'Ole o ke kanaka niho: noaia a me ka hōʻikeʻano

He 'atikala epa a me ka' ole a me ka hana ana o na niho - nui hui, o ka kanaka kino. Na niho i ka aniani manaʻo o ke ola ana o ke kanaka, kā lākou unsatisfactory moku'āina hiki e hookolokoloiaʻi e au, ma keʻano o ooieoeiiaeuiuo kāna hana. I keia la, he maikai minoʻaka - o ke ki i ka pomaikai nui i loko o kou 'oihana, a ma ke kino ka pili ma. Paukū 'ole kuhiʻaoʻao pale o keʻano o nā nīnūnē, a me ka' ole o ke kanaka niho; lākou wahi ma ka dentition; Haʻalele deciduous niho mai ka paʻa '; i ka pono no ka pono o ka malama niho, a no laila, ma luna o.

niho kuleana pili i

Niho - he iwi ho okumu i ka moʻolelo o ka lua ia i ka kekahi 'ole, kinona, wehewehe aku ma ke alo o kona mau ko mākou hopohopo a me ka circulatory'ōnaehana, i nā kīʻaha lymph hoonohonoho i kauoha dentition a pela hana like oihana. Niho i 'Imi limahana ma ka hanu' ana, e like me ka pono me ia ma ke kahua a me ka puana o ka mea kani-, olelo ho okumu. Eia hou, e hana me mechanical iniiaiie ai aaioee, i komo i loko o kekahi o nā kumu hana o ka meaola ola - .. kino.

It E e kaulana i ole lawa naunau ai mea poorly hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, a hiki i malfunction o ka gastrointestinal'āpana. Eia hou, i ka wa e kaawale aku o ma ka liʻiliʻi loa kekahi o na niho ma ka moʻolelo o ka lua e loli ai ka diction, 'ole. E. Ka mōakaaka o ka puana o ka leo. Awa a me aesthetic kiʻi - nānaina lehalehu t hiʻona. Ilihune kahua niho ola kino a me ka hiki ke alakai i kaʻino hanu i pono like ai i ka ulu ana o na ku una maʻi a me ka maʻi nā mea palahēhē o ka pau meaola.

Ka 'ole o ke kanaka niho. Ke kaapuni hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha o na ā

Ke kūmau no ke alo o kanaka niho mea i loko o ka huina o 28-32 huahelu. Ma ka makahiki 25 i hookuu lawe i ka piha kahua o ka dentition. Na niho i aia ma luna o nā mau a, e olaʻi hoomaopopo luna, a malalo dentitions. Ka 'ole o ke kanaka ā, niho (lākou typical Mea Maluna) i ke kēia palapala. Kēlā me kēia no ka lalani maupaʻa 14-16 niho. Lalani i symmetrical a me kā lākou mau conventionally puunaueia i haʻalele a me ka pono kaiaulu. Niho Kû ke kaʻina helu - huahelu-mau huahelu. First huahelu - kaiaulu o ka luna a lalo, ā, mai 1 a 4.

Ma ka hopuʻana iwi anterior niho overlapping ka haahaa 1/3 o ka niho lei aliʻi, a ua kapaʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka dentition occlusion. Ma ka hewa interdigitation malama occlusion curvature, a hiki aku i ka hoʻohuikau o masticatory papa, a me ka aesthetic kina.

i ole ia i ka ai-kapaʻia ka naʻauao niho i loaʻa, a, ma ka rula, mai hōʻike i ka moʻolelo o ka lua. I kēia lā, aia no he pokole i keia mea he maʻamau kulana home 'ole, a me ka alo ana o kēia mau niho, ua ponoʻole. Oiai keia mana mea he nui nui o ka hoopaapaa.

Nā niho mea i hiki ke ola. Lākou loli ia lŘlŘ koke aku i kekahi kanaka ka ola: mua, i ke keiki waiu niho hou, a laila e hoʻololi i ka ikaikaʻelemakule 6-8 makahiki. IeAUPIIe, IAa IO i 11 makahiki ma laila mea he piha hope o ka waiu niho paa.

