Nui mathematicians a me kā lākou mau discoveries

Makemakikaʻikeʻia ka poʻe me na kanaka makemake e makaikai i ke ao nei a puni ia. Mua ka mea, ua i kekahi hapa o ka kālaiʻike - ka makuwahine o sciences - a i ole kaukahi, no na mai like he okoa ka hoʻopaʻi ma luna o par me ka ia kilohōkū, ke kālaikūlohea. Naʻe, i ke kahua i loli ma manawa. Ma kēia 'atikala e loaʻa mākou mai i ka mea e - nui mathematicians, ua lele i ka papa inoa o ka a ma luna o ka haneri. Kaʻawale i ka papa kuhikuhiE inoa.

e hoomaka ana

Knowledge loaa i kanaka nui a me ka nui, ma ka hopena ua he mahele o Kūlike Pae a me Natural Sciences. Ma hope o ka kūhelu "hanau" o kela a me keia o lakou, hele aku la i kona mau aoao, ulu, e hooikaika ana i ka hookumu ana o ke kumumanaʻo, kākoʻo ma ka hana. Ua makemake mea i kekahi hana i ia i loko o makemakika, ka hapanui Hōʻuluʻulu o na sciences? Kēia'ikamu mea hiki ke wehewehe i ka pāpā ikaika a pau na keʻano o ka hanaʻana lawe wahi ma luna o mākou Honua a me kela aoao, a me ka ike o ke ano o ka kŰiaʻo ia ka mea hiki ke hoʻoholo i ka hopena, a e Time]. Ua hiki e manao ai, aole e pili na sciences a pau, keia mea loa maopopo pilina ma waena o makemakika a me ke kālaikūlohea. No laila, i loko o ka hapanui o na hihia, na mathematicians nui a me ka physicists e i kekahi pae o nā kānakaʻepekema. Lunakanawai no ka iho - pehea la e hiki ai oe i wehewehe mai i kekahi mea 'aʻole i hiki i ka hoaponoia?

Kanaka moʻolelo - ia mea,ʻaʻole wale nō o ka naʻi aupuni o hou nā panalāʻau e, a me ka kaua i loko i ka mana i ke alualu kuhikuhi i ko lakou mau pono, akā, i ka pau ole akeakamai omaulia ke hoʻololi i ka hoomaopopo aku, hōʻike, e aʻo, a no ka imi ana i ke ana o ka la apopo. Ma kēia 'atikala, e nana aku kakou, i ka poe i i kaʻiʻo na makana no ka hanaia'na o keia. ʻO wai ka mea e, i ka mathematicians nui o ka hala, i wālua i ke alanui no kēia discoveries?

Pythagoras

I ka haawiia i ka mathematicians nui, o ka hapa nui o kanaka, e hoomanao i ka mua mea hele mai a hiki i keia inoa. No kekahi no kaʻoiaʻiʻo ua ike i na mea o kona Kawaihae o ka oiaio, a me ka mea - he fiction, no ka mea, o ka inoa ua lilo i ka nui o ke kaao. I ka wā o ke ola aponoia e ka holomuaʻana mai ka 570 a hiki i 490 BC. e ka.

Eia naʻe, ka mea i kākauʻia ma hope o ka mea, haʻalele, akā, maliu ia mea, ua me kona hoomaikai ana he nui discoveries i i i ia manawa. Eia naʻe, ua kuhikuhi mai wale ka poe e piʻi like i indisputably nō i ka hua o kona mau hana.

• Anahonua - ka theorem kaulana, i hākālia nō ia i loko o ka triangle pono kākou i ke kahua o ka hypotenuse ka huina o na mika pāhoʻonui lua o ka mea'ē aʻe nāʻaoʻaoʻelua. Mai poina i ka papaʻaina o Pythagoras, ma ke kula haʻahaʻa a me nā haumāna aʻo i ka loina o ka multiplication o maoli helu. He i lawe mai i ka papa hana no ka kūkulu i kekahi o na polygons.
• Hoikehonua, - i ka nui mathematician Pythagoras mua nūnē nui na mea o ka Honua mea poepoe.
• Lewanuʻu - ke kuhiakau o ke ola o extraterrestrial maikai ana.

