Pelekāne novelist Ayris Merdok: Kawaihae,ʻike hoʻokumu a me nā kiʻi

Kekahi o nā mea kākau nui loa o ka 20th kenekulia Pelekānia Ayris Merdok haʻalele i ke ao nei i ka helu o ka poʻokela novels, ma luna o ka mea e noonoo hou aku kekahi hanauna o ka heluhelu. A pau kona ola, ua pau i ka moʻokalaleo. Kona alanui i ole oluolu, ua loaa e hoʻoneʻe i ka hailona o ka pilikia, o ka oi aku ma ka pau ana o ke ola.

Me Kinohi a me ka noho 'ana kamaliʻi

Ayris Merdok Ua hanau July 15, 1919 ma ka wahi Fibsboro Ireland ka paukü, Dublin. Kona makua kāne i hele mai, mai ka Presbyterian ohana i hoʻoili ma ka hipa? Aneii. Iloko o ka First World War ka mea, ua i cavalryman, a ma hope lilo i kauwa Kivila. Mom Iris ua he keaka mele hoolea, hele mai, mai ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia' ohana. Makua hālāwai ma Dublin, a ua mare ma laila i loko o 1918. A makahiki ma hope ka mea, i ke kaikamahine, ia ua ke keiki wale nō i loko o ka 'ohana. I ka 1920, neʻe i London Murdoch ohana (kona makua kāne i ke Kakauolelo ma ka wahi o ke Kuhina o Health), kahi ana i hoolilo i kona wā kamaliʻi i ka wā e hiki mai kākau moʻolelo. Naʻe, i kona Ipelana aʻa i lakou i manao ai i kona ola a pau, me ka pilikia o Ireland he manawa kokoke loa iris. Murdoch ka noho 'ana kamaliʻi ua hauʻoli loa, ninau mai la kela i kona' ohana i he "hemolele trinity o ke aloha."

ho okumu

Helu hoʻonaʻauao Ayris Merdok lanakila ma kekahi kuokoa ke kākoʻo '-hoʻonaʻauao kula ma Roehampton. I laila, aʻo i ke kaikamahine 'kula ma Bristol, kahi ana i ao mai i ka "iki lede". I ka 1938, ua heluʻia ma Somerville College, Oxford University, mua ma ka 'ōlelo ala English, akā, ma hope hoʻoneʻe i ka papa kahiko, a Pelekāne moʻokalaleo, a me ka poe i hana i loko o ka papa E. Frenkel ma ka mōʻaukala o Agamemnon. Ua pū kekahi i hele i ka'Sophomore' ma akeakamai, ma kahi a kona classmate ua Donald McKinnon. I ka 1942, ua puka 'o ia mai ke kulanui me ka hanohano, i loaa i ka palapala puka o 1 loa.

Ka hoʻomaka o ke kanaka makua ke ola

Hoomau ana ka hoʻonaʻauao Iris Hāʻule maila lākou i ke kaua. Ma hope o ke kulanui, ua hoomaka ae la e hana ana i loko o ke Kuhina o Waiwai. Akā, ma ka makahiki 1944, Murdoch hele aku e hana i loko o ka un, mua me ke Kakauolelo, a laila, i loko o ka mea pakele hoʻomoana ma ka'āinapuniʻole. Ua hana i loko o ka un hoʻopulapula-oaio? A 1946.

I ka makahiki 1947, Ayris Merdok lilo i ka puka haumāna ma Newnham College, Kamepelika University, kahi i aʻo ai kālaiʻike. Ua hiki i ka manawa e launa ai me Wittgenstein, akā, e hoʻolohe i kona mau haʻi'ōlelo, ia i ole he manawa: ka poe akeakamai i hele e hana i loko o kekahi kulanui.

e ao ana

Mai 1948, Ayris Merdok helu kuhi puke aʻo 'oihana. Ua loaʻa i ke ao kālaiʻike ma ka College o St. Anne ka Oxford University. Kēia ha awina, kapa iho la 15 makahiki o kona ola ana. Oxford lilo ae la ia maoli naue like:ʻaneʻi ka mea, o ka loa nui hanana o kona ola. I ka makahiki 1963, ka mea ana i ike mea kākau manawa, hele aku la ia e hana i ka College Royal o Art ma ke Keʻena o General Hawaiʻi, ma kana pule nui e aʻo kālaiʻike. I ka makahiki 1967, ua haʻalele i ka regular aʻo hana, kaupalena 'wale ma ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika haʻi'ōlelo no nā haumāna.