Ka 'ole o ka niho. 'anatomia

Ke anatomical 'ole o ke kanaka niho paipai i ka mea, ua conditionally a lilo i ekolu: o ka pāpale aliʻi, a me ka'ā'ī aa.

I ka lei o ka niho - i puka mai ai ma luna o ka nui aʻe ana mahele. Ua uhi ia ka lei aliʻi me ka enamel - hoʻopale lole maluhia niho mai o ka waiwaiʻino wale i ka koʻohune a me nāʻakika.

He nui na ano o ka surfaces o kahua niho leialii .

• Occlusion - ka ili ma wahi me ka paʻa o ka panina niho ma luna o ka mea ku pono iwi.
• Recycle (vestibular) - niho ili ma kaʻaoʻao pāpālina paha lehelehe.
• Lingual (lingual) - .. Na lilo o ka niho ili huli, maloko o ka waha, oa ka ili honua i mea ma ka hui 'ana me ka puana o ka' ōlelo kani.
• Hoʻokaʻaʻike (approximal) - niho lei aliʻi 'ilikai, alo ana i ka niho aia i loko o ke kaiāulu.

Ka'ā'ī - aoao o ka niho, i mea ma waena o ka pāpale aliʻi a me ka aʻa, ai pili aku ia lakou, uhi i nā kihi o ka nui aʻe ana, a kapa komo iā ia me ka lepo pipili no hoi. Ka'ā'ī i ka tapered palapala.

Mole - i kekahi hapa o ka niho, a me i ka mea, ua paa ia ma ka kahua niho luawai. Ke kaumaha ma muli o kaʻano Mea Maluna o ka niho kumu ke i mai kekahi i mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana. More ua kūkā mai no hoi ia ma lalo iho nei.

histological 'ole

Histology o kēlā me kēia niho Ua like ka ia, akā, i kēlā o ia i kekahi 'ano' okoʻa kinona e like me ke kuleana pili i hanaʻia e ia. Ke Kii hōʻike loa maopopo stratified 'ole o ke kanaka niho. Picture IeEeAUUXAAaO a pau i ke kahua niho nā'aʻaʻa, e like me ka wahi o ke koko a me ka lymph moku.

Try enamel kapa komo iā ia. Kēia mau nō lole oia hoi o ka 95% o ka mea pōhaku paʻakai, e like me makanekiuma, kiniki, strontium, keleawe, hao, fluoride. Ka i koe, 5% i ke aloha waiwai - nā polokina, lipids, carbohydrates. Eia kekahi, o ka enamelʻano hoʻokahi me ka loaʻa o ka wai a komo i loko o physiological keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

Enamel, ma ka huli, kekahi mai kekahi mawaho iwi - cuticle e uhi i ka naunau 'ili o ka niho, nae, ka mea mālama i ka lahilahi, a ho'ōla holoiia.

Ke kumu o ka niho dentine - iwi - ohi ana i nā minelala hao, paa, a puni ka holoʻokoʻa lua o ka niho, a kumu Canal. dentine'aʻaʻa maupaʻa he nui helu o microscopic kaha ma i metabolic keʻano o ka hanaʻana ana i loko o nā niho. E like me ka auwai a ho'īli nā aʻalolo impulses. No ka pili, 1 sq. mm o dentine ninoieo a i ka 75 000 tubules.

ʻiʻo pepa. Periodontium. Ka 'ole o ke kumu

Ua 'ano apau loa i loko lua o ka nihoʻiʻo pepa - palupalu'aʻaʻa, moe kolohe' ole, permeated ma ke koko a me ka lymphatic moku a me nā aʻalolo a hāʻule pahū wale.