Euclid

Ke Greek mathematician laekahi 'epekema aie anahonua.

Euclid Ua hānauʻia i loko o 365 BC. e ka. ma Atenai, a no 65 makahiki (a o ka hopena o kona ola ana, i ka mea) noho ma Alexandria. Ua hiki ke kapa i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni i waena o 'epekema huahelu o ka manawa, e like me ia i hana ai i ka' oihana nui e hui pu iho la i na loaa hana o ka makahiki i hala ma ke ala apuupuu, Logical nenoaiu ole "lua" a me nāʻokoʻa. Ua nui nä känaka 'epekema (he physicist a me ka mathematician) ua hana i ka hoonoho "Inception", i komo pū aku ma mua o ke kakini puke! Eia hou, mai o kona mau lima mai ka hana, hōʻike no ka propagation o ka malamalama kaola i loko o pololei o ka laina.

Euclid ka kumumanaʻo o ka pono a pau āna pahu ia mai ka Hōʻuluʻulu "hiki e", Kuhikuhi 'ia i ka helu ana o postulates (māmala'ōlelo e hōʻike ana i e ole koi hoike), a me ka ua ia ka hoʻohana' ana i ka maloo makemakika kūpili, anahonua, alakai aku i ka pololei oe'ōnaehana na manawa.

Fransua Viet

Nui mathematicians a me kā lākou loaʻa mea no hoi e kaukaʻi ma o ka makemake o ka hihia. Ua hoao aku au ia Mr. Wyeth (makahiki o ke ola - 1540-1603), e noho ana ma Farani, a mālama ihola i loko o ke alo alii, mua i ka loio, a laila, aʻoaʻo ana i ka mō'ī. Ka wā kahi o Henry III pii a hiki i ka noho aliʻi, Henry IV, François hoʻololiʻoihana. A helu o ka "World mau mathematicians nui", he papa inoa o ka i mea ole liʻiliʻi, hou i ka hou inoa no o ka kaua Palani me Sepania. Ka la mahope, ma kona palapala pili Ka Uluwehi O Ke cipher ia mea, ua hiki ole i ka decipher. Penei,ʻo Palani lei aliʻi poe enemi ke alakai noa palapala ma ka enemi oa ?? eoi lakou makau i ka loaa ole.

Me ka ho'āʻo i nā kiʻina hana, hoopii oe i ke alii a hiki i Vieta. Iloko o ka crescent mathematician ia hana me ka koena a ka mea, ua loaʻa i ka makemake hopena. Mahalo i kēia mathematician lilo i ka kuhikuhi ana i ka mea hou, akā, me ka hou ke alii. Ia laua a hiki i keia, Spain hoomaka ae la e hana eha iaʻi pio ma hope o pio, i kona hoʻomaopopo mea i hanaia. Eia hoi, i ka oiaio ia ka 'ilikai mai, a me ka hoʻokolokoloʻia ma ka absentia i ka'ōlelo hoʻopaʻi i ka make, Francois, akā, i hooko ia.

I kona hou kūpilikiʻi kumu aʻoaʻo, 'au i ka manawa e hookomo iho ia lakou iho ma ka makemakika, e haawi ana ia ia iho i ka punahele mea, e like a pau nui na kanaka. About makemakika a me Vieta la ma ka bewilderment, emphasizing i ka nui, e hoike ana ia hooponopono iho i e hui pu iho la i ka hoʻohihi i ka hana o ke kānāwai.

Mawaena o ka piʻi like helu Vieta:

• Palapala hōʻailona ma ka hōʻailona helu. Palani mathematician auou caiaiai na mea kiko'î a me coefficients o na palapala, hoemi i ka 'aoʻao o kekahi mau manawa. Ua ana ua i algebraic, ka 'aoʻao hou noonoo ole a me ka ole i ka naʻauao, ma ka laua me keia e pono ai hou hopena a. Ke hele ua hoʻokahuli aupuni, no ka mea, kōkua ai i nā ke alanui e holo mai ana ma ke kua. Oiaio, he oiaio nui mathematician Pythagoras haʻalele i kona keiki i loko o ka pono mau lima. Ideology apopo hoololiia loa.
• Ka Hopena o ka pähola 'ana o ka hoʻoponopono nā helu kaulike i ai i ka ha o ka loa kauoha aupuni.
• Derivation o ka haʻilula kapaʻia ma hope ona, i a hiki i kēia lā nō na aa o quadratic nā helu kaulike.
• Derivation a me ka hoaponoia ana o ka mea mua i loko o ka moʻolelo o ka 'epekema no ka mana loa huahana.

