Naehana'ōnaehana: ka 'ole o nā loko. Pleura - Ua ... Pleural lua malamalama

E like me ko oukou ike ana, me ke ea i kekahi kanaka hiki ole ke hana oi aku mamua o ekolu minuke. Ma keia o oxygen laau, ua hoʻopau i loko o ke koko, e ke depleted, a hele mai i ka pololi o ka lolo, a ua hoikeia mai syncope, a me ka loa hihia - coma, a hiki i ka make. O ka hana ana, hoʻomaʻamaʻa i loko o ka kekahi alanui kanaka, ua hiki ke hohola aku i ka airless wā o ka mai i ka elima, ehiku, a heʻumi minuke, akā, me ka awelika kanaka mea olelo lealea, e hoʻolimalima. Metabolic keʻano o ka hanaʻana 'ia i loko o ke kino, e noi mai ana i ka ikaika lako hou no o oxygen nā lātoma, a me keia hana, ua lawelawe i ka ÷ naehana hanu nenoaiu.

He ha kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao

Oxygen ma pānaʻi ma waena o ka meaola, a me ka papa i wahi i ka eha kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao.

1. Air, mai ka mea mawaho i hoʻolilo 'ia i loaʻa i loko o ka maʻiʻaʻai, a hoopiha i ka loaʻa a puni.
2. Maholahune o kinoea, a me oxygen, ma papohaku alveoli (pulmonary mall pa alima) i loko o ke koko.
3. Hemoglobin ua hookomoia ma kaʻulaʻula koko aeee mea e hoopaa ana ka hapanui o ka oxygen ma, a hāpai ia ma ke kino. A hapa uuku wale no hoike mai i loko o ke koko ua hoʻololiʻia.
4. Oxygen ma na lau o ka hemoglobin, a hui ae ma ka moku pā i loko o ka'aʻaʻa keena a me nā loko.

E noke ana i loko o kēia kaʻina komo ai wale i ka ÷ naehana hanu'ōnaehana ma ka loiloi mua ke kahua, i ke koena hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke ano o ke koko, kona waiwai, a me ka nui o ka'aʻaʻa pūnao. Eia hou, i komo ka ia maʻiʻaʻai i loko o ka wela kuai, weheʻawahia waiwai, i ke kahua o ka leo.

'anatomia

Ka holoʻokoʻa naehana'ōnaehana ua maheleia i mau pauku, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka hoahanau hoʻomoana o nā loko.

Luna airway komo o ka nasal a me ka moʻolelo cavities, nasopharynx, oropharynx, puʻu, a me ka pharynx. A no ka hapanui loa ho i ka lua i hanaʻia ma nā paia o ka puniu wale iwi a connective musculo-iwi.

Lower naehana'āpana ka loaʻa o ka larynx, trachea a me ka bronchi. Alveoli ma keia Mea Maluna mea, e komo, e like me ka mea, i ka integral hapa o ka akemāmā parenchyma, a me ka maʻi hapa o ka bronchial paipu ka poʻe.

Pokole e pili ana i kela a me keia constituent pa alima o ka naehana'āpana.

nasal lua

Ua osteochondral ka hoʻonaʻauao, a ua aia ma ke alo o ka iwipoo. Ua he a mau non-pü cavities (akau a me ka hema) a me ka paku ma waena o ka poʻe i lilo 'he tortuous papa. I loko o ka nasal lua ua uhiia me ka mucousʻili lahilahi, me he nui helu o na moku koko. Kēia hiʻona kōkua e hoʻomehana i ka lewa e kahe ana i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka inhalation. A me ke alo o ka poe liilii, cilia, e wae i mai nui lepo (particles), pollen, a me ka lepo. A eia hoi, ka mea, o ka nasal lua kōkua i kekahi kanaka, e hoomaopopo ala.

