Pālolo mea: ka waiwai, manufacturing enehana, noi

Ke Pottery mua Ikea lōʻihi ma mua kanaka aʻo pehea e smelt mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Makamua ipu a me nā ipu, i archaeologists i loaʻa ai i kēia lā, ua maopopo no ia. It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka pālolo mea, ua kū hoʻokahi waiwai e e ia i loko o kekahi mau wahi wale irreplaceable. E kaʻana like me oe ka oi aku pālolo mākou, kamailio e pili ana i kona? Iecaianoaaiiuo a me nā 'ano.

Overview

Pālolo huahana loaa mai ma ka sintering nā mea huihuina o ka lepo a me ke aloha mea hoʻonui. I kekahi manawa, i ke ano o'okanikaʻole'okesaside i huiʻia. Ka mua o kēia mau 'atikala i ikea 5000 makahiki aku nei. Iloko o keia manawa,? Iecaianoaaiiie enehana ua holomua, a me keia la mākou i ke kōkua o ke kiʻekiʻe-ikaika pālolo huahana. Ka mea, i hoʻohana 'ia ma ka hana no facades, palaoa, hale pā, a no laila, ma luna o. D.

Aia i Pottery me ke anuanu a me ka porous crocks. Ke kī likeʻole ma waena o nā nā mea i pilipaa crock mea kūpono. Kēia porcelain, papa nā kile, etc. ka porous crock - .. hale nā kile, pālolo pohaku, nōkahea na ohe, a oi.

I ka moolelo o ka hanana

Ka hua'ōlelo "pālolo" ma Greek o ia hoʻi, "lepo". Maoli ai, no ka mea, o ka hana ana i kekahi huahana mea hoʻohana i ke ano o ka läÿau,. Ma ka mea kō ai ka mea pono ke kaumaha ma muli mea e pono ai e komo i loko o ka hopena. Ma ka lima mua, a he uuku ma hope, a ma luna o ka kuikawā mīkini Pottery i pili i ka kūikawā ano. A laila pālolo 'atikala i ki i loko o ka umu ahi ma kiʻekiʻe ana wela.

He nui nā'āina e hoʻohana i ko lākou mau 'enehana. Ua pili i na nā paʻi hua o ka Pottery, pena a me ka glazing. Ke aupuni mua i i loaʻa nui kūpono 'ana o keia hana, ka mea, ua manaoia Aigupita. He ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka pālolo Ua hoʻokumuʻia ma laila i loko o ka wahi mua. Nā huahana Ua i ka lohi a me ka poorly hui mud, akā, i ka wā e hiki mai? Ienoai aa loea. I kēia mau pōhaku lepo i i mai yellow lepo, i allegedly i hoʻohana 'ia ma o ka hana ana o na pyramids o Memphis.

Ka muli o ka porcelain

No kekahi manawa lōʻihi ma Kina hoʻohana i kekahi mea e like me jade. Ua ua maikai, akā, he fragile a me ka pilikia, e lawelawe. Ma hope o makahiki o ka huli i ka pāʻoihana i loaʻa. Porcelain Ua oi hemahema hoi i ka hana. Aka hoi, eia kekahi nuances. No ka laʻana, Mika a me ka tsvaoku, i kahi i "waiho pa pohaku", Ua wāwahi ihola i loko o ka maikai he lepo la, a waiho waho no ka oi mamua o 10 makahiki. Kēia i hanaʻia no ka hōʻoia 'ana i ka mea i lilo i ka loa malleable. Ka mua porcelain waiwai ma Kina, ua kiʻekiʻe a me ka elongated moku. Ka mea, i ka anaiia ili a me ka uliuli a me ka pouli'ōmaʻomaʻo. Recent kuaiia loa.

