Nā mea kemika: mau 'ano a me ka palapala noi

Nā mea kemika o - hakahaka huahana o ka hydrogen nā'ātoma o ka hydroxyl pūʻulu o carboxylic nāʻakika a me ka mea pōhaku nāʻakika ma muli o carbon'ano'ē. Hoomaopopo mono-, di- a me polyesters. nei Mono, di- a me ka polybasic nāʻakika, monobasic nāʻakika i - piha a me kaʻakika nā mea kemika. Ke poʻo inoa Ka ester ninoieo o ka inoa, komo i loko o kona ho okumu o kaʻakika a me ka waiʻona. No nā mea kemika, pinepine hoʻohanaʻaneʻi AICIeOEOI a mōʻaukala nomenclature. E like me ke IUPAC nomenclature inoa nā mea kemika e hana like penei: lawe i ka'ano'ē inoa ka waiʻona i huiia me ka hydrocarbon nāʻakika inoa a pau -oat. No ka laʻana, ka mea mall nā papakuhikuhi o nā mea kemika (a me isomers metamers) e like me ka hakakino haʻilula S4N802, ma kekahi mau nomenclatures i kona inoa: propilformiat (propilmetanoat) izopropilformiat (izopripilmetanoat),'eto'ākeka (etiletanoat) melpropionat (methylpropanoate).

Makaukau ana o nā mea kemika. Mau hui e hoʻomano māhele ma ka ano. Penei, nā mea kemika o haʻahaʻa hakakino kaumaha a me ka meakino carboxylic nāʻakika homologous moʻo , he hapa o ka nui mea kāhinu, o na mea kanu (e laʻa me, uksusnoizoamilovy ester a me "na ohia o Mānoa,", i ka hapa o ka ohia, a he nui onionio), a me nā mea kemika o glycerol a me ka luna momoma nāʻakika - Nine Inch muli o nā mea a pau kaikea a a me nā mea kāhinu,. i hoomakaukau synthetically kekahi nā mea kemika.

Ke esterification naoh i wahi ma ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o carboxylic (a me ka mea pōhaku) nāʻakika me ka waiʻona mai ke kino. Ka hōʻeleu hana me ka ikaika mea pōhakuʻakika (ka hapanui mau hoʻohana H2S04). Ka hōʻeleu lātoma haʻalele no ka carboxylicʻakika.

Ke naoh uku o ka esterification hilinaʻi nui no hoi i hui pu OH hui (iniiaiie, kiʻekiʻe 'ole tertiary) me kekahi i carbon'Ātoma ma ka Nine Inch' ano o kaʻakika a me ka waiʻona, a me ka hydrocarbon lei 'ole, a ua pili i ka carboxyl.

Hydrolysis o na nā mea kemika. Ke hydrolysis naoh (saponification) nā mea kemika - o ka aʻe naoh o esterification. Ua hele lohi. Inā i hoʻohuiʻia i ka naoh ukuhiia, i ka hui o ka mea pōhaku nāʻakika a alkalis, kona māmā holo, piʻi pū. Mekala 'åkilikai saponification i kau hoʻokahi tausani manawa wikiwiki ma mua o nāʻakika. ʻO nā mea kemika i hydrolyzed i loko o ka'ākilikai meakino, a me ka la o Etera - ma kaʻakika.

Ma ka paio hahana maoli nō nā mea kemika me ka waiʻona mai ke kino i loko o ke alo o kaʻakika sulphate a alcoholates ('ākilikai meakino) alkoxy mail ia lŘlŘ. Kēiaʻano a he hou ester, a me ka naoh meakino ua hoi mai ka waiʻona, i mua i loko o ka palapala o residues i loko o ka ester lātoma.

Nā mea kemika ka ho'ēmiʻana naoh. Hoemi konohiki i loa pinepine likiuma Aluminum hydride, paʻakai i loko o nā kapuahi e ka waiʻona. Nā mea kemika o kiʻekiʻe ia'ku i ka hana o kela oxidants hoʻohana i loko o Nine Inch hoʻololi kemikala a me Ka Ikepili kanakaʻona mau a me ka phenolic pūʻulu e hoʻopale ai.

Nā mea kemika ka papa kuhikuhiE laʻelaʻe 'ia. 'eto ethanoate (acetic Etera) ua loaa ma ka esterification naoh o ethanol a me'ākekaʻakika hōʻeleu ( ʻakika sulphate). 'eto ethanoate ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka'ūheheʻe o kelulose nitrate i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o smokeless ka pauka, a me nā kiʻi ho film, ka hua o Ma¯noa, eiiiiiaiou no ka ai puolo.

Izoamiletanoat (uksusnoizoamilovy Etera, "na ohia o Mānoa,") ka loa wailana ma ka ethanol, diethyl Etera wale no. 'ākeka i hoomakaukauia ma esterification o nāʻakika a me isoamyl ka waiʻona. Izoamilmetilbutanoat hoʻohana like me kaʻono ke keʻena i loko o perfumery, a me ka'ūheheʻe.

Izoamilizovaleriat ( "kii onohi" o Mānoa, izovalerianovoizoamilovy Etera) ua loaa ma ka reacting ka esterification isovalericʻakika a me isoamyl ka waiʻona. I aku la o ester ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka hua o Ma¯noa, i loko o ka meaʻai oihana puolo.