Ka mua ka palapala, ai ike maopopo

E kakau iho i Murdoch hoʻomaka kŘpa a lohi. ʻO kona mau mua puke, "Ma o ka upena," ikea i ka makahiki 1954. Naʻe, ka mea, ua pono i loko o ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia mooolelo o kēlā mau makahiki: ka mea kākau moʻolelo kaulana Dzhon Faulz hoomaka ae la e hana i kā lākou mau palapala, ai' masterpieces i loko o 37 makahiki, William Golding - i ka 45. Murdoch i mua ia ua pono he Hobby hope. Ua kakau iho la, a me ka puke "Ma lalo o ka upena", akā, i kona mua ka palapala, ai ike maopopo i loa imua i ka lehulehu. Kona hana i hana na preconditions no ke kākau 'ana, a ua hoomaka ae la e kākau nā puke e like noʻeau ki io i philosophical postulates. Ka mua puke ma Ayris Merdok, hōʻike manaʻo o ka a he loa okoa mai elation i ka pahikakiwi oi hōʻole, o ka luna 'hoʻololi kemikala o ke akeakamai a me ka mooolelo o ka picaresque puke. Ka puke kikowaena, e like me ka Magazine Time Ka, 100 unsurpassed English novels o nā mea a pau manawa. Ka puke "Ma lalo o ka upena" ua ka wale Humorous hana o ka mea kākau, ka mea, ua ikea ka nui hiʻona o ka wā e hiki mai ka palapala, i hanaia Ayris Merdok.

makakū ala

Ua ma luna o ka palapala, ai 'alanui, Murdoch lele lokahi mai ana ia ia aku, a productively. I loko o nā makahiki ma hope o ka mua holomua ka hoao ana e manao i kona lua o ka puke "E holo i pakele, mai ka kilo." Ma ka novels o 50-60s noiʻi huli nui ole i ke akeakamai o ka existentialism. Ka pau ana o na 60s i koho ma ke kala ana o ka puke o nā buke, i ka noiʻi i kapaia "novels o ka pohihihi a me ka uhi", "Ka Time o ka poe anela", "ka Italia," "ka laweia", "reʻema lā". Ka mea, Murdoch noiʻi ana i ka hopena ma luna o ke kanaka luku kuko. Puke kātuna laina hoʻomau Ayris Merdok puke "Wild Rose". Ua hoike nui talena Ouji mea kākau, nona na mooolelo i waihoia e na Classics o English moʻokalaleo. Ka puke i kāna moʻolelo o ke aloha, ku okoa ana a me ka mare, Murdoch noiʻi ana i ka pilina ma waena o kēia mauʻike manaʻo. I ka 1974, o ka puke 4-hapa ho film no Amelika kīwī i hanaia. hoomaka 70s i Murdoch manawa o ka waiwai nui i ka mea kākau moʻolelo. Ua AIM e hoʻomau i ka mooolelo o Shakespeare, me he maikaʻi loaʻano o ka maikai. Ka mea kākau hookomo iho i ka mea heluhelu i loko o ka poetics o ka hale kiaka a me ka hana kona hoomaopopo ana iho o ko Shakespeare mau mea kuka. Ma ka "Shakespeare ka" kalapona o novels nā "Ka Black Prince", "ka hihia o Jackson" a me "ke kai." Shakespeare mau meʻe ma Murdoch kiʻi i ka hou ano a me ka loli i ka huli ana o ka lokomaikai a me ke ano, ma ke ola. Ka mea kākau hoomaewaewa mai ai ia, a me ka meʻe, a o ka mea heluhelu, a ma luna o lākou iho. ʻike hoʻokumu 80s ua wehewehe aku ma ka ulu o ka holoholona hihiu hoʻomaka 'ana, ka mea kākau moʻolelo iino? Ieea ka puke like me ka rebus, ma i ke ano ua ole hoʻopā'āluaʻia wale nō i loko o ka likeʻole kuka nui a me ka huakai hele, akā, i hūnāʻia i loko o ka luna' pu ana o quotations, allusions, i maopopo nä haumäna i nā hāʻina o nā haʻawina. Ayris Merdok puke "School o ka pono" ma ka makahiki 1985 ua ma muli o ke ano mai kona punahele psychoanalyst, i mea hoi i ke kilo, a me ka daimonio, he kanaka i uluhia e na kuko. Ka puke Ua kapaia ka hoʻomaka o "ka hou Murdoch" ole-philosophical, naʻe ka mea, wahi a na mea he nui o na Halaman o ka mua makakū manawa. Ma kēia puke hoʻomaka hana no ka mea kākau o didactic, haipule. ʻO kona hauʻoli pau ana mea illogical ma ka pōʻaiapili o ka pono hooilina o ka mea kākau moʻolelo. Nā novels o nā makahiki o lakou i lilo mana loa kaʻume Ana Aina, Murdoch, ka mea, hoʻokāʻoi moralistic hoʻomaka. ʻO kona hope puke i ka puke "Jackson ka hihia" i ka 1992.