Leonhard Euler

Light o ka 'epekema a me ka mea kupaianaha naue like. Hânau 'ia i loko o Kuikilana (1707), ka mea hiki ke maluhia hui pū i loko o ka papa inoa o ka "Great Lūkini mathematicians", e like me ka loa o kaʻu hana, a loaʻa i ka hope puuhonua i loko o Rusia (1783).

I kana hana a me discoveries ua ua hoʻopili i ko kakou aupuni, i ka i ana i neʻe i ka 1726 ma ke kono ana o ka Academy o Sciences ma St. Petersburg. No ka umikumamalima makahiki, i palapala mai i ou wahi lihi iki o ka pepa a elua ma ka makemakika, a me ke kālaikūlohea. Ma huina, ka mea i hanaʻia a puni 9 haneri luna 'hoʻoholo' i waiwai i ka 'epekema no ka manawa. Ma ka napoo ana o ka ola Leonarda Eylera, kue i na rula (akā, me ka apono o ka Farani aupuni), ua i ka Paris Academy o Sciences kona lala eiwa, oiai e like me na rula, aole loa no auanei ewalu. Wale na mathematicians nui hiki ke hookoia keia hanohano, e like me ka hana 'epekema hui pedantic ka wā e hele mai ai i kaʻaeʻana me na rula.

I waena o Leonarda Eylera discoveries E e kaulana:

• Hoʻohuiʻia makemakika like me ka 'epekema. A hiki i ka XVIII kenekulia, a ua manaoia e ia i ka wā o ka lanakila o ka Euler, ua hoopuehuia lakou a pau i poe kauwa. Hōʻailona helu, calculus, anahonua, pahiki kumumanaʻo, a no laila, ma luna o. D. Aia ma o lakou iho, me ka, keakea e. He houluulu mai ia mea proportionate, Logical'ōnaehana i ua manawa ke touted i loko o nā kula ua hoʻololiʻia.
• Panina Manaʻo helu E, i ke kaha like kokekau i 2,7. E like me 'oe ke ike, i nā kānakaʻepekema nui a me ka mathematicians pinepine hiki aku ka make ole i loko o kāna hana, i ole kekahi, keia kiaha, a Euler - ka mua palapala o hope inoa i ka inoa a hiki i keia irrational helu, me a koe ole he maoli Olelo Kikeke Ma.
• Ka mua hoʻomanaʻo o ka pähola 'o ka hoʻohui' ia me ka PAaIEN o nā kiʻina hana i e hoʻohana i loko o laila. Introduction o kaulua integrals.
• Ke kumu a me ka laha ana o ka Euler mau kiʻikuhi - he concise a me ka pilikia makapō pakuhi e hōʻike i ka pilina e puhi ia, nānā 'ole o ko lākou mau kumu. No ka laʻana, ka mea, e ka mea e hiki ai, e hōʻike i ka mana loa kau o maoli loa ua komo i loko o ka mana loa kau o ka naauao loa , a no laila, ma luna o.
• Kākau hoʻokahuli aupuni no ia manawa hana ma ka palena pau calculus.
• Hou o ke kula haʻahaʻaa anahonua, Euclid ho oholo nae. No ka laʻana, ka mea i lawe mai, a hoao iho la ia i ke kiʻekiʻe a pau o ka triangle intersect ma kekahi wahi.

Galileo Galilei

Kēia scientific limahana i noho i kona ola i loko o Italy (mai ka 1564 a hiki i 1642), maʻa i kela schoolchild. Ke au o kona ha awina hoʻoweliweli ma ka vague manawa i i kohoʻia ka hoʻokolokolo. Kekahi kuee a haalele mai, ina ua hoopaiia, epekema hahai, no ka mea, hoole aku paha i na assertions o na theologians. 'Aʻohe a me ka mea hiki ke ho'ākāka' ia, no ka mea a pau a ke Akua o ka makemake.

