Nā hopena. Kauhelu nui

Ho'omaopopo ka ho'ohui'ana he nui i ka nui o ka hikepoene i loko o nā heluna kānaka. 'O ia ho'i kekahi o nā kumu o ke'ano o ka loko i'a. Mau allelism kena ae la ma ka'ōewe mutations, a hoʻololi i ke kaʻina o nitrogenous kumu i loko o ka DNA lātoma i loko o ka'āina e hoʻopili like i kekahi'ōewe. Hiki i kēia mau ho'ololi ke hana'ino, pono a hana'ole paha. Ho'opilikia nā hana'ino i nā ma'i pilikino, kahi e pili ana i nā'ano allelism. Eia kekahi la'ana,'ike'ia kahi ho'ololi e ho'ololi i ka ho'ohālike i kekahi o nā kaulahao o ke kinipona hemoglobin ma ka ho'ololi'ana i ke code acid glutamic acid i loko o ke code valine (amino acid) ma ka pūnaewele ma kahi pahu. No ka hopena o kēia ho'ololi'ana, e ulu ana kekahi'ano ma'i pilikino, e like me ka anemia sickle cell. 'O ka ho'ouka'ana ma muli o ke'ano he nui ka'ike o nā pūnaewele ma mua o ka homozygous ma ka heterozygous. He pilina kēia'ano me ka hopena o nā heterosis a he pilina me nā hō'ailona like ka nui o ke ola, ka ikaika a me nā mea'ē a'e. I loko o ke kanaka, e like me nā eukaryotes'ē a'e, ua hō'ike'ia nā'ano he nui i nā'ano like'ole. Aia kekahi mahele nui o nā mendelian ma'amau, i ho'oholo'ia e nā'ano like'ole. 'O nā genes e like me ke'ano he'ano like'ole i loko o ka pū ho'okahi, i loko o nā chromosomes homologous, ma nā'ano like.

Ke ho'ohālikelike i ka ho'oilina ma nā kānāwai Mendelian, hiki ke helu i ka likelika o ka hele'ana o nā keiki me kēia a i'ole kēlā'ano ho'ohālike. E kālailai i nā 'ano o ka hoʻololi, mai kekahi hanauna aku i kekahi, e like me ka loa kupono hoʻokokoke methodological hana moʻokūʻauhau iaoia, i ua ma muli o ka hana o lākou kūʻauhau.

Pono e ho'omaopopo'ia ka hopena phenotypic o kahi pahu ho'okahi i nā hopena'ē a'e. E like me examples o ka luna ''ōewe hana kūleʻa e e kānāwai i loko o lākou'āina hoʻoili'ōnaehana RH ololi: RH io a me RH maikaʻi. Ma ka papa o ka hoʻopaʻa i loko o 1939, ka makahiki o ke koko lāʻau lapaʻau o ka hoomanawanui, ka mea i hanau i ke keiki make, a me ka mea i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke koko transfusion kane hana maʻalahi ABO pae nā mea'aʻaʻa i 'akomi i. Ua kapa'ia lākou'o Rh-antibody, a'o ka ma'i koko o ka ma'i ma'i'o Rh-negative. RH-maikaʻi koko pūʻulu me ka nānā 'ia ma ke alo ma ka ili o ka erythrocyte kekahi pae o ka antigens e i encoded e mall nā'ōewe ua lawe mai. Iā lākou, e lawe i ka'ike e pili ana i nā polypeptides membrane.

Hā'awi lākou i ke emi'ana i ka emi'ana o ka māmā a me ke alaka'i'ana i ka make'ana o nā kinai'eha o ke kino. Ua māhele'ia lākou i'elua mau hui. Ka mua o ka recessive nā'ōewe. Ho'onāukiuki lākou i ka make o ke kino ma ke'ano o ka homozygous. 'O ka lua o nā pū'ulu he nui nā'ano'ano. Hiki nō ho'i ko lākou hopena ma ka noho heterozygous.

Hiki ke'ike'ia ka hō'ailona o nā'ano'eha'eha ma nā'ano like'ole o ka ulu'ana o kēlā me kēia. 'O ka mua kēia (ka make'ana o ka'ōpū), a me nā kau'ana o ka hā'ule (make'ana o ka hānal, ka ho'oulu'ana i ka manawa kūpono'ole, ka hānau'ana o nā keiki hānai). Ma waho a'e o nā mea make, ua'ike pū'ia nā'ano'ano hapalua. 'A'ole lākou e ho'onāukiuki i ka make koke'ana o ke kino, akā e ho'oha'aha'a iho i kona māmā.

'O nā kinona ma'amau āpau e noho nei ma kahi li'ili'i loa ma ka ho'ohālikelike'ana i nā mea e hāpai ana. 'O ka helu Merle nō ia i ka māhele nui. Nā moku halihali mokulele Hoʻohaku nā'ōewe , ina makemake, hiki eaaei e wehe mai i ka? Aneii, no ka mea, i ke ano phenotype. 'O ka māhele o nā genelia'eha e ho'onāukiuki i nā mea pō'ino,'o kekahi mahele - ka ha'iha'i'ana i nā hana physiological.