I ka luna o kaʻike hoʻokumu

Mea maʻa mau noʻonoʻo i ka maikaʻi loa Ayris Merdok puke "Ka Black Prince". Kēia puke i paʻiʻia ma ka 1973 a me ka pili ana i ka loa hoohua wā o ka mea kākau moʻolelo. Kēia puke o ke kumu o ka ano o ka moʻolelo o kauhale, poe akamai i kekahi kaila ia i ka ai-kapaia "Platonic" moʻo. "Black Prince" hoʻomaopop 'ana i tricky, symbolic' ole a me ka waiwai philosophical ke keʻena. Huikau moʻolelo haku mele 'ana ua hui ia me ka helu nui o ka pepa hōʻuluʻulu o ka meʻe, a pau keia i ka puke paʻakikī, akā, loa pīhoihoi heluhelu. Murdoch aʻole kōkua i ka mea heluhelu loaʻa i kona hoomaopopo ana iho o ka puke, a no ia mea, ikeia kekahi mau koho no ka lapaau. Ka puke Ua enthusiastically loaa e manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ka mea i koho ia no ka Booker makana, a ua hookoia ka makana James Tait. No ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa hōʻike o ke talena i nā Murdoch na novels "Dream Bruno", "ke kai, i ke kai" a me "Children o ka olelo." Kēia puke ke hoala mai nui kākau pae paha o ka manaʻo i loko o ke ola, Emotions a me nā kuko i loko o ke ola, o ka pilikia o ke ku okoa.

philosophies

Ayris Merdok hana a pau kona ola kālaiʻike. Kana hana mua, ua kākau i loko o ka philosophical alanui. I ka 1953, ua palapala iho la i ka puke ma luna o Sartre. Back ma ka hoʻomaka o ke ala ia i manawa e ke akeakamai o ka existentialism a me kona i kakahiaka nui wā novels "E holo i pakele mai ka kilo" a me ka "reʻema lā" imbued me ka manaʻo o kēia au. Ka nui ole ma luna ona, e like me ka noiʻi, ka puke i J.-P. Sartre ka "Nausea" a me "Ka Wall". Mau o kona mau 'atikala i ua hoolilo i ka Ikepili a me ka critique o Kant a me Wittgenstein ka manao. Nui wā o kona ola i paʻa ma lalo o ka hoailona o Plato, ka poe i hooeueu ae la ia i ka manaʻo o ka pilina ma waena o ka lanakila a me ka illusion, ma ka huli ana i ka mea pono ke ola. Ke kumuhana Ke pono kona manaopaa ua lilo Hoʻohaku i loko o ka puke "Man o ka ulia." Ayris Merdok noiʻi ana ia i ka pilikia o ka pono kuleana o ka kanaka i loko o ke alo o nā 'ē aʻe, akā, hoʻohana puke kātuna hoolohe palapala. Ma o kona hope makahiki, ua i hoʻi i kākau philosophical hana, a kakau iho la "Metaphysics me ke alakaʻi no ka pono" a me "ka existentialists a me mystics" ma i sfomulirovala mau manao ma ka pono.

