make, ka mea, eʻoiaʻiʻo nō, e make ia. Emperor hoomaikai aku la lakou i kona hele ana mai ke ola unwillingness e e paa ia i ka hope loa, hoʻowahāwahā i poe kauwa nana. he mau hola elele komohewa ma hope aku la i ka Emperor ka kino mai o ka laau, a laila, waiho iho la ia ia i loko o ka pahu, a i manao i ka poe ilihune.

Ka hale kupapau o ka nui Ming aliʻi

More kaʻoi loa, i ka hale kupapaÿu, e like me ka mokuna o ka paipai manaʻo kaulana a hiki i ka ilina o ka umikumamakolu i Emperor o ka mamo aliʻi. Hale kupapaʻu Ming kŰlń ao i ka 40 sq. ei. Ua ua ma ka wāwae o nā mauna nui o ka lani longevity ke aupuni 'ma kahi o 50 ei, mai Beijing (akau). Hale kupapau o ka Ming i nohoaliʻi ai ma ka papa inoa o UNESCO World hoʻoilina Site. He nui ka poʻe hele mai ma Beijing wale i ike ia ia.

ka hopena

Manchu auamo Puhi iho-qingʻana, ka mea hiki ke olelo mai, ka mea i kau ma luna o ka aina iloko o ka Europa bourgeois Hope, e hoahewaia oia China e like ka nui me 268 makahiki o ka pili a me ka kaiapili-yeiiiie? Stagnation ma ke alo o ka ulu koloniala? Anoe ma ka aoao oʻEulopa.

Elua o ka loa mana dynasties - ka Ming, a qing. Akā, na oko ma waena o ia mea, alahula: ka mua hoike mai na kanaka i ka manawa e komo i ka hou, e holumua ai ke ala, e ia manao noa a me ka manaʻoi. luku iho la ia i ka lua o ka mea i hanaia i na makahiki o ka luhi, āna i hana ai reclusive moku'āina.