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, puʻu, a me ka pharynx malama no o ka hooholo ia ana o lalana ana ia ia ke ea i loko o ka larynx. Ka 'ole o ke keena airway nā loko mea pili loa aku i ka'anatomia o ka puniu wale no, a kokoke loa' oe a ia musculoskeletal iwi.

larynx

Kanaka Voice ano 'ana i loko o ka larynx. Ka mea, ua loaʻa ke aupuni 'na kaula vocal e vibrating i ka hooholo ia therethrough o ke ea pele. Kēia mea i 'ano like me ke kaula, akā, no ka mea, o ka mea' o ka 'ole (lōʻihi, mānoanoa), ua i kaupalena' kā lākou Loaʻaʻia i ka hookahi leo. E hoʻokani ana ka leo ua listen ma muli i ke koke o intracranial cavities a me sinuses, a haawi mai i kekahi pane. Akā, i ka leo - ia i ole. Kiko'ī a kani wale nō i hanaʻia ka wā papa hoʻolaukahi ana o nā mea a pau i ka constituent hehee wale o ka luna naehana'āpana a me ko mākou hopohopo kahua.

Ke trachea, a windpipe, mea he Tube a ma ka kekahi lima ninoieo o cartilage, a me ka 'ē aʻe - o ligaments. Kona lōʻihi - he umi i ka umikumamalima kenimika. Ma ka nui o ka lima thoracic vertebra ua maheleia i loko o ka papa kuhikuhiE bronchi elua: haʻalele a me ka pono. Ka 'ole o ka lalo naehana nā lokoʻano nui poe cartilage, a hui pu iho e hana i ka Tube, alakaʻi ke ea i loko o ka hohonu akemāmā parenchyma.

Ke kaawale ana o ka ÷ naehana hanu'ōnaehana

Pleura - he lahilahi mawaho iwi o ka malamalama, na poe ma ka serous connective'aʻaʻa. Externally, ka mea hiki ke lawe i ka maikaʻi loa aiiay ka penaʻana, a me ia mea i kekahi,ʻaʻohe mai i ka olelo oiaio. Ua uhi ka mea na nā loko, mai nāʻaoʻao, a ua aia ma luna o ka pā ili o ka pahu. Anatomically nā māhele pleura kilakila: kekahi uhi i ka malamalama ia iho, a me ka mea 'ē aʻe laina o ka loko o ka pahu lua.

visceral, ahu iho

I ka hapa o ka iwi i mea ma luna o ka mea na nā loko ua kapaia visceral paha pulmonary pleura. Ua Ua paa soldered i ka parenchyma (maoli kaumaha) o na maʻiʻaʻai, a me ka mea hiki wale ke kaawale ma keʻoki kino. Ia mea ma keia kaua'ō'ō ihe, a me ka repetition o nā mea a pau kino contours hiki ke maopopo hewa elua kaawale malamalama i mahele. Mau pauku i kapaʻia,ʻaʻole wale nō me interlobar pleura. E hele mai ana ma ka holoʻokoʻa ili o na maʻiʻaʻai, ka connective'aʻaʻa a puni i ke kumu o ke akemāmā, kona oihana a pau nā lālā hoʻi, nä olonä, a me ka papa kuhikuhiE bronchus e hoomalu, a laila, kolo ana i ka pahu paia.

parietal lau

E hoʻomaka ana mai o ka wahi o ka hoʻololi, he apana o connective'aʻaʻa ua kapaia "parietal, a me ka parietal pleura." O ke kumu ho i ka mea i ka IeIIeYOA ia e kēia manawa,ʻaʻole i ka akemāmā parenchyma, a me ka iwi, ka intercostal nāʻiʻo a me kā lākou fascia a me ka diaphragm. An nui hiʻona ua manaoia e ia i ka mea e ma ka serosa koe a pau, hoʻowahāwahā i ka oko ao ma topographical inoa. Anatomia no kā lākou mau pono maopopo costal, diaphragmatic a me mediastinal oihana, e like me ka hapa o ka pleura ma luna o ka luna o ka akemāmā ua kapaia he Dome.

lua

Ma waena o nā lahilahi o ka pleura he mea he uuku nahā i (i oi aku mamua o ehiku-tenths o ka millimeter), keia mea i ka pleural lua o na ia maʻiʻaʻai. Ua ua piha i ka mea huna i paha ke pololei serosa. Ma ka maʻamau olakino kanaka produces kela la i keia wale i kekahi mau pono o ka waiwai. Pleural loli ua pono e mitigate i ke kū'ē ma waena o ka ikaika o ka lahilahi o connective'aʻaʻa i ha.