hanohano

Ma kona hona 40-makahiki palapala 'oihana a me nā poʻokela novels o Iris Murdoch koke loaa hoʻolilo' ia 'a me ka waiwai pio:. Ua Ua Hoomau pinepine koho a me ka uwa ana o ka Booker makana (no ka mea, o kona puke "ke kai, i ke kai"). I ka 1987 Murdoch Ua hookoia ka inoa o Honorary Kumu o Oxford. I ka 1988, ua hookoia i ka 'ihiʻihi makana o Shakespeare. Ua pū Ua hookoia i ka 1989 o ka lani kiekie loa ka hoouka kaua o luna o ka Pelekania aupuni a pau Ladies. Over i ka wa e ola ana, ua heluhelu oi ma mua o 20 honorary haʻi'ōlelo ma kekahi kulanui o ko ke ao nei. I ka 1997, ua loaa kekahi honorary hoʻolilo "Golden Pen" no kona lawelawe i English moʻokalaleo.

Personal ola

E like me ke keiki Iris ola mau nui pilikino hana keaka: ma ke kaua pepehi mau punahele e kona kanaka - Frank Thompson a me Frants Shtayner. No laila, no ka mea, i kekahi manawa, ua hiki ole nākiʻi i ka pili nui. I ke kakahiaka nui 50-ies ma Oxford Ayris Merdok, kona Kawaihae mai nei i ka noho nui ana o kona olaʻana ma luna o kēia pā kula, hui me ka counterpart Dzhonom Beyli. He ua he kumu, ka palapala, ai manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni, mea kākau, Murdoch a Bailey i ka hailonaʻana i loko, he pono ole. I ka makahiki 1956, ka mea i mareia, a noho pu laua a hiki i kona make ana Iris. Ma hope o kona make ana, Bailey i kākau i ka puke e pili ana i Iris, no ka mea, i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni i kaulana i Film, loaa mau "Oscars". Eia naʻe, biographers a me nā hoa Murdoch reacted negatively i kēia puke, e hoole ana i ka mea i he ei, a exaggeration o nā kūʻiʻo. Ma kona kino ola o ka mea kākau moʻolelo oi ana e like me ka moʻo o novels a me na kanaka a me na wahine. A hiki i keia hoʻopili like i ka ike maopopo - Ua IKE OLE IA. I pono like ole maopopo loa ke kumu o ka hui, aohe ana keiki. Bailey hoʻopaʻapaʻa i i makemake ole keia Iris lilo i ka makuwahine, a me kona mau hoa e olelo aku i ka mea, i ka hooholo ana o John.

Ka hope makahiki o kona ola

Ayris Merdok, kona puke e ike ia e ke ao nei kaiāulu, ua waiho wale aku no ia mai Alzheimer ka maʻi i loko o ka makahiki hope o kona ola. Ua kiʻekiʻe o nalowale ka iaiyoe nona iho no ka 'imi naʻauao haʻawina, ua hiki ole e malama ana ia lakou iho. A pau na hopohopo e pili ana i kana kane i luna, ka mea i ho'āʻo e hoopau i kona ola, a haawi aku la ia ia i ka hanai hale. Pepeluali 8, 1999 Ayris Merdok make.

Paʻa a me ka'āina hoʻoili

Kākau i ka haʻalele i ka hoʻoilina o ka 26ʻokoʻa novels i komo i kona inoa ma ka papa inoa o ka maikaʻi kākau o ka 20th kenekulia. Ayris Merdok puke "Ka Black Prince" ua komo i loko o ke kulanui laulā maʻamau o aneane nā kulanui i loko o ke ao nei moʻokalaleo. Ma ke ola o Iris kākau mau puke, ua hana mau kiʻiʻoniʻoni Film.