Hui a me nā mea'enela. Ka ho'olaha'ana o nā mea kanu

'O kahi mea i komo i'elua a'oi aku paha o nā mea i ho'ohui'ia he pu'upu'u kūmole a mineral paha. Ma muli o ka'ike,'ike'ia nā'ano, ka papa hana a me nā mea'ē a'e. Aia nā pūpū malo'o i ka'ōpuni ma nā'ano nui. 'O kekahi o lākou he hopena maika'i, a'o kekahi - he hopena'ino i nā ola ola. 'O nā pūpū mania ma ke'ano'ole. 'O lākou,'o ke'ano, sulfur, graphite, one a me nā mea'ē a'e. Aia kekahi mau hō'ailona e ho'oholo'ia ai kahi mea hui pū'ali a mineral paha.

Ka mō'aukala

Ua'ike'ia ka mana'o o ka "mea ulu" i ka ho'omaka'ana o ka ulu'ana i ka'ike'epekema. Kēia papa nā waiwai a pau i loaʻa i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ka kalapona (Ma waho aʻeo ka carbonicʻakika cyanides, carbides, carbonates, kalapona monoxide). I ka manawa i lanakila ai nā mana'o no'ono'o, me ka ho'omau'ana i nā mo'omeheu o Pliny'Alder a me Aristotle e pili ana i ka mahele o ke ao holo'oko'a i kahi ola'ole a ola, ua ho'oka'awale'ia nā mea e pili ana i ke aupuni a lākou i pili i: ka holoholona a me ka'aila a me ka minela. Eia hou, ua mana'o'ia'o ka inoa o ka mea mua e koi i kahi "ola ola" kūikawā. Ma keia manao, i hoomakaukauiaʻi mai ka 'okanikaʻole ke aloha waiwai ka mea, he mea hiki ole. Eia na'e, ua hō'ole'ia kēia mana'o i ka 1828 e Veler. Ho'oponopono'o ia i ka'ehu urea mai ka ammonium cyanate. Akā, ua mālama'ia kēia māhele i nā hua'ōlelo a hiki i kēia manawa. Ma muli o nā pae ho'ohālike i ho'oholo'ia ai ka pūlahui ai'ole ka mineral. No kēia ma hope aku o ka mea.

Nā'ike nui

'O ka papa nui loa i kēia lā, he hui pū'ali. I kēia manawa, ua nui aku i ka'umi miliona. 'O kēia kumuhana no ka waiwai kūikawā o ka kalapona e hana i nā kaula'aomic. 'O kēia, ma ke'ano, no ka ho'omau o ka pilina. 'O ka carbon carbon-carbon can be single or multiple - triple, double. I ka ho'onui'ana o ka nui, ua pi'i ka ikaika (stability), a ke emi nei ka lō'ihi, ke emi iho nei. Ma muli o ke ki'eki'e ki'eki'e o ka kalapona a me ka hiki ke hana i nā kaulahao, ua ho'okumu'ia nā'ano o nā'ano like'ole ('ano, flat, linear). Kapa'ia nā'ano o ka mineral me he pūpū i hana'ia ma ke'ano. 'O kēia mau mea me kahi'ano kūikawā a me ke'ano, nā hi'ohi'ona. 'O ke'ano holo'oko'a,'ano like ke'ano o nā mea lā'au lā'au. Hiki ke ho'ohālikelike ke'ano i loko o kekahi mau palena. 'O ke'ano o nā mea kohuke ko ka papa hana ma'amau a pololei o nā mana. Ua ho'okumu'ia nā kumu o nā'ōnaehana o kēia mau mea i ka makahiki 1814 e Berzelius.

'O ka hui'ana o kekahi o nā mea nui o nā mea

No kēia a i'ole kēlā'ano'ē a'e i ho'oholo'ia e nā mea o ka hana. 'O kahi mea he mea'enela a mea'enela paha me kahi kiko a me ka ho'ohui'ana. 'O nā kumu nui o nā meaola o ka hanu olala,'o ia ka pūnaewele, nā ha'aka, ka lipids. 'O nā mea āpau o kēia papa, me ka ho'ohui pū'ia, kahi nui o ka'aila, hydrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, a me ka oxygen. 'O kēia mau māhele o ka māhele o ka "organic" organic composers as basic, as a rule. Hiki i nā lā'au ke komo i nā'ano like'ole. No laila, ka mea nui, e like me ka mea i ho'oholo'ia ai ka mea i'ike'ia -'o ka mea'enela a me ka mineral -'o ia ka mea i loko o ka papa hana o ka kalapona a me nā kumu ma'amau i hō'ike'ia ma luna.