I kēia lā, ka mea, ua manaoio ia China mea i ka aina kahi i ka porcelain, ua haawi loa kaiāulu. He oiaio, aole ka mea, ua i mea mahaloia imua o Europe, akā, eʻikeʻia ma laila ma hope, a me kona? Iecaianoaaiiie ua ulu hou.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE ano o ka pālolo

I keia manawa, me nā huahana o ka lepo i ka palahalaha Mea Maluna. No laila, Pottery 'ikamu hiki ke maheleia i loko o ka papa kuhikuhiE pūʻulu elua:

• unglazed pālolo (terracotta a me ka Pottery);
• glazed (majolica, faience, porcelain, fireclay).

Terracotta - Italian no ka "pulehu iho la i ka honua". Products i i o ka pōpō lepo, a i ka porous 'ole. Terracotta e vases, mau kīʻaha, e like me ka pono me toys a me nā kile.

Pottery pālolo Ua oi paʻakikī ke kaʻina. I mea e hana ia kūpono, anaiia mea pono. A laila, ua koiia mai e moraine ke huahana. No keia mea, ka mea, ua haʻalele i ka welaʻula uahi a me. I kēia lā, he nui ke ano o ka pālolo, Pottery i ka nui, e'āina mahalo. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o nā mākua no ka pūnaewele o ka waiū, bulk mea a me he mea hoʻonani.

Like no ka lua o ka type - glazed pālolo, 'aneʻi ka loa hanohano waiho pa a me ka earthenware. Ka mua ka oi pipiʻi a me ka manawa-e hoopau ana i ka paka, i ka lua o ka - mea hiki a me ka nike. Ka mea, oko mawaena o lakou iho ma ka mea e porcelain huahana pihaʻi emi lepo, a oi kūikawā mea hoʻonui. Eia kekahi, porcelain ua hoomalamalamaia mai la ma ka malamalama, e like porcelain.

ma refractories

Products i nā mea huihuina o ka lepo refractory. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka mea e hiki ke ku imua o mahana o ka 1 300 e 2000 kekelē Kelekia ma, a hiki i kahi maikai ae. Hoʻohana 'ia kūikawā pālolo e'a'ā ana. Refractory mea i loko o ka lua helu hoʻohana i loko o ka metallurgical kaʻina. Aia ka mea, i hoʻohana 'ia no ka hana o ka hoʻohanuʻana umu a me' Ohi a.

He Logical ke i aku nei au ia me ka mahuahua ana wela o ka refractory ikaika ua i nalowale, aka, i ke mahuahua. Keia ua loaʻa ma muli o ia i ke alo i loko o ka refractory oxides, silicates, a me borides. Ka mea i hoʻohana kokoke mai'ō a'ō, ma laila nō kiʻekiʻe-ana wela keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Loa pinepine ka mea ana hoʻokino, oa ma ke ano o ka hana i ho'ākāka 'huahana, e olelo oukou, he pōhaku lepo. Emi pinepine pono i ka hoʻohana 'ana o unshaped refractories me he lepo lā.

Pottery i kukulu

Nā pono o ka pālolo mea mea i ko lakou mau laau iʻaʻole maopopo i kaupalena '. A me ka nanea ana o? Iecaianoaaiiuo a me kiʻekiʻe mea paʻa o ka huina hoonui, kēia manawa ia mea paʻa mau i loko o ka hana oihana puolo. Inā e lawe i ka pa pono hana, ia ninoaaeyao he alakai wahiʻaneʻi ka lepo nā pōhaku lepo.

ʻO ia pili i ka pālolo nā kile, a, hoʻowahāwahā i ka muli o polymers me losing lepo. Ua loaʻa no naʻe hoʻohana no ka la lako a me ka kiʻekiʻe humidity a me ka wela. Mawaena o ke alo pono kaua mua pōhaku puna aeie.

Over ka mau makahiki i hala iho nei, he 4% mahuahua i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o mall lepo pōhakuʻula, a na pohakulepo. No kā lākou manufacturing, ua pono ka palena haʻahaʻa loli ma ka pōhaku lepo nā hale hana, kahi koina i recouped i ka makahiki mua o ke kuai. Lulumi mai puha pālolo i lōʻihi ku i ke alakai kulana, a ua kuai lilo nui maikaʻi ma mua o ka mea mau pōhaku.

