Carboxylicʻakika

Nine ke aloha i huiia, nona nā lātoma i ma ka liʻiliʻi loa hoʻokahi carboxyl pae i loko o kona 'ole (ka mea, ua kūponoʻia carbonyl - ooieoeiiaeuiiai pae o aldehydes a me ketones, a me ka hydroxyl - waiʻona ooieoeiiaeuiiai pūʻulu) loaa na inoa - carboxylicʻakika. Haʻilula ia hiki ke poe me R-COOH, kahi R mea he monovalent hydrocarbon ooieoeiiaeuiiai hui. Kekahi carboxylicʻakika, e like loa'okanikaʻole nāʻakika, nāwaliwali a incompletely dissociated i Ion.

E like me ka mea simplest examples i formic (methane) H-COOHʻakika. Ka inoa pili ia i ka mōʻaukala o ka mua o kona loaa ana i ka 1670 o kaʻulaʻula ka holo akula English naturalist John Ray. Ke carboxylicʻakika me elua a oi carboxyl pūʻulu e e kapa dibasic (dicarboxylic), tribasic ( 'ole tricarboxylic) a no laila, ma luna o. Ke simplest laʻana Ua oxalicʻakika a me kona haʻilula C2H2O4, ma ka lātoma a he mau carboxyl pūʻulu. Like shestiosnovnoy hiki alakai mellitic (geksakarbonovuyu)ʻakika, kona haʻilula C12H6O12. Ke lātoma he eono carboxyl pūʻulu i auou caiaiai i loko o ka benzene apo hydrogen nā'ātoma.

Ke aloha nāʻakika pele i loaʻa ma ka ano. No ka laʻana, geksakarbonovayaʻakika na ma ka meli pohaku i loaʻa i loko o lignites).

He nui nui maoli i huiʻia i loko o kēia papa. Mau nā citricʻakika C6H8O7 (ho mau ai mea hoʻonui E330-E333), i ka mua i loaa mai i ka unripe ka wai lemi ma 1784 ma ka Kuekene pharmacist K. Scheele. Tartaricʻakika C4H6O6 mea he ai mea hoʻonui E334). Kēia carboxylicʻakika ua hoʻomano māhele ma ka ano. Ua Ua hookomoia ma ka hou wai o na hua.

Inā kekahi mākou noonoo homologous moʻo o ke aloha i huiʻia, ma ka mea, he mea mau loli i ka waiwai me ka mahuahua hakakino kaumaha. Ka waiwai o kēlā me kēia hui hilinaʻi ma luna o ka 'ole o nā nā lātoma,ʻo ia hoʻi, ma na mea he nui ka mahalo i Ho'ākāka' kā lākou isomerism carboxylic nāʻakika. Ka mua ka poeikohoia o ka homologous puke i hana mai formicʻakika, me acetic a me ka propionic, pili ia i ka wai. Ka mea, i wehewehe aku e kekahi pungent ala, a me ka pono wai wailana. Ke kiekie laʻelaʻe 'ia nā puaʻa hiwa i e ole hoike mai i loko o ka wai.

Nine waiwai o carboxylic nāʻakika iʻano nui paa ma ka aoao o ka carbonyl pae i ka hydroxyl hui. No laila, i kēia mau i huiʻia, ma ka Akä naÿe i ka waiʻona mai ke kino, i ka haiʻakika külana.

No ka laʻana, ma koʻana koko pāʻoihana, ka mea e dissociate i Ion, a proves i ke kinowai 'ia nā pōpō ma hope pepa litmusʻulaʻula. Kēia paipai i ke alo o ka hydrogen cations. Ia mea, o ka meakino o ko lākou koʻana koko pāʻoihana meaʻakika (pH emi o 7).

I ka interacting me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia a me kumu hiki o ka ho okumu i carboxylicʻakika paʻakai: 2CH3-COOH + mg → (CH3-COO) 2Mg + h2 ↑.

Ke aloha nāʻakika komo nō hoʻi ia i loko o Nine Inch reactions me carbonates, pau ka carbonicʻakika: 2CH3-COOH + MgCO3 → (CH3-COO) 2Mg + H2O + CO2 ↑.

Ua hooholo koke lakou pane koke me ka ammonia e lilo paʻakai: CH3-COOH + NH3 → CH3-COONH4.

e hoʻokāʻoi keʻakika waiwai ia ke aloha nāʻakika e noho i loko o ka'ano'ē me ka substituent io inductive hopena. No ka laʻana, i ka hana o ka chlorine ma aceticʻakika i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kūapoʻana i kekahi hydrogen'Ātoma o chlorine nā'ātoma a me ka loaa ana chloroaceticʻakika, dichloroaceticʻakika, a laila trichloroaceticʻakika, aia no he hoopaapaa mahuahua i loko o kā lākou waiwaiʻakika.

Kekahi carboxylicʻakika hiki ke loaa i loko o kekahi mau aoao. Ka loa, he pono ole o ka hana, a ua muli ma ka naoh o'okesaside. E like me ka loiloi mua malama o reactants waiʻona mai ke kino a me aldehydes. Kekahi ano o ka hana ke aloha nāʻakika o ka hydrolysis o nitriles e kahe ana ma ka paio hahana maoli nō ia me ka nāu kekahi mea pōhaku nāʻakika.