Ka 'ole o na aa o kanaka niho nana e like. I ka mole o ka niho o Nyos i loko o ka iwi ā iwi, i loko o ka kūikawā lua - alveolus. Ke kumu maluna ou, e like me ka lei aliʻi o ka niho, haku o mineralized'aʻaʻa - dentine, i ua externally uhiia me ka lepo pipili - lole, emi ikaika i loko o e like me ka enamel. Kahua niho mole piko welau ma ka puka i loko o i ka ho'āʻo ipu koko e hānai i ka niho. I ka helu ana o aa ma ka niho loli aʻe e like me kona ooieoeiiaeuiiai manao, mai ke kumu a hiki i ka incisors, i 4-5 i kamaiʻilio niho kumu ae.

Periodontium - he connective'aʻaʻa e hoopiha i ka nahā i waena o ka niho kumu, a me ka lua o ka iwi ā, ma i ka mea, ua noho ai. Puluniu lole i ulana i loko o ka lepo pipili no kumu ma ka kekahi lima, a me loko o ka iwi'aʻaʻa o ka iwi a me ka mea 'ē aʻe, no laila, i ka niho e hoʻolako i ka ikaika IeIIeYOA. Eia kekahi, ma periodontal'aʻaʻa o na moku koko ana i ka waiwai haule i loko o ka niho'aʻaʻa.

Ano o nā niho. kālai

Kanaka niho i māheleʻia i loko o ka papa kuhikuhiE pūʻulu eha:

• incisors (Central a me kaʻaoʻao);
• Fana;
• premolars (liʻiliʻi chewable / molars);
• molars (ʻOi aʻe chewable / molars).

Iwi kanaka i ka symmetrical 'ole a me nā ka hookahi helu o nā niho, mai kēlā me kēia pae. Eia naʻe, loaʻa nō kekahi mau hiʻona i loko o ka anatomical koke ihola e like me ka 'ole o ke kanaka niho o ke a luna , a me ka lalani malalo o na niho. E mākou huli ia i loko o au mamuli.

Ka mua niho i kapaia incisors. Ma kānaka, i kēia mau 8 niho - 4 ma luna a me 4 ma lalo nei. Kālai i ke hoʻololi e nahu i ka ai, mahele ia i mau apana. Hiʻona o ka 'ole o ka mua niho o ke kanaka ninoieo i loko o ka mea ana i nā kālai i ka palahalaha lei, ma o ka palapala o nā'āpana, a me ke' ano pahi lua penei. Ma ka Pauku anatomically hana ekolu Iegasaduha i i ke ola o ka waiwai i holoiia. Maxillary Central incisors, elua - ka nui o nā lālā a pau o ko lākou pae. Kīloi paʻewa incisors e like me ka 'ole i ka Central, nae, ua uuku. Interestingly, ka loa ohi kaʻe i ke kīloi paʻewa incisor i ua ekolu tubercle, a pinepine i ka convex kinona ku i ke kūpono 'ana o ka Central (waena) tuberosity. Mamo meaʻoki hookahi, i lalo, a lawe i ke kinona o kaʻohana. A ano hiʻona o ka niho - mai ka niho lua i ka luna ekoluʻiʻo pepa, a hoʻopili like i tubercles o ka ohi lihi.

Ka 'ole o ke kanaka maluna niho iki okoa mai ka'anatomia o ka lalani malalo o ka niho,' ole. E. a pau like i ke ku pono o ka mandible. Central incisors emi ma e like me kaʻaoʻao e i ka lahilahi aa, pōkole ma mua o ke kīloi paʻewa incisors. Ka niho mua onaʻilikai - kānaka e pio mai, akā, no ka lingual - concave.

Kīloi paʻewa incisor lei ka loa haiki, a kūlou ia i kona mau lehelehe. Ke ohi kaʻe i mau niho ka makau - oaio, sharper, a kīloi paʻewa - oi obtuse. No ka mole wehewehe aku ma ka lonikū Groove.