Special pālolo mea

Ia huahana nā hui hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka sewage paipu. Ka mua ua maheleia i nui nā pūʻulu ekolu:

• o ka hana porcelain (porous crock);
• hui hoʻomaʻemaʻe porcelain (sintered crock);
• semiporcelain (semisintered crock).

I ka papa kuhikuhiE olelo i ka hui hoʻomaʻemaʻe huahana - he ia'ku ia me mechanical poino, ka wela e kū'ē'ē mai. Ka hoʻomanaʻo pono e mālama 'ia ma ka ikaika mea,ʻo ia pili i ka' enehana. Ua hoʻohana wale 'oihanaʻula pālolo, a kiʻekiʻe ma Hawaiʻi maka mea. No ka hui hoʻomaʻemaʻe kēia mea kūʻai, e like me e poholo, 'Ia, bathtubs, radiators, etc. Aʻoiaʻiʻo ala e hōʻoia i ka mea e like ai o ka hoonui - .. A malamalama' enehana hou ma luna o ka hinu hauna. Ke kani E e maʻemaʻe, a me ka rattling. Kēia Hōʻike i ke kī pūʻana ma ke ana wela'ākau, a me ka wa e kaawale aku o ka mawae.

Like no ka sewerʻohe, ka mea, e ke anuanu kaka crock. Pālolo paipu i ua hanaʻia me ka anawaena o 150-600 mm o. glaze uhi IeAUPIIe, IAa IO nā maloko a mawaho. No kēia mau huahana ua wehewehe aku e kiʻekiʻe ia'ku iʻano pākīkē hana kūpono, a heleʻauana uilaʻikena. Ua he kupono kumukuai, aʻo ia oi ho'āmana.

Physicochemical waiwai o ka pālolo

E like me ua oleloia, a pau nā huahana hiki ke maheleia i mau ka laulā hui: anuanu a me ka porous. Anuanu i ka wai omo ana o ka emi o 5%, porous - 5% a oi. pālolo na pohakulepo (porous a me ka puha), puha masonry huahelu, nā kile, nā kile no ka hale: ka hope pūʻulu loaʻa i ka hope o nā huahana. Anuanu pālolo mau wahi i kālepa - alanui pōhaku lepo a me ka palaoa nā kile. Ma ka hui hoʻomaʻemaʻe kaiaulu ka mea, me nā porous a anuanu pālolo.

Kamailio e pili ana i ke kino ai a me ka Nine Inch ka waiwai, ka mea e e hoʻomaopopo i ka nele o ke kī pālolo. Ua ninoieo i loko o ka mahuahua brittleness ka wā like me nā pono hana. Aka hoi, kiʻekiʻe loaʻa nui a me ka versatility i keia mea i kekahi o ka loa mea mahaloia imua o na hana, a hiki i ka maʻamau o ke ola. Hoikehonua, loea ae e loaa Kaulu koke ma hope ae hoʻolele. Inā e makemakeʻoe e hoʻokō i kekahi kala like 'ole, a laila, hoʻokomo i nā oxides o ka hao a me ka cobalt.

microstructure Hiʻona

Ma ka paio hahana maoli nō pālolo i nā i ke kinowai ai. Ua nā hiʻona he nui helu o ka poe noonoo ole a me ka luna 'i huiʻia. I ka wa anuanu crystallization i wahi. Ua Ua hoikeia mai ma ka poho o ka maʻemaʻe nā pōaka i mahuahua ka nui. I ka wā o ka nuipa hoopaakiki hoi, ke 'ole i hana mikrokonglomerat. It mullite palaoa lepo pipili no hoi solidified nuipa a. Oe E uku i kou noonoo ana i ka oxygen ma nā'ātoma i hana i kekahi ano o ka'ōpū mai. Inā loaʻa iki metala nā'ātoma, a e hookomoia ma ka interstices therebetween. Nolaila, ma ka microstructure ua Kīwala'ō ma lalo ionic a me ka covalent paa ana i kekahi mau mea uuku. Nine kumupaʻa a me ka kumupaʻa loaʻa ma ke alo o ka ikaika a me ka mau nō Nine Inch i huiʻia.