Ua mathematician Galileo, e like me ke kaʻao, ua ke kumu o ka hopuna'ōlelo "A naʻe ka mea, aole loa e hookala mai!", Once ka mea, kipaku aku i kana mau olelo i ka honua revolves puni ka la, aʻaʻole Hope versa. Kēia ka anu u ua ku pono ana i ka paio no ke ola, e like me ka hookolokoloia manaoia aoao ku e ana i kona kuhiakau, ma i ke kuapo o i komo swapped. hiki ole kahuna ae aku i ka honua me he mea a ke Akua i hooki ai i ia i ka waenakonu o nā mea a pau.

Naʻe, i ole kaupalena i keia kuhiakau kona mauʻana, no ka mea, ua komo i loko o mōʻaukala me ka physicist nui, a me ka mathematician. Galileo:

• ma empirical haʻawina i haalele ai i ka assertion o Aristotle, i hākālia nō i ka uku o ka haule ana o ke kino ka pololei hapaʻauhau i kona kaumaha;
• He lawe mai i ka paradox kapaʻia ma hope ona, ma i ka helu o maoli helu like me ka helu ana o mika pāhoʻonui lua o ka ia, hoʻowahāwahā i ka mea i ka hapanui o na mika pāhoʻonui lua o ka helu mea ole;
• He palapala iho la i kona "e kamailio nei ma na dice," i noʻonoʻo i ka olua i hua'ōlelo o ka pahiki kumumanaʻo, ai ka pilikia a me ka hopena a me ka hoopaapaa ana.

Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov

I ka haawiia i ka mathematicians nui o Rusia, kekahi o ka mea mua e hiki mai ai i ka manaʻo o ka 'epekema huahelu.

Alexei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov i hānau i loko o ke kupulau o 1903 i loko o ke kūlanakauhale o Tambov. Helu hoʻonaʻauaoʻo ia iā ia ma kona wahi, a laila, i helu ia ma ke kula a wahi uku. Kela manawa, aole i koho ia e kona mau kupaianaha nā mea hiki i loko o nā sciences. No keʻano o ka noho ana, me kona 'ohana i haʻakoi e neʻe i Moscow, ma ka mea i loaʻa i ke Kanawai War. Ma muli naʻe o ka mea a pau, Kolmogorov komo Moscow University ma ka'āuna kumu o Balanced. opiopio haumāna pomaikai nui ma ka wae kula ua ai nui loa i ka mea, ua hiki i ko Hawaiʻi keiki lawe me kŰia i kakahiaka nui, e huli mai, mai kona papa hana hoʻonanea - i ka kumumanaʻo o ka pahiki. Iʻepekema nā puke i hoomaka ai e hele mai i ka hana o Andrei Nikolaevich, mai 1923, a ma hope ona ma ia manawa māhunehune hala 20 makahiki. Systematically hoʻokō 'ana aku i ka makemake, he mathematician i ka 1939 ua lilo i academician. He hana nā mea a pau i kona ola, a make iho la ma Moscow ma ka Akuma ka o 1987, oia ua kanuʻiaʻo ia i loko o ka Novodevichy ilina.

I kona nui i na hana e loaʻa:

• Hou ana o ke ki ina hana like o ke ao ana makemakika ma iniiaiie a me ke kula kiʻekiʻe. Nui mathematicians a me kā lākou loaʻa o ke ao nei me ka unahiʻole i nui, akā,ʻaʻohe emi waiwai a me ka pono hana mea e hoomakaukau ai i ke keiki hanauna o ka wā e hiki mai-iao? Alakaʻi. Ua noa i ike ia i waiho i nā kumu i loko o kakahiaka kamaliʻi.
• Ka hooulu ana o ka makemakika ki ina hana like, a hoolilo ia lakou, mai ka Hōʻuluʻulu i loko o noi mau mea. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, mahalo i ka hana o Andrei Nikolaevich makemakika paa ma ka 'epekema.
• Panina Manaʻo aponoia ma ka hoʻonohonoho 'epekema kaiāulu kula haʻahaʻaa pahiki kumumanaʻo axioms. Ka hope ua wehewehe aku ma ka mea e hōʻike ana he finite helu o nā hanana.