Fana. e kamaiʻilio ana niho

Canines i ke hoʻololi i ka e maheleia i na apana o ka ai uuku. Ke'anatomia o ka niho ia ia ma ka hope (lingual)ʻaoʻao o ka pāpale aliʻi kŰlń ao hewa elua i hookaawale ai i ka iki disproportionate i loko o nā māhele. Ke oki kae o ka niho i ulu ka haʻi kuapuʻu, e ke kinona o kaʻohana-hoʻokino kalaunu, pinepine like me na niho o carnivorous holoholona.

Canine mandible i heʻololī kinona, lei aliʻi facets converge i loko o ka medial tubercle. mole o ka niho o lalo, o ka loihi hoohalikeia ai i nā mea a pau i nā kumu o nā niho, a deflected naau. Ma kānaka, elua canines ma kēlā me kēia iwia, kekahi ma kēlāʻaoʻao.

Canines pu me kaʻaoʻao oki kihi mai ai i ka piʻo, i hoʻomaka ma ke kihi hoʻololi o ka ohi niho i nā māna.

E mākou noonoo hou akahele i ka 'ole o ke kanaka maoli kanaka niho, mua - ka poe liilii, a mama, alaila, i ka nui a mama. I ka papa kuhikuhiE manao o posterior niho - i ka hoʻokolokolo pono me mechanical aaioee o ka ai. He kuleana pili i ua hana premolars a me molars.

premolars

Ka mua premolar (hōʻikeʻia e numeral 4 i kahua niho haʻilula) ÿokoÿa mai canines a incisors kona prismatic kinona, i ka pāpale aliʻi i ka convex ili. E kamaiʻilio ili wehewehe aku ma nā Iegasaduha - buccal a me ka lingual ma waena o dimples ho'āʻo hewa elua. Buccal cusp lingual nui nui i loko o ka nui. I ka mole o ka premolar mua mea nō i lalo, akā, he ua me ka mahae ma ka buccal a me ka lingual hapa.

Ka lua o ka premolar kinona like me ka mea mua, akā, kona buccal ili nunui nui, a me ka aʻa mai he tapered kinona'opihia i loko o ka anteroposterior ao ao.

E kamaiʻilio ili o ka mua lalo, premolar ua tapered i ka 'ōlelo. I ka lei o ka niho ua hoʻokōʻia kumu hookahi, i lalo, a me Groove ma ke alo ili honua.

Ka lua o ka premolar nui ma mua o ka mea mua no i ka mea i nā protuberance like ke kino a me ka symmetrical, a me na recesses i loko o ka enamel (māwae) therebetween lawe i ka palapala o ka horseshoe. I ka mole o ka niho kumu mea i 'ano like me ka premolar mua.

I kanaka dentition 8 premolars, 4 ma kēlā me kēiaʻaoʻao (ma luna o ka luna, a malalo ā). E noonoo oe i ka anatomical hiʻona a me ka pau 'ole o ke kanaka niho o ke a luna (nui posterior niho) a maopopo ia lakou, mai ka' ole o ka lalo iwi niho.

molars

Ka mua molars o ke a luna - ka nui niho. Ua Ua kapaʻia ka nui 'ōiwi niho. I ka pāpale aliʻi kohu i ka rectangle, a me ka occlusal ili mea he daimana shape me eha cusps, ma waena o i mea distinguishable māwae H-hoʻokino palapala. Kēia niho, he ekolu aʻa: hoʻokahi pono - ka loa ikaika, a me ka mau papalina - palahalaha, i emi mai i loko o ka anteroposterior ao ao. Mau niho ka wā panina o nā ā abut e ku e kekahi i kekahi, aʻo kekahi ano o ka "terminators", ma ka pili 'o Randy me ka i undergo, alahula mau haawe ana no ke kanaka ola.

Apana molar nui uuku ma mua o ka mea mua. Ka lei i ka cubic kinona me ka X-hoʻokino māwae pōhaku ma waena o nā dimples. Ke kumu o na niho e like me ka aa o ke molar mua.