I kaulana ma luna, ke hoʻohana o ka pālolo mea mea i kaupalena '. O ke kumu ho i ka mea i na nā pōaka i imperfect. ʻolu i nui mā: nukelea ili nui, warping, etc. a pau i kēia nui deteriorates ka toughness ... Eia naʻe, he meaʻaneʻi a me kona nuances. No ka laʻana, i ke kumuhana 'ike loea i Ioi o kekahi mauʻano o ka pālolo Ua hiki ke hoʻokō maikaʻi i nā hualoaʻa ma ka ikaika. No keia hopena, he mea nui, e like me ka mahana a me ka lōʻihi like 'ole o ke kī pūʻana me nā huahana.

'Ano a me ka waiwai o ka palolo kekahi

Clay - sedimentary pōhaku i mea kuokoa o ka haku mele 'ana a me ka' ole o ka ea mea 'ano apau loa, i ka wa i hui pūʻia me ka wai. Ma hope o ia kī - kamnevidnoe kino. Nō kāu, o ka läÿau, Ua anuanu, pili kēia haku o ka Aluminum silicates. Pinepine i loaʻa i loko o clays a me ka pōhaku e like me pōaka, feldspar, pyrites a me hydroxides a me carbonates o kalipuna, makanekiuma a me ka titanium i huiʻia.

Kaolin - kaʻoe i ka lepo, a i ikeia i ka lā. Ua he aneane loa o ka kaolinite. Ma hope o ia i kī pū loaʻa he keʻokeʻo waihoʻoluʻu. Pono no ka aaioee plasticity ua loaʻa ma ke alo o ka lole mānoanoa ko loko o ka 'ole o ka lepo mea (0.005 mm). Maoli ai, ka nui haku o ia ka mea, i ka plasticity o ka luna, a me ka hope versa.

Ke kumu waiwai o ka pālolo lepo e hoʻohui i:

• plasticity - deformation me ka haki;
• hoʻolele mokulele;
• lewa a me ke ahi shrinkage;
• ke ahi ea.

I keia la, na emaciated a me ka waiwai ole mea hoʻonui i hoololi ai ka mea waiwai i loko o kekahi ao ao. Ua hiki aku i ka mea i pālolo huahana e lilo ana i poe hanohano a me ka ho'āmana.

Manufacturing flowsheet

Characterization o ka pālolo mea paipai i ka manawa kūpono o ka pono o ka lepo i loko o nā hana. Ua alakai aku ai i ka mea i loaʻa i ke koi nui, a nolaila, mahuahua kaumaha. Mea kanu no ka mea? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka hapanui o ka hana ma luna o ka mea hookahi noaia:

• ʻimi loa i ka lewa;
• aʻo;
• shaping a me ka maloʻoʻana;
• pūlehu lākou i a me huahana kala.

E loa kń ke kāki mea i hookuu i ka hola ua i kūkuluʻia i loko o ka wahi koke o ka waiho o ka lepo. Pōʻalo ma hamama ala, i ua excavated. I kekahiʻanuʻu mea kaumaha aʻo. Ka maka mea ua waiwai, paopaoia, a hui a laumania. Shaping ka Like o ka pālolo huahana ua lawe mai ma ka pulu a me ka maloo keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Ma ka hihia mua, i ka nui o ka humidified i 25%, a ma ka lua o ka - i oi aku mamua o 12%.

Mua pinepine hoʻohana maoli ka maloʻoʻana. Eia naʻe,ʻo nā hualoaʻa hilinai pili kēia ma luna o ka nana. Nolaila, i ka ua a me ke anu kanu ku. Nolaila, kūikawā dryers hoʻohana (kinoea). Ka mea nui wale ke kahua ua pūlehu lākou i. He loa nui e malama i ka 'ike loea, a ua hala loa huikau. Nui hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka pālolo ka huʻihuʻiʻana. No ulia wela kulu a hiki i warping pelane. Wale laila, hiki oe kuai pālolo mea. -i? iecaianoaaiiuo enehana, e like me oe e ike, he mea oluolu, he o kekahi mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. Kēlā me kēia no ia e e ua mahaloia. Inā keia 'ole e hana, ma ka hale kūʻai shelves, ua hiki halawai i ka mare ana.