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky

Kēia scientific huahelu, e like a pau nui Lūkini makemakika mai ka noho 'ana kamaliʻi hōʻike mea kupaianaha nā mea hiki ma na sciences.

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky i hānauʻia ma ka makahiki 1793 ma kekahi o nā'āina o Rusia. I ka makahiki o ka 7 makahiki kona ohana neʻe i Kazan, kahi ana i noho ai a pau kona ola. He make ma ka makahiki o ka 63 makahiki, e hoʻomau i kona inoa a mau loa aku ka hana i complemented ka panina Euclidean anahonua. He hoʻolauna mau hoohanohano i ka mau oihana o ka hooiaio ana i ka puke o ka olelo, no ka laʻana, ua laua laina halawai ma infinity. Kona hana ua nānā 'ia ma ka pelane, a ua wehewehe aku ma ka hele kiki kokoke i ka mämä holo o ka malamalama. Ua makemake mea, i iho la ke ano o ka loaʻa i ia manawa? Theories i controversial, outrageous, akā, ma manawa i nā kānakaʻepekema nui a me ka mathematicians ike i ka hana o Lobachevsky wehe i ka puka a hiki i ka wā e hiki mai.

Augustin-Louis Cauchy

ia eʻike i ka inoa o ka makemakika ike i kela haumāna, e like me ka mea i loko o ka mau papa a kiekie ae makemakika, a ma kona nui ololi mau mea, e like me ka makemakika Ka Ikepili.

Augustin-Louis Cauchy (makahiki o ke ola - 1789-1857) hiki ke noʻonoʻo pono i ka makua kāne o ka makemakika Ka Ikepili. Ua i ka mea nana i lawe mai i ka hoomanao a pau e noho ana ma limbo, me ka i ho'ākāka 'ana a me ka hoapanoiaʻi. No ka mea, o kana hana ikea kia ia ka hoʻopaʻi 'ana me ka hoʻomauʻana, kali, derivative a me ka integral. Cauchy kekahi hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohui o ka moʻo, a me kona kahahńnai, haawiia i ka makemakika hoaponoia ana o ka lakou hoopuehu i loko o optics.

Cauchy ka makana i loko o ka ulu ana o ke kālā no makemakika ka unahiʻole, ua ai ia i lawe i kona inoa haaheo o ka wahi ma luna o ka papahele mua o ka Eiffel Tower - ka mea, o ka mea, ma kekahi mea,ʻo nā kānakaʻepekema (me ka nui mathematicians). Kēia papa lawelawe 'ana me he kia hoʻomanaʻo i ka' epekema, a hiki i kēia lā.

hopena

No ka kenekulia makemakika o Laieloheloheʻepekema lākou ku pono, i surprisingly hiki e wehewehe i na mea a pau e hana ana ma ka honua a puni mākou.

Pythagoras ua kūkākūkāʻia i ke kumu o ka helu ana o ka wahahee. i ka hana i kekahi kanaka a me ka loko o kekahi kanaka kokoke mea a pau, ka mea hiki ke ho'ākāka 'ia ma.

Galileo mai la ia makemakika - ka'ōlelo o ke ano. Manaʻo e pili ana ia. I ka waiwai i loaʻa kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni ano, wehewehe a pau ma kona ano maoli.

Nā inoa o nā mathematicians nui - mea i pono i ka papa inoa o ka poʻe i i addicted i kā lākou hana, hoʻonui a Wa Mamua scientific manawa. Mau mea nā loulou mea i hiki e kuhikihi ana i ka makana, a me ka wā e hiki mai, e hōʻike nei i ka nānā ana.

Naʻe, i kēia mea i ka pahi kaua oi lua papalua, no ka mea, o ka nui loa o ka 'ike, oia ke oi leverage i ke keiki.

Knowledge - ka mana. Noho nanea hainā hiki ke luku mea i aʻo ai loa, a ohi i na hunahuna. Kaʻike o keia mea nui, 'epekema e hele aku no ka pono.

Great kanaka olelo e pili ana i makemakika me ka mana loa mahalo, e like me ka ka palapala holo'āina'ē a hiki i ka wā e hiki mai.