pathological moku'āina

Holo nōhie pleural maʻi i hoʻoʻino ma ka ano. E like me ka rula, ia mea aho ka complication ma mua o kuokoa maʻi, e like me ka rula, ka mea, ua noʻonoʻoʻia e lapaau i ka huipūʻana me nā lapaʻau symptoms. TB - i ka ka loa, he pono ole no ke kumu o ka wela ai pleura. Ka maʻiʻaʻai Ua laha i waena o ka heluna kanaka. Ma ka Classic mana o ka iniiaiie maʻiʻaʻai ia lŘlŘ ma na maʻiʻaʻai. Ka 'ole o ka naehana'ōnaehana kumu li nui o ka hoʻololi a me ka originator o ka parenchyma i loko o ka serosa.

Eia hou tuberculosis originators pleura li nui paha e neoplastic, autoimmune keʻano o ka hanaʻana, allergies, pneumonia, kena ae la ia e Streptococcus, Staphylococcus a me pyogenic flora nā palapū.

Pleurisy ma ke ano maoli, ua maloo (fibrinous) a me ka exudative (exudative).

maloo aat

Ma keia hihia, ke vasculature i loko o ka connective a lahilahi e pehu ae exuded mea He nīnūnē nui o ka wai. Ua nā pā i loko o ka pleural lua, aʻano a anuanu nā paʻi hua a pau i waihoia ma ka akemāmā ili honua. I loa hoopii, i kēia mau ho'āhewa wale no laila, he nui ka poe i hoopuni i hanaʻia a puni ka hana iwi, a ua ālai 'ke kanaka i ka hanu. Kēia complication? Ee meʻoki kino ole i ke Akua.

exudative aat

Inā pleural loli ua hua mai la i ka nui loa, a laila, i kekahi olelo o pleural effusion. Ia, ma ka huli, mahele ia i loko o serous, hemorrhagic a me ka purulent. Ua pau hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke ano o ka wai, a ua aia ma waena o ka connective'aʻaʻa a lahilahi.

Inā ke kinowai mea maopopo paha kānaka hazy, yellow - ia mea serous effusion. Ua loaʻa he wahi lihi iki o ke kumuʻiʻo, a he uuku ka nui o na keena. Ua hiki e ia ia i ho'ākāka 'i hoopiha i ka holoʻokoʻa pahu lua, compressing na nā loko o ka naehana'ōnaehana a me ka iaʻi lakou i ko lakou hana.

Inā kekahi kauka i ike ai i ka PalekanaEND_LINK puncture, i ka umauma o ka ula wai, ka mea e olelo ana he mea poino i ka moku. Nā kumu i e okoa: mai ka penetratingʻeha, a me ka paʻa fracture o na iwi aoao a me ka pohupani hale o ka iwi mamala e maule tuberculous akemāmā'aʻaʻa lua.

Ke alo aku o ka exudate i loko o ka helu nui o keʻokeʻo koko keenaʻo ia ia ao, me ka lenalena-uliuli tint. Ua pus, a 'o ia hoʻi i ka hoʻomanawanui i ka mea koʻohune maʻiʻaʻai me ka mea complications. Purulent pleurisy ole kapa empyema. I kekahi manawa, i ka hoʻomāhuahua o hoʻoʻino loli, a haawi complication ma luna o ka naʻau Muscle, ma o na la pericarditis.

Me mākou ke ike, i ka ÷ naehana hanu nenoaia ninoieo ole wale no na ia maʻiʻaʻai. Ua nā ka ihu a me ka waha, pharynx a me ka larynx me ka na kaula, trachea, bronchi, maʻiʻaʻai, a, o ka papa, i ka pleura. Kēia mea he luna 'hui, i hana smoothly, e lawe mai ana i ke kino o oxygen, a' ē aʻe ea kinoea. I mea e mālama i kēiaʻano papa hana ma ka mea, e pono undergo regular umauma X-kukuna, e pale aku huʻi naehana nā mea palahēhē, a mau ka hōʻoi 'lākou e hoʻonele. A laila, i ka hopena maikaʻi 'ole o ka papa, e e emi aloha ia naehana kuleana pili i.