Hiki ke a'o'ia ka mana'o o kahi hui mea'aila ma ka nānā'ana i nā'ano mea like'ole. He'ano like'ole ko lākou. Ke hilina'i nei lākou i ka mele, me ka ho'ololi'ana o ka hale. Maanei, hiki i kekahi ke'ōlelo wale no ke'ano o ka'oko'a ma kahi o kekahi mau mana a me kahi mamao lō'ihi.

Ka ho'olaha'ana o nā mea kanu

I kēia lā, ho'ohana'ia ka inoa inoa IUPAC. 'O ka ho'onohonoho'ana i nā pūnaehana ho'omehana i kēia pūnaewele e kau'ia ana ia ma kekahi mea ko'iko'i nui. E like me kēia, ua ho'oholo mua'ia nā'ano o ka waiwai ma nā kumuhana'elua. 'O ka mua,'o ka carbon skeleton (ke'ano o nā pūpū'enehana), a'o ka lua o kāna mau papa hana. E like me ke'ano o ka ho'ohui o ka waiwai i māhele'ia i cyclic a acyclic. 'O ka hopena,'o ka hopena,'o ka ho'opiha'ole'ia a me ka palena. 'O ka hui o nā kinikini cyclic he heterocyclic a carbocyclic. 'O kekahi o nā ho'opalalau o nā pūnaehana ho'omehana:

- CH3CH2CH2COOH - butyricʻakika.

- CH3COCH3-acetone.

- CH3COOC2H5-ethyl acetate.

- CH3CH (OH) COOH - ka wai malo.

Ka ho'opilālā kūkulu

I kēia mau lā,'ike'ia nā pūnaewele me nā lā'au'oko'a. Ua Ua noʻonoʻo pono i ka loa pololei X-Ray Ka Ikepili (crystallography). Eia na'e,'o ka ho'ohana'ana i kēia hana, he koi ka hō'ailona ki'eki'e o ka nui i makemake'ia, e hiki ai ke loa'a i kahi ki'eki'e ki'eki'e. Ma kēia'ano,'a'ole i ho'ohana pinepine'ia ka'ele'ele kalakala. 'O ka ho'opili'ana o Elemental he mea hana'ino ia e ho'ohana'ia ana e ho'ohālikelike i ka helu o nā mea i loko o kahi mole. No ka hō'oia'ana i ka hele'ole'ana o kahi hui kūikawā paha, ho'ohana'ia ka spectroscopy infrared. 'O ka spectromalima ka ho'oholo'ana o ke kaumaha kaulike o kahi waiwai a me nā'ano o ka māhele.

Nā mea kanu o nā mea kanu. 'O nā mea'onika carboxylic

'O ka pilina ola ke pili pili i kēia mau mea. Nui ka po'e i'ike i nā inoa e like me ka acetic, formic, acid citric. Ho'ohana'ia kēia mau mea i ka hana'ana i nā lā'au (acetylsalicylic acid), ma ka'oihana mea'ai, a me ka hana'ana i nā kopa a me nā mea'alapona. Ho'ohui'ia kekahi mau pūnaewele e nā'ōpala (ants, e like me ke'ano) a lilo i mau pale. E moe ana ma ke kelepona hele kiʻekiʻe biochemical keʻano o ka hanaʻana me ka pili pyruvicʻakika a oxidized ka wā na waiwai penetrating i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka, hana aceticʻakika a lacticʻakika. I ka no'ono'o'ana i ka hale o ka hui carboxyl, pono e ho'omaopopo i ke komo'ana o kahi kālua C ='O i loko o laila. I kēia hopena, pono e ho'oili'ia i nā hui hana i ho'opiha'ole'ia. Eia kekahi, i loko o ke'ano o nā mea lā'au, aia kahi palapala i waena o ka'ōmole hydrogen O-H-mobile. Common waiwai o kēia mau hui malamaia ma ka stearic, acetic, acrylicʻakika a me formicʻakika hiehie ole wale walaʻauʻana ano nāʻakika, akā, i aldehydes. Ma muli o ke kalala a kahi e ho'opa'a ai ka pahu carboxyl, aia nā mea'enela kūikawā, ka ho'onāuki'ole, ka palena a me nā mea'ē a'e. E like me ka heluna o nā hui i ka mole, ka lā'au dibasic, monobasic a me nā mea'ē a'e ua ho'oka'awale'ia. Ke nānā'ia kekahi mau'ano o nā mea'ai, hiki ke'ike'ia kekahi'ano like'ole o nā mea'awa'awa a me nā mea ola. Eia kekahi la'ana, hiki i nā mea'elua ke launa pū me nā metala, nā kumu.