A iki e pili ana i ka hewa o ka pālolo

E like me ua oleloia, o ka haku mele 'ana o ka pālolo mea mea,ʻaʻole maikaʻi. Ma kekahi, keia e loli ai i ka ikaika o ka huina hoonui i ka lepo. Kekahi mechanical e poino ke hoike like inoaia, na mawae, a no laila, ma luna o. N. kēia mea i ke ki shortcoming. Akā, he mea 'ē aʻe e keakea mai ai i ka laha kūkākūkā o ka mea mua mākou. Kekahi o ia mau mea - ka kiʻekiʻe kāki. No ka laʻana, pālolo nā kile no ka hale o ka hale aina - maikai, mai ka aesthetic wahi o Hawaii i ka pāʻoihana, akā, i ka waiwai e lilo aku ka loa pipiʻi makemake.

Ma keia hihia, kona helehelena e noho i oi aku 5 makahiki me ka kupono malama. Eia ka mea, ua mae wale, ka hanana o ka limu ma luna o kaʻili a me ka m. N. I hou, ke brittleness a me ka brittleness hiki aku ai i ka mea ana i kekahi me mechanical poino hiki ka hopena i kulu o ka hale, a me ka mea, ua nui mau kanaka ana. O na papa, na laekahi pālolo mea ku pono loa kilakila, a ua loaʻa ma ka palahalaha hionapāʻili waihoʻoluʻu a me kbps manufacturing. Akā, e pono ke kuai ia 'o nō pipiʻi, ia pinepine hoala ninau e pili ana i ka appropriateness o keia i waeia.

e hōʻuluʻulu

Mākou i noʻonoʻo i ka walaʻauʻana waiwai o ka pālolo mea. Ma muli o nā mea a pau o ka luna, i kekahi ke manao nei makou ia huahana i ka kekahi kū hoʻokahi. ka mea, ke moe ia ma ka mea i loko o ka wa e kaawale aku o ma paʻi poino, e mau ka mea, he lōʻihi loa manawa. A, o ka pālolo mea no ka hoike ana o ka hooheheeia metala i ka mea kanu mea i paʻa, no ka mea, ka mea, pale kiʻekiʻe mahana.

A hiki i maʻamau o ke ola, 'aneʻi pālolo ma loa mākaukau. Cutlery a me ka oihana a pau no ka sayings i loko o ka umu, nae ka mea, ua loli kona helehelena ma luna o nā makahiki, akā, ua no i o keia mea. Porcelain, hoʻowahāwahā kona kiekie ae waiwai e lilo aku, i he maikaʻi ke nānā aku, a nana e maliuia mai ai i ka maka. Ua pili kekahi i ka porcelain, a me ka pono hooko mea ole, eʻike mai Kina.

Ma kekahi hihia ia mea e pono e hoʻohana i ka pālolo mea. Keia mea kuhikuhi manawa i ka nui me ke koe o ka maoli lepo. Kona maoli ka puu, a me na makahiki? Ac? Oi a oi kiʻi o keia maoli o nā kumu waiwai. Ka lua o ka nui ololi - ka? Aneie friendliness. Ma mua, i ole i kanaka i ka manawa kūpono e hoʻohana i kekahi palapala mea hoʻonui i ka hoʻoikaika 'i ka ikaika' ano o ka huahana. I kēia manawa i ke kulana i loli, aole nae i oi pilikia. Pālolo pōhakuʻula, e like kemikala mea i mea ole nā palapala i ka ola. Ua pili no hoi i kona mau kīʻaha i ka pālolo, a, i ka wa a hoohalike me ka ea, o ka oi aku ina ka hope o pii kai iki ana, ka i nā palapala i nā mea a pau.