'Ole o ke kanaka niho (molars hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha a me ka helu) mea'ālike me ka hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha i ho'ākāka' ia ma luna o nā premolars.

First mandibular molar i elima cusps no nā māna - ekolu buccal a me nā lingual i ka F-hoʻokino māwae pōhaku ma waena o lākou. Ma ka mole o ka niho, elua - a me kekahi hope Kanal, a me ke alo - me elua. Ma waho kua i ke kumu hou hoʻoneʻe.

Lua o molar i 'ano like me ka mea mua mandibular molar. Ka helu o nā molars i loko o kekahi kanaka premolar coincides me ka helu.

Ka 'ole o ke kanaka akamai niho. keiki bipi o ka niho

Ekolu molar ua popularly kapaia ka "naauao niho", a ma ka dentition o ka ke kanaka i loko o nā mea a pau 4 o ka niho, 2 ma luna o kēlā me kēia iwi. Ma ka lalo kolu o molar iwi e i ka ai iiiaanoaa o nā kinolau o Iegasaduha. Pinepine, aia no elime. Akā, me ka mau, o ka'anatomia o ka "naauao niho" kanaka analogous me ka 'ole o ka lua o ka molar, nae, i ke kumu pinepine kohu he pōkole kumu a me ka ikaika loa.

I kaulana mua, mua he kanaka i pēpē niho. Ka mea, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO ulu mai i 2.5-3 makahiki. Ka helu o? Aiaiiuie niho o 20. ka anatomical a me histological 'ole o ke kanaka waiu niho mea like i ka paʻa' ole, akā, ma laila nō kekahi oko ao:

1. I ka nui o ka niho leialii waiu mea nui e emi ma e like me ka ikaika.
2. Enamel waiu niho thinner, a me ka haku mele 'ana mai i ka haʻahaʻa degere o ka dentin mineralization i like i ka molar niho, no laila, e like me na keiki caries pinepine ikeia.
3. Pohupani hale o kaʻiʻo pepa a me ka aa Canal waiu niho hou like me ka ikaika aku ka leo, no ka i mea mea oi prone i na hoʻoʻino keʻano o ka hanaʻana.
4. Nā bumps ma ka māna a me ka ohi surfaces i mehana.
5. Kālai ka waiū niho hou convex.
6. Nā aʻa i lena i ka lehelehe, ka mea, ua i like loa me ka ikaika e like me ka hoohalike me na kumu o ka paʻa niho. Ma pili ana i keia loli o nā niho ma ka noho 'ana kamaliʻi -ʻaneʻane painless kaʻina.

Eia hoi, ua hoailona oukou ia ia, o ka papa, i ka 'ole o ke kanaka niho, i ko lakou mau wahi i loko o ka iwi ā panina (occlusion) i kanaka hiʻona ano no kela a me keia mau kanaka. Eia naʻe dentition nakeke o kekahi kanaka 'ole i ka hooko ana mai i ka nui mana o ke kino, ma ke ola, e like me keia, ma manawa o ka' ole o nā niho a me kā lākou 'ole hoʻololi. Ua pono e hoomanao i ka hapanui o ka pathological keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o dentistry hoʻomohala ma ka noho 'ana kamaliʻi, no laila ia mea nui ke kanaka hoʻoponopono i keʻano o nā niho, mai ka makahiki mua o ke ola. Kēia e kōkuaʻole kahua niho pilikia ma ka manao elemakule.

I loko nō kona maopopo pono io, na niho - he loa eiiieaena a loa fragile'ōnaehana, he nunui-pona histological 'ole, i kela mea keia mea o na papa he kanaka manao a me i kekahi mau waiwai. A me ka mea i ka niho loli ia lŘlŘ i loko o ka papa o ke ola wale nō manawa hookahi, e ka 'ole o ke kanaka ā (niho, i ko lakou helu) okoa, mai ka'anatomia o ka iwi ā o ka? Aaoa.