'O ka hydrocarbons hau'oli

'O kēia mau mea i ho'ohui'ia, i loko o ka ho'ohui'ana o ia'ano he hydrogen, carbon and benzene nuclei. 'O ka po'e ko'iko'i nui a me ka "papa" o kēia hui he benzene (I) a me nā homologues (dimethylbenzene, methylbenzene). Nui ka nui o nā hydrocarbons aromatic me benzene nuclei. Eia kekahi la'ana, ua komo lākou i ka diphenyl C6H5-C6H5, e nānā ana i ke'ano o ia mea, he ma'alahi ke ho'omaopopo i ke'ano o ka meaola he mea'enela ai'ole mineral. Ho'okomo'ia nā'ōpū o ka puhi kahu e like me ke kumu nui o ka hana'ana i nā'ōpona'enela. No laila, mai ke kola o ka wala'au, he'eleka ho'okahi a me ka hapalua kilokilo o toluene, 3.5 kg o benzene, a'elua kilokalo o nāphthalene i loa'a.

Nā kumu nui o nā hydrocarbons aromatic

Ma o ko lākou mau kino kinona, ua like'ole nā kāpena'ele'ale i nā mea'awa'awa māmā. Ma kēia'ano, ua wehewehe'ia kahi hui kū'oko'a no lākou. Ma lalo o ka mana o nitric, sulfuric acids, halogens a me nā mea ho'āhu'ē a'e, nā hydrocarbons aromatic e ho'ololi i nā hāmole hydrogen. 'O ka hopena, ua ho'okumu'ia nā sulfonic acids, halobenzenes a me nā mea'ē a'e. 'O kēia mau mea a pau nā huahana waena i ho'ohana'ia i ka hana'ana i nā waiū, nā lā'au.

'O Alkans

'O kēia pū'ulu o ka lā'au pa'akikī, e komo pū me nā pūnaewele'oi loa. 'O nā'aha C a H a me C-C i loko o lākou he mau lou ho'okahi. 'O kēia ke kumu o ka hiki'ole o nā'āpana ke komo i nā mana'o ho'ohui. Ke ho'olele i kēia mea pa'akikī, e ho'omaka me ka propane, hiki ke koho mua'ia ka atomaila chlorine i nā'ano hydrogen. 'O ke alaka'i o kēia ka'ina hana e hilina'i ia ma ka ikaika o ka pa'a'ana o ka H. 'O ka nāwaliwali o ke kaulahao,'oi aku ka wikiwiki o ke pani'ana i kahi'oko'a. 'O nā lālā mua e'oi aku ka ikaika nui,'oi aku ka'oi o nā kula ki'eki'e ma mua o nā kāko'o o nā kulanui, a pēlā aku nō.

Ke komo i ka hopena

Hiki i ka ho'oulu'ana i ke'ano like'ole ke alaka'i i ka'oia'i'o o ka hopena paha o ka huahana, ho'okahi wale nō. I kahi mahana o 25 mau kekelē,'o ka chlorination ma ka paelani lua ke kū i ka hā a me ka hapalua manawa ma mua o ka wae mua. 'O ka ho'oulu'ana o nā'āpana alakiki ka waiwai i loa'a i ka nui, pinepine pōpilikia. I kēia'ano, ua hana'ia nā'ano like'ole polyfluoro o ka mea ho'omaka. 'O ka ikehu i ho'oku'u'ia i ka manawa o ka ho'omehana'ana he mea nui ia ma kekahi mau mea e ho'onāukiuki i ka palaho i loko o nā'ōlepa o nā meaola huahana. Ma muli o kēia hopena, pi'i ka pi'i'ana o ka ho'opi'i i ke'ano o nā mea ma'amau, e hiki ai i ka ha'alulu'ana i nā mahana kūpono kūpono. 'O kahi'ano o ka ho'omau'ana o nā'ākau ka mea hiki ke luku'ia e nā hua o ka carbon skeleton a me ke'ano o CF4 - ka hopena hope loa.